Green IT & Environmental Sustainibiity

8/13/2019 Green IT & Environmental Sustainibiity

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GREEN IT AND ENVIRONMENT

SUSTAINABILITY

SEMINAR

SAURABH SWAMI

Division of Agricultural Chemicals

Indian Agricultural Research Institute,

New Delhi


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Contents

Introduction

Goals of Green IT

Sustainable technology components in IT

Approaches to Green IT Green IT ArchitectureEcosystem View

Regulations and Industry Initiatives

Constraints

Conclusions


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Introduction

Information technologyaffect every aspect of modern life

Shift of our economy:

Paper based Digital information management

Tremendous demand of computers and other IT infrastructure energy consumption, heat dissemination, greenhouse emission,and resource total cost of ownership

Challenge - adopting the usage of IT in environment friendly and asustainable supply chain network

(Sabbaghi & Vaidyanathan 2012)


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Green Information Technology- Definition

The term Green IT is defined as the systematic application ofsustainability in various processes of IT management in order toreduce related emissions and waste, and to improve energyefficiency (Molla et al 2009)

Study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using and disposingof computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently andeffectively with minimal or no impact on environment

(Muragesan 2008)

All the activities and efforts that incorporate ecologically friendlytechnologies and processes into the entire lifecycle of informationand communication technology

(Hedwig et al 2009)


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The Goals of Green IT

Similar to green chemistry

1. Reduce the use of hazardous materials

2. Maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime3. Recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and

factory waste

Overall objective of Green IT is to increase energy efficiencyand reduce CO2emissions


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Sustainable technology components in IT

Four major components of sustainable IT technology

1. Design

2. Manufacturing

3. Usage

4. Disposal

(Murugesan 2010)


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Approaches to Green IT

Modern IT systems are complicated mix of - people, networksand hardware

Address end user satisfaction, management restructuring,

regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI)

There are also considerable fiscal motivations for companiesto take control of their own power consumption

(Valanju 2009)


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1. Product longevity

2. Software and deployment optimization

3. Power management

4. Materials recycling

5. Telecommuting

6. Low performance computer

Approaches to Green IT


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PC manufacturing process - 70 % of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a

PC

Fujitsus Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a desktop shows that manufacturing and

end of life accounts for the majority of this laptop ecological footprint

The biggest contribution to green IT usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime

including upgradability and modularity

Ecological footprint

Manufacturing a new PC >> Manufacturing a new RAM module to

upgrade an existing one

Approaches to Green IT (Contd..)

Product longevity


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Impacts amount of computer resources required for any given IT function

Many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs

It includes :

i. Algorithmic efficiency

ii. Resource allocation

iii. Virtualization

iv. Terminal servers

Software and deployment optimization


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The average Google search releases 0.2 grams of CO

Windows 7 + Office 2010 require 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail

Fine-grained green computing - running a program efficiently and effectively by precisepower control on each computing resources as CPU, memory, registers, peripherals, clockmanagement, and power supply

BEFORE AFTER

Program Hello World_c Program Hello World_F

Print HelloWorld\n Activity activate(menory_bank) Wake up the memory

Low_power_mode() Turn on low activate(io) and iopower mode print HelloWorld\n Activity

deactivate(menory_bank) Memory and io turn into

deactivate(io) sleep mode

(Chia & Kai 2010) low_power_mode()


Software and deployment optimization (Contd..)

Algorithmic Efficiency


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Strategic planning - which items to fund in the plan, and what level of funding it shouldreceive

Resource leveling - to smooth resources requirements by shifting slack jobs beyondperiods of peak requirements

Scheduling of activities and resources required by them considering both the resourceavailability and the project time

(Erek 2011)



Resource Allocation


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Wi-Fi Scheduler



Resource Allocation


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Abstraction of computer

resources, such as the

process of running two or

more logical computersystems on one set of

physical hardware

Several physical systems

into virtual machines on

one single, powerful

system, unplugging the

original hardware and

reducing power and cooling

consumption



Virtualization

Application ApplicationApplication

Operating

System

Operating

System

Operating

System

Virtual Infrastructure

STORAGE NETWORK NETWORK SERVERS STORAGE

(Agrawal 2013)


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When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the

actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the

operating system on the terminal

These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of

energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and

consumption

There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to createvirtual labs



Terminal Servers


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Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard,

allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of

hardware

Automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set

periods of inactivity Manual adjustment of voltages supplied to the CPU to reduce both the amount of

heat produced and electricity consumed

Power management includes :

i. Data center power

ii. Operating system support

iii. Power supply

iv. Storage

v. Video card

vi. Display


Power Management


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Power Consumption in An Average Laptop

GREEN COMPUTING, Department of the Premier, GJPB Willemse, www.fs.gov.za

There is a trade off between heavier batteries or more expensive batteries


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A data center is a home to computational power, storage, and applications

necessary to support an enterprise business

All content is sourced from or passes through centralized data center

1.5% of US electricity consumption, is used for data center computing (EPA, 2011)

Googles data centers use 50 % less power than industry average owing to its

better cooling technologies, such as ultra-efficient evaporative cooling (Kurp 2008)

Orienting racks of servers in a data center to exhaust their heat in a uniform

direction - reduces overall cooling costs (Williams & Curtis 2008)


Power Management (Contd..)

Data Centre Power


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Windows 95 -> stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state

Windows 2000 - first NT based operating system to include power management

with major changes to OS architecture and new hardware driver

Group Policy allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features

Windows 7 - more efficient user of operating system timers, processor power

management, and display panel brightness

Default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of

encouraging users to save power



Operating System Support


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Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) 7075% efficient, dissipating the

remaining energy as heat

An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80%

efficient; as drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs

All new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80%

efficient



Power Supply


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Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives consume less power than

physically larger drives

Flash based devices : No moving parts, power consumption may be reducedsomewhat for low capacity

Increase in capacity to make more data available online, including archival and

backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage

The increase in online storage has increased power consumption

Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the

benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research



Storage


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Smart Fan



Storage


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A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer

Energy efficient display options include -

No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop

sharing software if display required

Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low

power

Select a GPU based on low idle power, average wattage orperformance per watt



Video Card


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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors - use more power than LCD monitors ( also

contain lead)

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors - use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb toprovide light for the display

Some newer displays using an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the

fluorescent bulb, reduces electricity consumption

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) monitors - higher contrast and better viewing

angles than LCDs, and are predicted to replace them



Display


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Mitigate disposal problems by choosing products designed for recycling

and extending service life through upgrading

PCs that outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated

to various charities and non-profit organizations

Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead,

mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills

But often these computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped

to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict

(Aronson 2010)


Materials Recycling


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Teleconferencing and telepresence - implemented in green

computing initiatives

Advantages:

i. Increased worker satisfaction

ii. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel

iii. Increased profit margins - lower overhead costs for office

space, heat, lighting, etc

Average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is 23kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and

lighting accounting for 70% of energy consumed


Telecommuting


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Several personal computer vendors (e.g.Everex, Linutop, Systemax, Zonbu and

OLPC) ship dedicated low-power PCs

Provide minimal hardware peripherals and low performance processors

Not suitable for applications requiring a lot of processing power (computer gaming

and video production)

A low power PCs is usually much smaller than traditional desktop

The limited capacity for upgrades, low performance and proprietary may lead to

shorter life spans and greater difficulty in repair


Low Performance PCs


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Green IT

Solutions

DataCentre

Clients

Business

Impacts

Regulatory

Business

Public

Metrics

Pollution

Operations

Perception

Green IT ArchitectureEcosystem View

(Williams & Curtis 2008)


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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on"Green ICTs

Initiatives concentrate on greening ICTs rather than on their actualimplementation to tackle global warming and environmentaldegradation

Only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets

The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to includestricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, alongwith a tiered ranking system for approved products.


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In 2001, the Indian government introduced the Energy ConservationAct to enforce strict policies for energy consumption and supply

Failure to comply with the act would result in penalties of up to tenthousand rupees for each failure

In the case that an organization continues to be non-compliant,additional penalties would be charged up to one thousand rupees foreach day it remains non-compliant (Feretic 2008)

In 2002, the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive wasintroduced for all EU member states restricting the use of hazardousmaterial in electronics and promoting proper recycling of electronicequipment (Clancy 2010)


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Energy Star Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient

consumer products originated in the US

Adopted by many other countries

Devices carrying the Energy Star logo, such as computer productsand peripherals generally use 20%30% less energy

Energy star specification differ for each item

Regulations and Industry Initiatives (contd..)

www.energystar.gov


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Energy Star items include-

1. Computers

2. Servers

3. Appliances

4. Heating and cooling systems

5. Home electronics

6. Imaging equipment

Gives power consumption specifications for different hardware

states: idle, sleep and standby modes

Energy Star

www.energystar.gov



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Non-profit, open industry consortium of end-users, policy-

makers, technology providers, facility architects, and utility

companies

To improve the resource efficiency of data centers and

business computing ecosystems

More than 170 member companies around the world

Seeks to unite global industry efforts, create a common set of

metrics, and develop technical resources and educational

tools to further its goals

www.thegreengrid.org

Green Grid



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Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is an effort to

reduce the electric power consumption of PCs in active and

inactive states

Provides a catalog of green products from its member

organizations, and information for reducing PC power

consumption

Source: CSCI white paper, 2007

CSCI



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The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program,

is a comprehensive environmental rating that helps greener computer and

electronic equipment

Created in 2001, EPEAT's registry has grown to 2,074 products from 49manufacturers worldwide

EPEAT identifies its registered products as bronze, silver or gold based on

fulfillment of different criteria

EPEAT



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Green IT : Constraints

Corporate sustainability efforts are missing the mark

Companies making limited progress in making IT programs moresustainable

Most lack holistic policies for promoting all 4 cornerstones ofsustainable computing: extended lifecycles, energy efficiency,utilization and reuse and responsible recycling

Even those that have good policies lack the governance to monitoroperations

Companies with > 100,000 employees scored the highest


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Green IT : Constraints

Five steps to make green computing programs more

sustainable:

i. Establish baseline

ii. Review and revise policies

iii. Extend desktop and laptop lifecycles

iv. Optimize utilization

v. Create accountability

Source: Green Computing More Hype than Reality, Industry week, 2009


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Conclusions

Green computing is a novel and an innovative trend in the world of

computing which has minimum or no impact on the environment

Green computing has introduced a range of equipments and

technologies which help in limiting the impact on the environment

A sustainable approach towards Green IT not only emphasizes on its

efficient use but the entire life cycle from design to disposal

IT systems are mix of people, networks and hardware, therefore

apart from various technological interventions green IT initiatives

should involve all the stakeholders of the IT industry


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Thank You

Green IT & Environmental Sustainibiity

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