Green Fodder Production Throughout the Year
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Transcript of Green Fodder Production Throughout the Year
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 1
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Green fodder production throughout the year
Green fodder production throughout year does not means only to produce or cultivate high yielding
fodder variety but also maintain balance between these things like succulent fodder amp dry fodder
Protein rich amp energy rich quality fodder Dry amp concentrate Fresh fodder amp silage as well as manage
all things given above with superiority Many times if area under fodder is assumed for fodder
production then things happen like sometimes there may be low fodder yield (causes scarcity of
fodder) or high fodder yield (Causes wastage of green fodder)To avoid circumstances of fodder
scarcity or low yield or wastage of fodder following things have great concern-
1) Planning of fodder with concern to high yield than assumption
2) To avoid scarcity of fodder plan for storage of fodder in emergent situation like staorage of
dry fodder amp making silage of green fodder
3) It is fact that there may be ups amp downs in fodder production in rain fed system
REQUIREMENT OF FODDER FOR ADULT ANIMAL (CATTLE OR BUFFALO)-
An Adult animal requires minimum 10 of green fodder of its body weightEg-Animal weighing 400
kg requires 40 kg green fodder (10 of body weight)Here balancing of green fodder has importance
like as a thumb rule out of 40 kg green fodder ndash
- 23 means 30 kg should be Monocotyledons fodder amp
- 13 means 10 kg should be Dicotyledons fodder
Monocotyledons fodder -Fodder Maize Fodder Jowar Fodder BajaraOatHybrid napierGunea
grassPara grassRhodes grassAnjan Grass etc
Monocotyledons fodder is rich in energy than protein amp is used for supplying energy amp stomach
filling
Dicotyledons fodder- LucerneBerseem Cow peaGuarStyloSubabaulDashrath etc
Dicotyledons fodder is rich in protein than energy amp is used for supplying body building proteins amp
milk production
Sole Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder feeding causes imbalance so feeding of
fodder through above thumb rule is very necessary
Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder are also differentiated based on their duration or
growth as ndash
Perennial fodder- Fodder crop survives for more than a year like
Perennial Monocotyledons fodder-Hybrid napierGunea grassPara grassRhodes grassAnjan
Grass etc
Perennial Dicotyledons fodder - Lucerne StyloSubabaulDashrath etc
Seasonal fodder- Fodder crop survives for a season (MonsoonWinterSummer)in a year like
Seasonal Monocotyledons fodder -Fodder Maize Fodder Jowar Fodder BajaraOat etc
Seasonal Dicotyledons fodder- Berseem Cow peaGuar etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 2
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For planning fodder production throughout the year both kind of fodder crops as
SeasonalPerennial amp Monocotyledons Dicotyledons are very essential
As calculated above 400 kg weighed adult animal requires 40 kg green fodder daily for
consumption so for a year requirement for one animal is= 365 times 40 = 14600 kg or 146 MT = 15 MT
From one acre (40R) per year 45 to 50 MT fodder will be produced so 3 adult animals will be
managed form 1 acre of green fodder produced For planning of balanced (Monocotyledons amp
Dicotyledons fodder) throughout the year (If watering facility throughout the year is available)
following planning is required-
Model no -1
Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr
Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT
Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield 10 MT
Summer fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 7 MT
A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons
fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year Also it is
recommended to do intercropping of Berseem fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier
fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 7-8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Fodder Maize
(Variety ndash African tall) yields 10-12MT green monocotyledons fodder in Rabi season amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 3
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green
monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a
year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model
One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green
MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year
D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT
Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT
Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT
This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for
a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will
have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne
crop
Model-2-
Model no -2
Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr
Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT
Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg
Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT
A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons
fodder for a year
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 4
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem
fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar
(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp
sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder
in Summer season
D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 23 MT
Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT
Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg
Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg
To use this fodder-
1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per
animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)
2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000
kg)
3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)
4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)
Means from above planning-
1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg
2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg
-------------------------------------------
Total - 31 kg
3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)
4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 5
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Model 3-
Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT
Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton
a) In Kharif season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green
monocotyledons fodder
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder
b) In Rabi Season-
On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons
fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder
c) In Summer Season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green
monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder
d) Kharif season-
1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons
2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons
------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 14 tons
Rabi season-
1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings
2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 30 tons
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
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Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
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Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 2
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For planning fodder production throughout the year both kind of fodder crops as
SeasonalPerennial amp Monocotyledons Dicotyledons are very essential
As calculated above 400 kg weighed adult animal requires 40 kg green fodder daily for
consumption so for a year requirement for one animal is= 365 times 40 = 14600 kg or 146 MT = 15 MT
From one acre (40R) per year 45 to 50 MT fodder will be produced so 3 adult animals will be
managed form 1 acre of green fodder produced For planning of balanced (Monocotyledons amp
Dicotyledons fodder) throughout the year (If watering facility throughout the year is available)
following planning is required-
Model no -1
Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr
Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT
Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield 10 MT
Summer fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 7 MT
A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons
fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year Also it is
recommended to do intercropping of Berseem fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier
fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 7-8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Fodder Maize
(Variety ndash African tall) yields 10-12MT green monocotyledons fodder in Rabi season amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 3
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green
monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a
year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model
One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green
MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year
D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT
Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT
Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT
This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for
a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will
have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne
crop
Model-2-
Model no -2
Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr
Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT
Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg
Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT
A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons
fodder for a year
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 4
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem
fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar
(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp
sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder
in Summer season
D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 23 MT
Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT
Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg
Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg
To use this fodder-
1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per
animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)
2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000
kg)
3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)
4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)
Means from above planning-
1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg
2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg
-------------------------------------------
Total - 31 kg
3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)
4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 5
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Model 3-
Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT
Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton
a) In Kharif season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green
monocotyledons fodder
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder
b) In Rabi Season-
On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons
fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder
c) In Summer Season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green
monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder
d) Kharif season-
1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons
2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons
------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 14 tons
Rabi season-
1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings
2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 30 tons
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
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Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
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Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
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Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 3
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green
monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a
year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model
One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green
MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year
D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT
Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT
Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT
This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for
a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will
have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne
crop
Model-2-
Model no -2
Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr
Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT
Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg
Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT
A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons
fodder for a year
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 4
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem
fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar
(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp
sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder
in Summer season
D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 23 MT
Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT
Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg
Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg
To use this fodder-
1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per
animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)
2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000
kg)
3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)
4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)
Means from above planning-
1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg
2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg
-------------------------------------------
Total - 31 kg
3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)
4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 5
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Model 3-
Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT
Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton
a) In Kharif season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green
monocotyledons fodder
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder
b) In Rabi Season-
On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons
fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder
c) In Summer Season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green
monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder
d) Kharif season-
1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons
2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons
------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 14 tons
Rabi season-
1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings
2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 30 tons
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
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Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 4
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green
monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem
fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop
C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)
yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar
(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp
sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder
in Summer season
D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT
Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT
Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT
--------------------------------------------------
TOTAL = 23 MT
Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT
Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg
Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg
To use this fodder-
1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per
animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)
2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000
kg)
3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)
4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)
Means from above planning-
1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg
2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg
-------------------------------------------
Total - 31 kg
3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)
4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 5
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Model 3-
Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT
Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton
a) In Kharif season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green
monocotyledons fodder
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder
b) In Rabi Season-
On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons
fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder
c) In Summer Season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green
monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder
d) Kharif season-
1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons
2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons
------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 14 tons
Rabi season-
1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings
2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 30 tons
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 5
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Model 3-
Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT
Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton
a) In Kharif season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green
monocotyledons fodder
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder
b) In Rabi Season-
On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons
fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder
c) In Summer Season-
On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green
monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)
On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder
d) Kharif season-
1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons
2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons
------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 14 tons
Rabi season-
1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings
2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total= 30 tons
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 6
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for
making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)
Summer season-
1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons
2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons
-----------------------------------------------------
Total= 12 tons
To use this fodder-
1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder
2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total- 7500 kg fodder
By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if
loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder
is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-
In Kharif season-
44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT
In rabi season
50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT
In summer season
38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT
Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season
to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-
4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-
In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg
In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg
In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg
Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (daily) - 42 kg
So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year
Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 7
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops
Fodder crops
Particulars Maize
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety African tall Manjari composite
Ganga safed
Seed kg ha 75-100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars SorghumJowar
Soil Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-
NovSummer-march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved
variety
RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule
chitra
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K
Manure FYM
ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 8
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Bajara
Soil Light to medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-
march-April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Giant Bajara
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Particulars Oat
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Kent RO-19
Seed kg ha 100
Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 9
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Lucerne
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23
Seed kg ha 25-35 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P
at the interval of every 4
month
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 60-70
Particulars Stylo
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Stylo ceabraena
Seed kg ha 10
Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 10
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Berseem
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi
Seed kg ha 25-35
Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-45
Particulars Cow pea
Soil medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to
augustSummer-Feb to April
Sowing distance 30 cm
Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286
Seed kg ha 40
Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 40-50
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 11
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Hybrid Napier
Soil Heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time June to August
Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm
Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF
-10
Seed kg ha 25000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at
each cutting
Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 250-300
Particulars Marvel
Soil Light -Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60X30 cm
Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40
Seed kg ha 70000 stumps
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each
cutting
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 80-100
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 12
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Particulars Dashrath
Soil Light to Medium
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July
Sowing distance 60-100 cm
Improved variety local
Seed kg ha 15 kg
Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K
Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 50-60
Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan
Kajari )
Soil Medium to heavy
Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing
Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august
Sowing distance 60 cm
Improved variety Kajari-75
Seed kg ha 8-10 kg
Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K
Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer
Yield MTha 20-30
Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports
2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the
soil testing reports
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 13
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-
For 100 kg concentrate formulation-
SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg
1 BarlyChuni 30 30
2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35
3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +
b)Cotton seed cake
(20) +
c) Groundnut cake (8)
35 35
4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg
5 Chelated mineral
mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin
gold any suitable mineral mixture
consulting to local expert veterinarian)
1 kg 1kg
6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg
7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal
For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows
Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals
Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)
Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day
You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific
knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first
regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 14
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-
Srno Feed amp fodder given
Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or
Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480
5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200
7 GNC 05 045 1600 800
6 Molasses 1 070 600 600
Total 53 kg 205 11830
For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-
Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
Rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 15
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200
5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 48 kg 205 965
For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt
Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum
or Hybrid Napier
20 5 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200
5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500
6 Molasses 1 07 600 600
Total 49 kg 204 8850
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 16
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh
Quantity
Supplied in
kg
DM
kg
Unit
rate
Rs
Cost
Rs
1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid
Napier
20 500 060 1200
2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525
3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400
4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200
5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700
Total 39 50kg 1730 6025
Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-
Molasses-Urea Blocks
You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks
Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that
are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses
is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes
should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an
excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to
ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are
particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made
so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time
The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability
nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of
blocks They can also include specific components
Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but
low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the
block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 17
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification
(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a
specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg
Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)
Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the
block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as
their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but
sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for
growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre
Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key
nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also
acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the
residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but
some loss of nutritive value occurs
Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this
depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more
nutrients than others
Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because
this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and
by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is
deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at
below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-
quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels
Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased
particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded
by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems
and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that
supplement
A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products
have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium
hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible
negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement
kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of
cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue
Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen
fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier
for these products
Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB
A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the
following ingredients
Molasses 50
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 18
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Urea 9
Salt 5
Cement 14
Wheat Bran 22
A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610
includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block
Ingredients Percentage Amount
(g)
Molasses 39 3900
Wheat bran 20 2000
Rice polishings 20 2000
Urea 10 1000
Lime 6 600
Salt 5 500
Total 100 10 Kg
This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding
and precautions on their use
Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm
Treatment on low quality fodder waste-
Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their
potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be
used as feed of animals but it need treatment
Reason for treatment on crop residues-
1) It is tasteless
2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth
of animals
3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior
4) Some of them are deficient in minerals
It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 19
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for
animals after having treatment of following ingredients
SrNo Ingredients Required
quantity
ApproxCost
1 Wheat straw rice
strawmaize stovers etc
100 kg ----
(Available in
farmers own land)
2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-
3 Mineral mixture
(Locally available)
10 Kg (10) 4500-
4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-
5 Low quality Jaggery
(If not available you can use
waste flour in Flour mill)
30 kg (30 ) 3600-
6 Water 30-40 litres --------
Total Rs- 9225-
Method-
1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of
water)
2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to
become concentrate single solution
3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it
equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch
of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution
4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then
cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours
5 Then use it for feed to animals
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical
F
D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c
Page 20
Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National
Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with
changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own
responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]
2009
Facts for urea ammonia treatment-
a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals
b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in
crop residues
c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless
d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may
not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals
Care to be taken for urea treated straw-
1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of
straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals
2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly
3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store
treated material for more than 8 hours
4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg
only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is
physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals
5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not
use its selective behavior of feeding
6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is
Rs092- per kg so it is economical