Green Fodder Production Throughout the Year

20
DR.DHANANJAY P.BHOITE,M.V.Sc. Page 1 Feed & fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National Agriculture Research System. The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with changes in natural resource and climate. Farmers are advised to use the information on their own responsibility. KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences.] 2009 Green fodder production throughout the year Green fodder production throughout year does not means only to produce or cultivate high yielding fodder variety but also maintain balance between these things like succulent fodder & dry fodder, Protein rich & energy rich quality fodder, Dry & concentrate, Fresh fodder & silage as well as manage all things given above with superiority. Many times, if area under fodder is assumed for fodder production then things happen like sometimes there may be low fodder yield (causes scarcity of fodder) or high fodder yield (Causes wastage of green fodder).To avoid circumstances of fodder scarcity or low yield or wastage of fodder, following things have great concern- 1) Planning of fodder with concern to high yield than assumption. 2) To avoid scarcity of fodder, plan for storage of fodder in emergent situation like staorage of dry fodder & making silage of green fodder. 3) It is fact that there may be ups & downs in fodder production in rain fed system. REQUIREMENT OF FODDER FOR ADULT ANIMAL (CATTLE OR BUFFALO):- An Adult animal requires minimum 10% of green fodder of its body weight.Eg.-Animal weighing 400 kg requires 40 kg green fodder (10% of body weight).Here balancing of green fodder has importance like ,as a thumb rule, out of 40 kg green fodder - 2/3 means 30 kg should be Monocotyledons fodder & - 1/3 means 10 kg should be Dicotyledons fodder Monocotyledons fodder :-Fodder Maize, Fodder Jowar, Fodder Bajara,Oat,Hybrid napier,Gunea grass,Para grass,Rhodes grass,Anjan Grass etc. Monocotyledons fodder is rich in energy than protein & is used for supplying energy & stomach filling. Dicotyledons fodder:- Lucerne,Berseem ,Cow pea,Guar,Stylo,Subabaul,Dashrath etc. Dicotyledons fodder is rich in protein than energy & is used for supplying body building proteins & milk production. Sole Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder feeding causes imbalance so feeding of fodder through above thumb rule is very necessary. Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder are also differentiated based on their duration or growth as Perennial fodder- Fodder crop survives for more than a year like: Perennial Monocotyledons fodder:-Hybrid napier,Gunea grass,Para grass,Rhodes grass,Anjan Grass etc. Perennial Dicotyledons fodder: - Lucerne, Stylo,Subabaul,Dashrath etc. Seasonal fodder- Fodder crop survives for a season (Monsoon,Winter,Summer)in a year like: Seasonal Monocotyledons fodder :-Fodder Maize, Fodder Jowar, Fodder Bajara,Oat, etc. Seasonal Dicotyledons fodder:- Berseem ,Cow pea,Guar, etc.

description

By Dr. Dhananjay P. Boite

Transcript of Green Fodder Production Throughout the Year

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D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 1

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Green fodder production throughout the year

Green fodder production throughout year does not means only to produce or cultivate high yielding

fodder variety but also maintain balance between these things like succulent fodder amp dry fodder

Protein rich amp energy rich quality fodder Dry amp concentrate Fresh fodder amp silage as well as manage

all things given above with superiority Many times if area under fodder is assumed for fodder

production then things happen like sometimes there may be low fodder yield (causes scarcity of

fodder) or high fodder yield (Causes wastage of green fodder)To avoid circumstances of fodder

scarcity or low yield or wastage of fodder following things have great concern-

1) Planning of fodder with concern to high yield than assumption

2) To avoid scarcity of fodder plan for storage of fodder in emergent situation like staorage of

dry fodder amp making silage of green fodder

3) It is fact that there may be ups amp downs in fodder production in rain fed system

REQUIREMENT OF FODDER FOR ADULT ANIMAL (CATTLE OR BUFFALO)-

An Adult animal requires minimum 10 of green fodder of its body weightEg-Animal weighing 400

kg requires 40 kg green fodder (10 of body weight)Here balancing of green fodder has importance

like as a thumb rule out of 40 kg green fodder ndash

- 23 means 30 kg should be Monocotyledons fodder amp

- 13 means 10 kg should be Dicotyledons fodder

Monocotyledons fodder -Fodder Maize Fodder Jowar Fodder BajaraOatHybrid napierGunea

grassPara grassRhodes grassAnjan Grass etc

Monocotyledons fodder is rich in energy than protein amp is used for supplying energy amp stomach

filling

Dicotyledons fodder- LucerneBerseem Cow peaGuarStyloSubabaulDashrath etc

Dicotyledons fodder is rich in protein than energy amp is used for supplying body building proteins amp

milk production

Sole Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder feeding causes imbalance so feeding of

fodder through above thumb rule is very necessary

Monocotyledons fodder or Dicotyledons fodder are also differentiated based on their duration or

growth as ndash

Perennial fodder- Fodder crop survives for more than a year like

Perennial Monocotyledons fodder-Hybrid napierGunea grassPara grassRhodes grassAnjan

Grass etc

Perennial Dicotyledons fodder - Lucerne StyloSubabaulDashrath etc

Seasonal fodder- Fodder crop survives for a season (MonsoonWinterSummer)in a year like

Seasonal Monocotyledons fodder -Fodder Maize Fodder Jowar Fodder BajaraOat etc

Seasonal Dicotyledons fodder- Berseem Cow peaGuar etc

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Page 2

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For planning fodder production throughout the year both kind of fodder crops as

SeasonalPerennial amp Monocotyledons Dicotyledons are very essential

As calculated above 400 kg weighed adult animal requires 40 kg green fodder daily for

consumption so for a year requirement for one animal is= 365 times 40 = 14600 kg or 146 MT = 15 MT

From one acre (40R) per year 45 to 50 MT fodder will be produced so 3 adult animals will be

managed form 1 acre of green fodder produced For planning of balanced (Monocotyledons amp

Dicotyledons fodder) throughout the year (If watering facility throughout the year is available)

following planning is required-

Model no -1

Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr

Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT

Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield 10 MT

Summer fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 7 MT

A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons

fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year Also it is

recommended to do intercropping of Berseem fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier

fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 7-8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Fodder Maize

(Variety ndash African tall) yields 10-12MT green monocotyledons fodder in Rabi season amp

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green

monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a

year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model

One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green

MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year

D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT

Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT

Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT

This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for

a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will

have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne

crop

Model-2-

Model no -2

Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr

Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT

Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg

Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT

A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons

fodder for a year

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Page 4

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem

fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar

(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp

sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder

in Summer season

D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 23 MT

Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT

Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg

Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg

To use this fodder-

1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per

animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)

2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000

kg)

3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)

4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)

Means from above planning-

1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg

2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg

-------------------------------------------

Total - 31 kg

3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)

4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Model 3-

Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT

Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton

a) In Kharif season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green

monocotyledons fodder

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder

b) In Rabi Season-

On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons

fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder

c) In Summer Season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green

monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder

d) Kharif season-

1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons

2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons

------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 14 tons

Rabi season-

1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings

2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 30 tons

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Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

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Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

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D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

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D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

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Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

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Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

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Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

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Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 2

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For planning fodder production throughout the year both kind of fodder crops as

SeasonalPerennial amp Monocotyledons Dicotyledons are very essential

As calculated above 400 kg weighed adult animal requires 40 kg green fodder daily for

consumption so for a year requirement for one animal is= 365 times 40 = 14600 kg or 146 MT = 15 MT

From one acre (40R) per year 45 to 50 MT fodder will be produced so 3 adult animals will be

managed form 1 acre of green fodder produced For planning of balanced (Monocotyledons amp

Dicotyledons fodder) throughout the year (If watering facility throughout the year is available)

following planning is required-

Model no -1

Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr

Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT

Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield 10 MT

Summer fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 7 MT

A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons

fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder supplied to 3 adult animals 10 kg per day for a year Also it is

recommended to do intercropping of Berseem fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier

fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 7-8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Fodder Maize

(Variety ndash African tall) yields 10-12MT green monocotyledons fodder in Rabi season amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 3

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green

monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a

year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model

One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green

MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year

D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT

Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT

Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT

This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for

a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will

have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne

crop

Model-2-

Model no -2

Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr

Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT

Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg

Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT

A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons

fodder for a year

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 4

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem

fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar

(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp

sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder

in Summer season

D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 23 MT

Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT

Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg

Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg

To use this fodder-

1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per

animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)

2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000

kg)

3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)

4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)

Means from above planning-

1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg

2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg

-------------------------------------------

Total - 31 kg

3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)

4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 5

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Model 3-

Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT

Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton

a) In Kharif season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green

monocotyledons fodder

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder

b) In Rabi Season-

On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons

fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder

c) In Summer Season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green

monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder

d) Kharif season-

1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons

2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons

------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 14 tons

Rabi season-

1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings

2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 30 tons

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

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Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

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Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

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Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

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Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

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Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

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Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 3

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari) yields 7 MT green

monocotyledons fodder in Summer season supplied to 3 adult animals 25 kg per day for a

year (Per day 75 kg for 3 adult animals for a 365 days requires 275 MT) From this model

One adult animal (400 kg) will receive 10 kg Lucerne10 kg Hybrid Napier amp 25 kg Green

MaizeSorghum means 10+10+25= 45 kg green fodder throughout the year

D Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 10-125 MT

Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 10-125 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Rabi green fodder maize yieldyear = 10 MT

Summer green fodder sorghum yieldyear =7 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 43 to 50 MT

This means from one year fodder production three adult animals can sufficiently be fed for

a year After three years fodder area of Hybrid Napier amp Lucerne can be interchanged It will

have good effect on new crop of hybrid Napier from stored nitrogen of previous Lucerne

crop

Model-2-

Model no -2

Lucerne ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10 -125 MT year Hybrid Napier ndashArea-10 R - Yield 10-125MT yr

Kharif fodder sorghum ndashArea-20 R - Yield 8 MT

Rabi fodder maize ndashArea-20 R - Yield Kadbi 2200 kg amp Grain 550 kg

Summer fodder Bajara ndashArea-20 R - Yield 5 MT

A On 10 R area sowing of Lucerne (Variety-RL 88) yields 10-125 MT green dicotyledons

fodder for a year

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 4

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem

fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar

(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp

sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder

in Summer season

D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 23 MT

Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT

Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg

Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg

To use this fodder-

1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per

animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)

2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000

kg)

3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)

4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)

Means from above planning-

1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg

2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg

-------------------------------------------

Total - 31 kg

3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)

4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 5

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Model 3-

Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT

Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton

a) In Kharif season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green

monocotyledons fodder

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder

b) In Rabi Season-

On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons

fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder

c) In Summer Season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green

monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder

d) Kharif season-

1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons

2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons

------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 14 tons

Rabi season-

1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings

2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 30 tons

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

F

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Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

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Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

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Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

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Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

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Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

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Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

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Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 4

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

B On 10 R area sowing of Hybrid Napier (Variety ndash RBN-13Baif-10) yields 10-125 MT green

monocotyledons fodder for a year Also it is recommended to do intercropping of Berseem

fodder crop in winter season in Hybrid Napier fodder crop

C On remaining 20 R area sowing of Fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash Sweet SorghumMP chari)

yields 8 MT green monocotyledons fodder in Kharif season sowing of Maldandi Jowar

(Variety ndash Maldandi) yields 2200 kg Kadbi amp 550 kg sorghum grains in Rabi season amp

sowing of Fodder Bajara (Variety ndash Giant bajara) yields 5 MT green monocotyledons fodder

in Summer season

D Hybrid Napier fodder crop yieldyear = 12 MT

Kharif green fodder sorghum yieldyear = 6 MT

Summer green fodder Bajara yieldyear =5 MT

--------------------------------------------------

TOTAL = 23 MT

Lucerne fodder crop yield year = 11 MT

Rabi mladandi Jowar yieldyear (Kadbi) = 2200 kg

Rabi maldandi Jowar yieldyear (Grain) = 550 kg

To use this fodder-

1From 23 tons green fodder for 3 animals for 365 days per animal daily supply 21 kg per

animal= (3 animals times 365 days times 21 kg = 23000 kg)

2 For 3 animals 11 tons of Lucerne for 365 days 10 kg per animal = (3 times 365 times 10 = 11000

kg)

3 Kadbi -2200 kg for 365 days 2 kg per animalday = (3times365times2= 2200 kg)

4 Jowar grain 550 (crushed)-for 3 animals for 365 days frac12 kg = (3times365times12= 550)

Means from above planning-

1 Monocotyledons green fodder - 21 kg

2 Dicotyledons green fodder - 10 kg

-------------------------------------------

Total - 31 kg

3 Kadbi - 2 kg (Dry fodder)

4 Crushed jowar Grains -12 kg (Concentrate ingradient)

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 5

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Model 3-

Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT

Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton

a) In Kharif season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green

monocotyledons fodder

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder

b) In Rabi Season-

On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons

fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder

c) In Summer Season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green

monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder

d) Kharif season-

1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons

2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons

------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 14 tons

Rabi season-

1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings

2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 30 tons

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

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Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

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Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

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Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 5

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Model 3-

Kharif Cowpea- 20 R ndashYield- 4 MT Rabi Berseem 20R Yield- 20 MT Summer Cowpea20R ndashYield-4MT

Kharif Maize- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Rabi Oat- 20 R ndashYield- 10 MT Summer fodder sorghum -20R-Yield8 ton

a) In Kharif season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder maize (Variety-African Tall) yields 10 MT green

monocotyledons fodder

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Cow pea (Variety ndash Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green dicotyledons fodder

b) In Rabi Season-

On 20 R areas sowing of fodder Oat (Variety-Kent) yields 10 MT green monocotyledons

fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of Berseem (Variety ndash Wardan-4Mescavi) yields 20 MT green dicotyledons fodder

c) In Summer Season-

On 20 R area sowing of fodder Cowpea (Variety- Sweta EC-4216UPC-4286) yields 4 MT green

monocotyledons fodder (2 cuttings)

On remaining 20 R area sowing of fodder Sorghum (Variety ndash sweet Sorghum) yields 8 MT green dicotyledons fodder

d) Kharif season-

1 Maize fodder (105 days) - 10 tons

2 Cowpea (105) -4 tons

------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 14 tons

Rabi season-

1 Oat fodder (150 days) - 10 ton ndashTwo cuttings

2 Berseem (150 days) - 20 ton ndash 4 cuttings

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Total= 30 tons

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 6

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

From this 225 tons green fodder is used as fodder purpose amp 75 tons fodder is used for

making dry fodder (Oat + Berseem)

Summer season-

1 Sorghum green fodder (105 days) - 8 tons

2 Cowpea (105 days) - 4 tons

-----------------------------------------------------

Total= 12 tons

To use this fodder-

1) 3750 kg green Berseem fodder should be dried as dry fodder

2) 3750 kg green Oat fodder should be dried as dry fodder

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total- 7500 kg fodder

By drying these fodders we will get 750 kg dry Oat amp 750 kg dry Berseem in which if

loss of hay is concern we will get 1250 kg dry fodder from both crop This kind of fodder

is used for three adult animals for 365 days is as follows-

In Kharif season-

44 kg green fodder (for adult animalsday)times3 animals times105 days = 14 MT

In rabi season

50 kg green fodderdayanimal times 3 animals times 150 days = 225 MT

In summer season

38 kg green fodder times 3 animals times105 days =12 MT

Also we can make dry fodder of Berseem amp oat by drying both fodder in winter season

to become 1250 kg dry fodder amp use it in summer season as-

4 kg dry fodderanimal daytimes3 animalstimes105 days = 1250 MT means for each animals-

In Kharifgreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is - 44 kg

In rabiGreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -50 kg

In Summergreen fodder (Monocot +Dicot) is -38kg

Additional dry fodder in summer (Monocot +Dicot) is -4 kg

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (daily) - 42 kg

So this kind of cultivation of fodder crops may be useful in all three seasons of year

Ref- Adhik dudhasathi hirwa CharaBAIFPublicationApril-2004

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 7

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Cultivation Practises of different fodder crops

Fodder crops

Particulars Maize

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety African tall Manjari composite

Ganga safed

Seed kg ha 75-100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P50K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars SorghumJowar

Soil Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustRabbi ndashOct-

NovSummer-march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved

variety

RuchiraMaldandi MP chari Phule

chitra

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 80N 40P40K

Manure FYM

ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 8

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Bajara

Soil Light to medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashjune to augustSummer-

march-April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Giant Bajara

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 60N 30P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Particulars Oat

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Kent RO-19

Seed kg ha 100

Fertilizer kgha 100N 50P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 9

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Lucerne

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety RL-88Sirsa-9Anand- 23

Seed kg ha 25-35 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 150P40Kand 15N50P

at the interval of every 4

month

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 60-70

Particulars Stylo

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJuly to august

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Stylo ceabraena

Seed kg ha 10

Fertilizer kgha 20N 40P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 10

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Berseem

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Rabbi ndashOct-Nov

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety Wardan-4Mescavi

Seed kg ha 25-35

Fertilizer kgha 15N 90P30K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-45

Particulars Cow pea

Soil medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to

augustSummer-Feb to April

Sowing distance 30 cm

Improved variety SwetaEC-4216UPC-4286

Seed kg ha 40

Fertilizer kgha 20N 60P0K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 40-50

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 11

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Hybrid Napier

Soil Heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time June to August

Sowing distance 90 x 90 cm or 90 x 60 cm

Improved variety RBN-13(Phule Jaywant )BAIF

-10

Seed kg ha 25000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 250N 80P80K and 50N at

each cutting

Manure FYM ha 16 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 250-300

Particulars Marvel

Soil Light -Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60X30 cm

Improved variety Marvel-93Marvel-40

Seed kg ha 70000 stumps

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K and 20N at each

cutting

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 80-100

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2 There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 12

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Particulars Dashrath

Soil Light to Medium

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to July

Sowing distance 60-100 cm

Improved variety local

Seed kg ha 15 kg

Fertilizer kgha 20N 50P20K

Manure FYM ha 5 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 50-60

Particulars Cenchrus ciliaris (Anjan

Kajari )

Soil Medium to heavy

Tillage Ploughing and 2-3 harrowing

Sowing time Kharif ndashJune to august

Sowing distance 60 cm

Improved variety Kajari-75

Seed kg ha 8-10 kg

Fertilizer kgha 50N 20P0K

Manure FYM ha 3 tractor trailer

Yield MTha 20-30

Note1 Fertilizer dose and FYM can be given according to soil testing reports

2There is need to add micronutrients like FeSo4 ZnSo4 MgSo4 Sulphur according to the

soil testing reports

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 13

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Concentrate formulation in dairy farming-

For 100 kg concentrate formulation-

SrNo Ingradients Proportion For 100 kg

1 BarlyChuni 30 30

2 Crushed MaizeJowarBajara 35 35

3 a) Sunflower cake (7) +

b)Cotton seed cake

(20) +

c) Groundnut cake (8)

35 35

4 Common Salt 1 kg 1 kg

5 Chelated mineral

mixture(GaumixAgrimin forteBestamin

gold any suitable mineral mixture

consulting to local expert veterinarian)

1 kg 1kg

6 Shell grit 1 kg 1 kg

7 Probiotic powder 20 gms per animal

For milking buffaloes you may give 500 gms of formulated concentrate per 1 litre of milk in buffaloes amp 350 gms per litre of milk for cows

Also it is better to add 20 gms of probiotics powder per animal to increase milk production amp fat age in buffaloesProbiotic powder should be soaked with part of concentrate amp keep overnight then add in concentrate feed while milking the animals

Green fodder requirement for cow and buffalo is 10 of its body weight eg400 kgs buffalo or cow requires 40kg of green fodder (in which 30 kgs of cereals as Hybrid napiermaizejowar and 10 kgs of pulses like Lucernecowpea or Stlyosanthes)

Dry fodder requirement is 5-6 kg per day

You may also take training on dairy farming for get rid of losses in dairy farming by new scientific

knowledge amp practice You may also consult to local veterinarian (BVSc amp AH Or MVSc) first

regarding selection cattle breed or quality animals amp their managementfeed formulation etc

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 14

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Feeding ration for different milk production in dairy cows- For 25 lit production 550kg weight-

Srno Feed amp fodder given

Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or

Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 20 4 070 1400

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 15 135 100 150

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 2 180 240 480

5 Concentrate 8 720 900 7200

7 GNC 05 045 1600 800

6 Molasses 1 070 600 600

Total 53 kg 205 11830

For 20 lit and 550 kg wt-

Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

Rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 2 18 100 200

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 15

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 36 240 1200

5 Concentrate 6 54 900 5400

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 48 kg 205 965

For 15 lit milk and 550 kg wt

Srno Feed amp fodder Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum

or Hybrid Napier

20 5 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 15 3 070 1050

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 3 27 100 300

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 45 240 1200

5 Concentrate 5 45 900 4500

6 Molasses 1 07 600 600

Total 49 kg 204 8850

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 16

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

For 10lit milk and 500 kg wt- Srno Feed amp fodder given Fresh

Quantity

Supplied in

kg

DM

kg

Unit

rate

Rs

Cost

Rs

1 Green maize or sorghum or Hybrid

Napier

20 500 060 1200

2 Green Lucerne 75 150 070 525

3 Urea Treated Wheat straw 4 360 100 400

4 Kadabi ( Sorghum hay ) 5 450 240 1200

5 Concentrate 3 270 900 2700

Total 39 50kg 1730 6025

Use of advance feeding practises in dairy farming-

Molasses-Urea Blocks

You will find these referred to either as Molasses-Urea blocks or as Urea-Molasses blocks

Molasses urea and other ingredients are used in the manufacture of molassesurea feeds that

are prepared as blocks pastes or licks The rate of feed intake is reduced when the molasses

is prepared in this way (compared with a straight molasses lick for example but intakes

should still be controlled when the blocks are first introduced These preparations are an

excellent way of providing readily degradable protein and readily fermentable energy to

ruminant animals and they help increase the protein supply to the animal However goats are

particularly sensitive to urea toxicity and so it is essential that the blocks are accurately made

so that goats are not fed too much urea at one time

The blocks can be made from a variety of components depending on their local availability

nutritive value price existing facilities for their use and their influence on the quality of

blocks They can also include specific components

Molasses provides fermentable substrate and various minerals and trace elements (but

low amounts of phosphorous) Because of its pleasant taste and smell it makes the

block very attractive and palatable to animals The degree Brix of the molasses should

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 17

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

be as high as possible and preferably higher than 85 to ensure solidification

(Degrees Brix is a hydrometer scale for sugar solutions graduated so that readings at a

specified temperature represent percentages by weight of sugar in the solution so 85deg

Brix is equivalent to 85 sugar)

Urea which provides fermentable nitrogen is the most important component of the

block Urea may increase the intake of straw and other low quality forages as well as

their digestibility The intake of urea must be limited to avoid toxicity problems but

sufficient to maintain ammonia levels in the rumen consistently above 200 mg Nl for

growth of microorganisms in the rumen and high rates of degradation of fibre

Wheat or rice bran has a multiple purpose in the blocks It provides some key

nutrients including fat protein and phosphorus (see Dietary Requirements) It also

acts as an absorbent for the moisture contained in molasses and gives structure to the

block It may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as dry and fine bagasse (the

residue from sugar cane processing) or groundnut hulls which are finely ground but

some loss of nutritive value occurs

Other crop residues can also be included in Molasses-Urea blocks Clearly this

depends on availability and some crop residues and by-products will provide more

nutrients than others

Minerals may be added where appropriate Common salt is generally added because

this is often deficient in the diet and it is cheap Calcium is supplied by molasses and

by the gelling agent calcium oxide or cement (see below) Although phosphorus is

deficient there is no evidence that its addition is beneficial where animals are at

below maintenance requirements when grazing on dry mature pastures or fed low-

quality forage Mineral requirements are reduced at maintenance or survival levels

Deficiencies will generally become a problem only when production is increased

particularly when a bypass protein supplement is given (proteins that are not degraded

by rumen microorganisms and are digested in the intestines see Digestive Systems

and Digestion of Feeds) In these cases phosphorus should be included in that

supplement

A gelling agent or binder is necessary in order to solidify the blocks Various products

have been tried successfully magnesium oxide bentonite calcium oxide calcium

hydroxide and cement The use of cement has raised questions about possible

negative effects on animals Research on the use of cement or its by-product cement

kiln dust as a mineral supplement have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3

per cent of the total diet dry matter However the USDA has restricted the use of

cement kiln dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals in animal tissue

Various chemicals or drugs for the control of parasites or for manipulation of rumen

fermentation can be added to the molasses blocks which can be an excellent carrier

for these products

Ingredients and Procedures for Making UMB

A formulation of a molasses-urea block reported by Rajkomar (1991) included the

following ingredients

Molasses 50

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 18

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Urea 9

Salt 5

Cement 14

Wheat Bran 22

A leaflet produced by Samad Khan and Siddiki (2004) as part of research project R6610

includes the following ingredients for a 10 Kg block

Ingredients Percentage Amount

(g)

Molasses 39 3900

Wheat bran 20 2000

Rice polishings 20 2000

Urea 10 1000

Lime 6 600

Salt 5 500

Total 100 10 Kg

This leaflet also includes instructions for making UMB blocks as well as tips on feeding

and precautions on their use

Ref- httpwwwsmallstockinforesearchreportsR6610UMB_leaflethtm

Treatment on low quality fodder waste-

Many times it happened that remaining residues in farm are burned without using their

potential in dairy farming Waste of crop like wheat straw Rice straw Gram straw can be

used as feed of animals but it need treatment

Reason for treatment on crop residues-

1) It is tasteless

2) Some crop residues are having micro spines which cause injury to soft tissues in the mouth

of animals

3) Its energy as well as protein value is inferior

4) Some of them are deficient in minerals

It has seen that wheat straw or rice straw are available in abundant quantity as crop waste amp

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 19

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

many farmers used to burn it as traditional practice so it is necessary to use it as a feed for

animals after having treatment of following ingredients

SrNo Ingredients Required

quantity

ApproxCost

1 Wheat straw rice

strawmaize stovers etc

100 kg ----

(Available in

farmers own land)

2 Urea 15 kg (15 ) 750-

3 Mineral mixture

(Locally available)

10 Kg (10) 4500-

4 Salt (Big granules) 10 Kg (10) 400-

5 Low quality Jaggery

(If not available you can use

waste flour in Flour mill)

30 kg (30 ) 3600-

6 Water 30-40 litres --------

Total Rs- 9225-

Method-

1 Dissolve urea in correct concentration (as above) in water (15 kg urea in 30-40 litres of

water)

2 Then also add Salt Mineral mixture amp Jaggary (or Flour) in urea dissolved water to

become concentrate single solution

3 Make a layer of 6 inches of wheat or rice straw and sprinkle concentrates solution on it

equally Again mix this layer thoroughly amp make a heap Once again make a layer of 6 inch

of this wheat straw and sprinkle the concentrated solution

4 Make a heap amp press it with the help of hand so that all air will expel out form heap Then

cover it with plastic paper for 2 hours

5 Then use it for feed to animals

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical

F

D R D H A N A N J A Y P B H O I T E M V S c

Page 20

Feed amp fodder management [Above information is based on recommendations from National

Agriculture Research System The Effectiveness of the recommendations varies from place to place with

changes in natural resource and climate Farmers are advised to use the information on their own

responsibility KVK Baramati shall not be responsible for any consequences]

2009

Facts for urea ammonia treatment-

a) Urea provides readymade protein source for animals

b) Salt amp mineral mixture provide essential mineral for animals which are lacking in

crop residues

c) Jaggery or flour provides taste to straw as straw is tasteless

d) Water soften the spine as well as harder part in straw so it is easy to fed on it amp may

not cause any injury to soft tissues in mouths of animals

Care to be taken for urea treated straw-

1 Do not exceed the urea concentration for wheat straw more than 15 for 100 kg of

straw If it will increase then there may be danger of urea poisoning to animals

2 Care to be taken to dissolve each granules of urea in water thoroughly

3 Use this urea treated straw immediately after 2 hours of treatment Do not store

treated material for more than 8 hours

4 Daily use fresh treated straw for animals amp for each animals use this straw 4-6 kg

only for high producing dairy animals If the animals are not in production then it is

physible to use 7-8 kgs of treated wheat straw for feeding animals

5 Mix treated wheat straw in chaffed green as well as dry fodder so that animal can not

use its selective behavior of feeding

6 Per Kg cost of Kadbi (Dry Sorghum) is Rs300- per kg amp treated wheat straw is

Rs092- per kg so it is economical