Green Communication: A Stipulation to Reduce

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity from

Cellular Phone

BBA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

by

NEERAJ KUMAR

RA-UPCST (Young Scientist Scm.)

Email: neerajmtech@gmail.com

GREEN COMMUNICATION…???

An approach to minimize the defects

or risk associated to

communication

systems,

RF devices,

networks

and Mobile

phones etc.

Wireless

Networking

System

Engineering

Mobile

Computing

Electronic

Engineering

To approach over the stimulation of Green Communication against to electromagnetic Hypersensitivity from Cellular Phones

The Cellular

communication technologies have played an imperative role in making life pattern comfortable and improving quality of life.

Cellular phones have revolutionized the modern age of communication. But appropriate usages of the modern appliances should encourage and awareness on injudicious usage should also disseminate to regulate its ill effects.….

Cellular phone are now widely used by the majority of the adults, teenagers and even the children using them out of

curiosity and interest. In the world billions of user are subscribing and daily they exposed trough the Cellular

phone radiation.

India is one of the fastest growing cellphone subscribers in the world

Above 86 crore cellular phone are subscribed in India.

Cellular phones have been introduced without full provision of information about physics & nature of system. No prior discussions were made within the

scientific speculations about its possible consequences for human health.

International Authorities WHO, FCC, IEEE etc. are continue approaching to provide safety measures for

cellular phone usage

Human Studies [Y] Sub-thermal EM effects were found (not necessarily at significant levels).

[N] The black indicates that no EM effects were found.

Interphone study-

Meningioma and mobile phone use—a collaborative case-control study in

five North European countries

A Lahkola et al; International Journal of Epidemiology. Advance Access

published August 2, 2008

1 STUK – Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland. 2 Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. 3 Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK. 4 Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen,

Denmark. 5 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 6 Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, The Cancer Registry of Norway,

Oslo, Norway. 7 Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway.

[Y] Acute mobile phone effects on pre-attentive operation. apageorgiou CC,

Nanou ED, Tsiafakis VG, Kapareliotis E, Kontoangelos KA, Capsalis CN,

Rabavilas AD, Soldatos CR.

Neurosci Lett. Jan 4; 2006

[N] Does acute exposure to mobile phones affect human attention?

Russo R, Fox E, Cinel C, Boldini A, Defeyter MA, Mirshekar-Syahkal D, Mehta A

Bioelectromagnetics. Nov 22; 2005

[Y] Subjective symptoms related to mobile phone use.

Szyjkowska A, Bortkiewicz A, Szymczak W, Makowiec-Dabrowska T.

Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 19(112):529-532, 2005

[N] Electromagnetic field emitted by 902 MHz mobile phones shows no

effects on children's cognitive function.

Haarala C, Bergman M, Laine M, Revonsuo A, Koivisto M, Hamalainen H

Bioelectromagnetics. Jul 29; 2005

[Y] Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on

the cognitive functions of humans.

Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G

Bioelectromagnetics. Nov 22; 2005

[N] Influence on the mechanisms of generation of distortion product

otoacoustic emissions of mobile phone exposure.

Parazzini M, Bell S, Thuroczy G, Molnar F, Tognola G, Lutman ME, Ravazzani

P.

Hear Res. Jul 26 2005

[Y] Psychophysiological tests and provocation of subjects with mobile

phone related symptoms. Wilen J, Johansson A, Kalezic N, Lyskov E,

Sandstrom M. Bioelectromagnetics. Nov 22; 2005

[N] Investigation of potential effects of cellular phones on human auditory

function by means of distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Janssen T, Boege P, von Mikusch-Buchberg J, Raczek J.

J Acoust Soc Am. 117(3 Pt 1):1241-1247, 2005

[Y] The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on

human sleep. Loughran SP, Wood AW, Barton JM, Croft RJ, Thompson B,

Stough C. Neuroreport. 16(17):1973-1976, 2005

Studies on Behaviour [Y] Sub-thermal EM effects were found (not necessarily at significant levels).

[N] The black indicates that no EM effects were found.

[Y] Acute mobile phone effects on pre-attentive operation.

Papageorgiou CC, Nanou ED, Tsiafakis VG, Kapareliotis E, Kontoangelos

KA, Capsalis CN, Rabavilas AD, Soldatos CR.

Neurosci Lett. Jan 4; 2006

[N] Whole-body exposure to 2.45GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-

arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats.

Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC.

Behav Brain Res. 161(2):331-334, 2005

[Y] Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones

on the cognitive functions of humans.

Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G

Bioelectromagnetics. Nov 22; 2005

N] Hands-free mobile phone conversation impairs the peripheral visual system

to an extent comparable to an alcohol level of 4-5 g 100 ml.

Langer P, Holzner B, Magnet W, Kopp M

Hum Psychopharmacol. 20(1):65-66, 2005

[Y] The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on

human sleep.

Loughran SP, Wood AW, Barton JM, Croft RJ, Thompson B, Stough C.

Neuroreport. 16(17):1973-1976, 2005

[N] Effects of chronic exposure of electromagnetic fields from mobile phones

on hearing in rats.

Kizilay A, Ozturan O, Erdem T, Tayyar Kalcioglu M, Cem Miman M

Auris Nasus Larynx. 30(3):239-245, 2003

Studies on General Cellular Functions [Y] Sub-thermal EM effects were found (not necessarily at significant levels).

[N] The black indicates that no EM effects were found.

[Y] Free Radical Release and HSP70 Expression in Two Human Immune-

Relevant Cell Lines after Exposure to 1800 MHz RFR.

Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. Radiat Res. 165(1):88-94, 2006

[N] Hsp70 expression and free radical release after exposure to non-

thermal radio-frequency electromagnetic fields and ultrafine particles in

human Mono Mac 6 cells.

Simko M, Hartwig C, Lantow M, Lupke M, Mattsson MO, Rahman Q, Rollwitz

J.

Toxicol Lett. 161(1):73-82, 2006

[Y] Nitric oxide level in the nasal and sinus mucosa after exposure to

electromagnetic field. Yariktas M, Doner F, Ozguner F, Gokalp O, Dogru H,

Delibas N

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 132(5):713-716, 2005

N] In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human

immune cells.

Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H.

Bioelectromagnetics. Dec 8; 2005

[Y] Hearing level and intensive use of mobile phones

Garcia Callejo FJ, Garcia Callejo F, Pena Santamaria J, Alonso Castaneira I,

Sebastian Gil E, Marco Algarra J.

Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 56(5):187-191,

N] Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields exposure on cochlear cells'

functionality in rats:

Galloni P, Lovisolo GA, Mancini S, Parazzini M, Pinto R, Piscitelli M,

Ravazzani P, Marino C.

Bioelectromagnetics. Jul 21; 2005

Cellular Systems

GSM -900/1800 (Global System of Mobile Communications)

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a

self-propagating wave in space or

through matter

EM radiation (EMR) has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in

phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy propagation.

EM radiation carries energy and momentum, which may be imparted

when it interacts with matter

Magnetic

wave

Electric

wave

EMR: Electromagnetic Radiation

A quantum (quanta) is an indivisible entity of a quantity that has the same

units as the Planck constant and is related to both energy and momentum

of elementary particles of matter (called fermions) and of photons

IONIZING RADIATION

Ionizing radiation consists of highly-energetic particles or waves that can ionize at least one electron from an

atom or molecule.

x-rays, -rays, ultraviolet rays (high)

NON-IONIZING

RADIATION

EM radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum* to

ionize atoms or molecules.

EM radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation, the movement of an electron to a higher energy state.

i.e., Near ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio waves

S. No. Frequency Spectrum Frequency range(≈) Corresponding Energy(≈)

1 Power line frequency Few to about 30 KHz near zero to 1.2 X 10 -10 eV

2 Radio and television

broadcasting frequencies 30 KHz to 300 KHz 1.2 X 10 -10 eV to 1.2 X 10 -6 eV

3 Cellular phone systems 900 MHz 3.5 X 10 -6 eV*

4 Microwave frequencies 300 MHz to 3 X 1011 Hz 1.2 X 10 -6 eV to 1.2 X 10 -3 eV

5 Infrared frequencies 3 X 1011 to 4.3 X 10 14 Hz 1.2 X 10 -3 eV to 1.8 eV

6 Visible frequencies 4.3 X 10 14 Hz to 7.5 X 10 14 Hz 1.8 eV to 3.1 eV

7 Ultraviolet frequencies range 7.5 X 10 14 Hz to 3 X 10 17 Hz 3.1 eV to 1.2 keV*

8 X-ray frequencies 3 X 10 17 Hz to 3 X 10 19 Hz 1.2 keV to 120 keV

* Electromagnetic radiation with energies in below of 10 eV is called Non-Ionizing

radiation.

Electromagnetic Energy

( 1/)

A CASE STUDY

To gather the information about the

demographic and social characteristics of

cellular phone subscribers in India, is main

object of this study. Further, to establish a co-

relation for possible association in terms of self

reported HEADACHE symptoms among

extensive and low cellular phone usage.

To evaluate the possible risk of headache symptom through self reported

complains among Cellular phone users

To assess the risk factors associated to headache

symptoms in male, female and children

population individually

Information Gathering Chronological Model (IGCM)

Accepted for publication in Lecture

Notes in Computer Science (LNCS-

Springer ) 2012.

1 Aligarh

2 Allahabad

3 Ambedkar

Nagar

4 Azamgarh

5 Balrampur

6 Bangalore

7 Barabanki

8 Bhind

9 Chatarpur

10 Chennai

11 Chindwara

12 Faizabad

13 Gazipur

14 Gorakhpur

15 Guna

16 Gwalior

17 Indore

18 Jhansi

19 Kanpur

20 Kolkata

21 Lakhimpur

22 Lalitpur

23 Lucknow

24 Maharajganj

25 Mirzapur

26 Mumbai

27 Roorkee

28 Shivpuri

29 Sitapur

30 Sonbhadra

31 Unnao

1. Sample Size The 659 subjects were randomly

selected from following study regions

of India for survey

2. Subject involved

Survey Study

Children

Female Male

3. Survey Strategy

A well designed questionnaire was used for

Survey.

Page 1 Page 2

4. Survey Methodology

We followed modified methodology of

INTERPHONE study

A largest case–control study of mobile phone use and brain tumours yet

and includes the largest numbers of users with at least 10 years of

exposure.

Funding for Study- Rs 124 Crore.

Australia

Canada

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Israel

Italy

Japan

New Zealand

Norway

Sweden

UK North

UK South

5. Major Criteria for Study

[a] Demographic and Social Characteristics

[b] Cellular Telephone Utilization Patterns

[c] Association of the Symptoms and

Sensations to the Subjects

[d] Awareness over the Safety Measures to

Reduce the Cellular Telephone’s Exposure

Gender

Male

Female

Age in years

Educational Level

Primary school

Higher Secondary School

High School

Intermediate

University (UG or PG)

Professional Education (engineering/

/management/medical course)

Income (monthly in Rs)

No income

>Rs 5,000

< Rs 5,000 - Rs 10,000>

≤ Rs 10,000 - Rs 15,000>

≤ Rs 15,000 - Rs 20,000>

≤Rs 20,000

Family detail

No of family members

No of cellular telephone user

No of children (Below 16 years)

No of children (having own CP)

[a] Demographic and Social Characteristics of Subjects

[b] Cellular telephone utilization patterns

Frequency of use

Non regular use (≤1 years)

Regular use (>1 years)

Life-time years of use

<1 year – 3 years>

≤3 years – 5 years>

≥5 years

Number of calls per day

Dialed calls

Received calls

Hours of use per day

≥1.5 hours

<1.5 hours – 3 hours>

≤3 hours – 5 hours>

≥5 hours

Mode of use

Ringing mode

Vibration mode

Both (Ringing+Vibration) Mode

[c] Association of the symptoms and sensations to

the subjects

Disease

Yes

No

Smoking

Never

Regular

No regular

Symptoms/sensations

No symptom

√ Headache

Forgetfulness

Irritation

Dizziness

Ringing delusion

Increase in carelessness

Stammering

Neurophysiologic discomfort

Tremor

Warmth on ear

Decrease in hearing

[d] Awareness over the safety measures to

reduce the cellular phone exposure Which side you prefer to use your cell phone?

Left ear side

Right ear side

Do you use any device when you call with cell phone?

Ear phone

Speaker mode

No devices

Do you put your cell phone generally in to

Bags

Shirt Pocket (L or R)

Pant Pocket (L or R)

Others

Do you switched off your cell phone before sleeping in

night?

Yes

No

Do you put your cell phone near the head when you

sleep?

Yes

No

Prevalence of Headache to CP User’s Life

Time Exposure

LU 33%

NU 21%

MU 32%

HU 14%

LU: Low User (=< 500 hours); NU (>500 and =< 1000 Hours); MU

(>1000 and =< 5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); CP: cell phone

Results

Prevalence of Headache to CP User’s

Literacy

Prevalence of Headache to CP User’s

Yearly Use

LU NU MU HU

Male CP users (460) 145 (31.5%) 93 (20.2%) 155 (33.7%) 67 (14.6%)

Cases of

Headache (59)

13 (9%) 13 (9%) 25 (16.1%) 8 (11.9%)

P- value - 0.230 0.066 0.502

OR (95%CI) Reference 1.650 (0.729-3.737) 1.953 (0.958-3.982) 1.377 (0.542-3.499)

Female CP users (199) 72 (36.2%) 47 (23.6%) 54 (27.1%) 26 (13.1%)

Cases of

Headache (33)

11 (33.3%) 7 (21.2%) 10 (30.3%) 5 (15.2%)

P- value - 0.954 0.630 0.641

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.970 (0.347-2.713) 1.260 (0.492-3.227) 1.320 (0.411-4.244)

N.B.-LU: Low User (=< 500 hours); NU (>500 and =< 1000 Hours); MU (>1000 and =< 5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); CP: cell phone,

NF: Not Found cases, Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression test. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. OR: odds ratio,

CI: confidence interval

N.B.-LU: Low User (=< 500 hours); NU (>500 and =< 1000 Hours); MU (>1000 and =< 5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); CP: cell phone,

NF: Not Found cases, Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression test. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. OR: odds ratio,

CI: confidence interval

LU NU MU HU

Children CP users (35) 16 (45.7%) 9 (25.7%) 10 (28.6%) NF

Cases of

Headache (6)

2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) NF

P- value - 0.529 0.609 NF

OR (95%CI) Reference 2.00 (0.231-17.338) 1.75 (0.205-14.931) NF

Adult CP users (624) 201 (32.2%) 131 (21.0%) 199 (31.09%) 93 (14.9%)

Cases of

Headache (86)

22 (25.6%) 18 (20.9%) 33 (38.4%) 13 (15.1%)

P- value - 0.445 0.104 0.456

OR (95%CI) Reference 1.296 (0.666-2.523) 1.617 (0.906-2.887) 1.322 (0.634-2.756)

N.B.-LU: Low User (=< 500 hours); NU (>500 and =< 1000 Hours); MU (>1000 and =< 5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); CP: cell phone,

NF: Not Found cases, Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression test. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. OR: odds ratio,

CI: confidence interval

LU NU MU HU

Urban CP users (489) 159 (32.5%) 97 (19.8%) 160 (32.7%) 73 (14.9%)

Cases of

Headache (69)

19 (27.5%) 17 (24.6%) 23 (33.3%) 10 (14.5%)

P- value - 0.216 0.522 0.709

OR (95%CI) Reference 1.566 (0.770-3.184) 1.237 (0.645-2.374) 1.170 (0.514-2.659)

Rural CP users (170) 58 (34.1%) 43 (25.3%) 49 (28.8%) 20 (11.8%)

Cases of

Headache (23)

5 (21.7%) 3 (13.0%) 12 (52.2%) 3 (13.0%)

P- value - 0.763 0.031 0.423

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.795 (0.179-3.524) 3.438 (1.117-10.58) 1.871 (0.404-8.657)

N.B.-LU: Low User (=< 500 hours); NU (>500 and =< 1000 Hours); MU (>1000 and =< 5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); CP: cell phone,

NF: Not Found cases, Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression test. P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. OR: odds ratio,

CI: confidence interval

LU NU MU HU

Overall CP users (659) 217 (32.9%) 140 (21.2%) 209 (31.7%) 93 (14.1%)

Cases of

Headache (92)

24 (11.1%) 20 (14.3%) 35 (16.7%) 13 (14.0%)

P- value - 0.366 0.091 0.469

OR (95%CI) Reference 1.340 (0.710-2.531) 1.618 (0.925-2.827) 1.307 (0.634-2.694)

RA trend for risk of headache was observed among

moderate user (MU) when compared to low users (LU).

The level risk was1.6 fold more in MU in compare to LU. The

same was observed in male population in overall analysis.

Among the rural cellular phone subscribers headache was

significantly associated with MU when compared to LU.

The MU of rural area had 3.4 fold increased risk of headache

than LU. Among urban population, risk for the trend of ringing

delusion was observed in HU than the LU.

The above key results may approach to stimulate the Green

Communication in Wireless Devices/RF devices among

Academicians/ Technocrats / Young researchers etc.

We will approach for research to look at the association of the Cellular phone usage to

Social behaviour, cognitive

impairment, depression and sleep-related problems.

Further, a case control study will be initiated among children CP users, those would be

suffering from to neurological diseases

entitled as MOBI-child

‘MOBI-child’ Study

Proposal

Neurobehavioral effects in mice through the acute exposure of cellular irradiation, Journal of Neurochemistry, Volume 115, s1, pg76, 2010.

N. Kumar, R. A. Khan and V. P. Sharma.

The Adult Cellular Users are Extra attentive to Symptom ‘Ringing Disillusion’ in comparison to Children Users, Proceeding of World Congress of Neurotechnology, pg 21, Rome, Italy, 12-14 October, 2010.

N. Kumar, V. P. Sharma and R. A. Khan.

Prevalence of Headache among extensive and normal cellular phone users, Journal of Neurochemistry, special issue, s2, Volume 110 Issue s2 , pg228, 2009

N. Kumar, V. P. Sharma, N. Mathur, M. Y. Khan and R. A. Khan.

Recovery of Metals and Plastics from Electronic Waste. Bharatiya Vaigyanik evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika, National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR) CSIR, 16,2, pp 94-98, Dec 2008

N. Kumar, P. Shukla and V. P. Sharma.

Wireless Communication-A progressive tool of IT with some challenges for human health and Safety, WCSN07, pp. 187-192) IEEE Conference proceedings Dec 13-15, 2007.

N Kumar, K Shukla, V. K. Khanna and V. P. Sharma

OUR PUBLICATIONS

TOWARDS GREEN COMMUNICATION

CELLULAR COMMUNICATION: A HEALTH CONCERN ON RINGING DELUSION. BOOK “Molecular Mechanism of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders” volume 1, Publication Cooperation, Comenius University Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Mala Hora 4, Martin 036 01 SLOVAKIA, 2011. [ISBN 978-80-88866-99-2].

N. Kumar, R. A. Khan and V. P. Sharma

CELL SHOCKED!

Cover study, Science Reporter, National Institute of Science communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR) CSIR, Vol.44 No.1st January 2007. [ISSN: 0036-8512 ]

N.Tiwari, K. Shukla, C.S. Ojha, A. B. Pant and V.P. Sharma

INTERNATION BOOK CHAPTERS & MAGAZINES

ACCEPTED IN CONFERENCES….

Green Communication - A Stipulation to Reduce Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity from Cellular Phone. Procedia Technology, 2012

N. Kumar, R. A. Khan and M. Y. Khan

Cellular Phone: A Contemporary Tool for Biometric Implications. Procedia Technology, 2012

N. Kumar, R. A. Khan and D. Pandey

Mobile phone user should limit their harmful radio frequency by cutting the

length of calls.

Hands-free devices cut exposure by keeping the instrument away from the

head and body.

During driving use of mobile phone should be restricted/banned.

People with hearing aids are advised not to use mobile phones.

Base stations, must be avoided near children’s schools and playgrounds.

Use of hands-free device, such as headphones so that there may be minimum RF exposure to the head

Don’t use the cellphone when one is in heavy traffic

If you have the option of calling from a landline phone, go for it.

Minimize the length of calls, don’t discuss useless talks

Women should avoid cellphone use during pregnancy period

Avoid to stay near a cell phone tower and other group users for a long period

You are advised to use a cellphone in places with a strong signal

As much as possible keep the cellphone away from your body in night.

Avoid cellphone use in research laboratories and hospitals

Check the specific absorption rate of cellophane before purchasing new (<2.0W/kg)

Avoid to give cellphone to children for play like a toy

These safety measures are not recommended by authorities;

The points are only for suggestion.

ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research)

ICNIRP (International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection)

NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

SAA (Standards Association of Australia)

NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board)

IEGMP (International Expert Group on Mobile Phones)

RNCNIRP (Russian National Committee of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection)

HCN (Health Council of Netherlands)

ARPANSA (The Australian Radiation Safety and Nuclear Safety Agency)

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AWARD

USA HPS 2010

DELL CHILDREN FELLOWSHIP

USA NSF-GEM4 2010

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AWARD

THAILAND ISN-CAEN 2010

BURSARY AWARD

ITALY CC 2010

NOMINATIONS AND AWARDS

ACADEMIC COUNCIL MEMBER

BBA University, Lucknow

(2010-2011)

FOREIGN TRAVEL SUPPORT

USA DST 2009

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AWARD

SLOVAKIA CFMCUM 2009

INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AWARD

SOUTH KOREA ISN 2009

FOREIGN TRAVEL AWARD

SOUTH KOREA CSIR 2009

STUDENT TRL/WORKER FELLOWSHIP

USA HPS 2008

BEST PAPER AWARD

World Congress of Neurotechnology, Rome

ITALY

2010

Research is in progress at various parts of the globe and contradictions are parallel to previous so sporadic available

information from various sources is needed to be correlate with the scientific findings and real use situations

This is an attempt to compile salient research findings and draw a road map to stipulate GREEN COMMUNICATION in order to design

safe wireless technology

Thank you