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Green chemistry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the concept of the environmentally friendly design of

chemical products and processes. For the journal, see Green Chemistry (journal.

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and

chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that

minimi!e the use and generation of ha!ardous substances."#$ Whereas

environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of   polluting chemicals on nature,

green chemistry focuses on technological approaches to preventing  pollution and

reducing consumption of nonrene%able resources."&$"'$"$")$"*$"+$

Green chemistry overlaps %ith all subdisciplines of chemistry but %ith a particular focus on chemical synthesis, process chemistry, and chemical

engineering, in industrial applications. To a lesser etent, the principles of green

chemistry also affect laboratory practices. The overarching goals of green

chemistry-namely, more resourceefficient and inherently safer design of

molecules, materials, products, and processes-can be pursued in a %ide range of

contets.

Contents

• # /istory

• & 0rinciples

• ' Trends

• 1amples 

o .# Green solvents

o .& 2ynthetic techni3ues 

.&.# Carbon dioide as blo%ing agent

o .' /ydra!ine

o . #,'0ropanediol

o .) 4actide

o

.* Carpet tile backings

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o .+ Transesterification of fats

o .5 6iosuccinic acid

o .7 4aboratory chemicals

• ) 4egislation 

o ).# 1urope

o ).& 8nited 2tates

• * Green Chemistry 1ducation

• + 2cientific journals speciali!ed in green chemistry

• 5 Contested definition

• 7 Green Chemistry 9%ards

• #: 2ee also

• ## ;eferences

History

Green chemistry emerged from a variety of eisting ideas and research efforts

(such as atom economy and catalysis in the period leading up to the #77:s, in the

contet of increasing attention to problems of chemical pollution and resource

depletion. The development of green chemistry in 1urope and the 8nited 2tates

%as linked to a shift in environmental problemsolving strategies< a movement

from commandandcontrol regulation and mandated reduction of industrial

emissions at the =end of the pipe,= to%ard the active prevention of pollution

through the innovative design of production technologies themselves. The set of

concepts no% recogni!ed as green chemistry coalesced in the mid to late#77:s,along %ith broader adoption of the term (%hich prevailed over competing terms

such as =clean= and =sustainable= chemistry."5$"7$

>n the 8nited 2tates, the 1nvironmental 0rotection 9gency played a significant

early role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs,

funding, and professional coordination. 9t the same time in the 8nited ?ingdom,

researchers at the 8niversity of @ork  contributed to the establishment of the Green

Chemistry Aet%ork %ithin the ;oyal 2ociety of Chemistry, and the launch of the

 journal Green Chemistry."7$

Principles

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>n #775, 0aul 9nastas (%ho then directed the Green Chemistry 0rogram at the 82

109 and Bohn C. Warner  (then of 0olaroid Corporation published a set of

 principles to guide the practice of green chemistry."#:$ The t%elve principles

address a range of %ays to reduce the environmental and health impacts of

chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for the development ofgreen chemistry technologies.

The principles cover such concepts as<

• the design of processes to maimi!e the amount of ra% material that ends

up in the product

• the use of rene%able material feedstocks and energy sources

•

the use of safe, environmentally benign substances, including solvents,%henever possible

• the design of energy efficient processes

• avoiding the production of %aste, %hich is vie%ed as the ideal form of

%aste management.

The twelve principles of green chemistry are<

#. >t is better to prevent %aste than to treat or clean up %aste after it is

formed.

&. 2ynthetic methods should be designed to maimi!e the incorporation of all

materials used in the process into the final product.

'. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use

and generate substances that possess little or no toicity to human health

and the environment.

. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function

%hile reducing toicity.

). The use of auiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.

should be made unnecessary %herever possible and innocuous %hen used.

*. 1nergy re3uirements should be recogni!ed for their environmental and

economic impacts and should be minimi!ed. 2ynthetic methods should be

conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.

+. 9 ra% material or feedstock should be rene%able rather than depleting

%herever technically and economically practicable.

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5. ;educe derivatives D 8nnecessary derivati!ation (blocking group,

 protectionEdeprotection, temporary modification should be avoided

%henever possible.

7. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible are superior to stoichiometricreagents.

#:. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function

they do not persist in the environment and break do%n into innocuous

degradation products.

##. 9nalytical methodologies need to be further developed to allo% for real

time, inprocess monitoring and control prior to the formation of

ha!ardous substances.

#&. 2ubstances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimi!e potential for chemical accidents, including releases,

eplosions, and fires.

Trends

9ttempts are being made not only to 3uantify the greenness of a chemical process

 but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield, the price of reaction

components, safety in handling chemicals, hard%are demands, energy profile and

ease of product %orkup and purification. >n one 3uantitative study,"##$ the reduction

of nitroben!ene to aniline receives * points out of #:: marking it as anacceptable synthesis overall %hereas a synthesis of an amide using /2 is only

described as ade3uate %ith a combined '& points.

Green chemistry is increasingly seen as a po%erful tool that researchers must use

to evaluate the environmental impact of nanotechnology."#&$ 9s nanomaterials are

developed, the environmental and human health impacts of both the products

themselves and the processes to make them must be considered to ensure their

longterm economic viability."citation needed $

ExamplesGreen solvents

2olvents are consumed in large 3uantities in many chemical syntheses as %ell as

for cleaning and degreasing. Traditional solvents are often toic or are chlorinated.

Green solvents, on the other hand, are generally derived from rene%able resources

and biodegrade to innocuous, often naturally occurring product."#'$"#$

Synthetic techniques

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 Aovel or enhanced synthetic techni3ues can often provide improved

environmental performance or enable better adherence to the principles of green

chemistry. For eample, the &::) Aobel 0ri!e for Chemistry %as a%arded for the

development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, %ith eplicit

reference to its contribution to green chemistry and =smarter production.="#)$

 9&::) revie% identified three key developments in green chemistry in the field of

organic synthesis< use of  supercritical carbon dioide as green solvent, a3ueous 

hydrogen peroide for clean oidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric

synthesis."#*$ 2ome further eamples of applied green chemistry are supercritical

%ater oidation, on %ater reactions, and dry media reactions."citation needed $

6ioengineering is also seen as a promising techni3ue for achieving green

chemistry goals. 9 number of important process chemicals can be synthesi!ed in

engineered organisms, such as shikimate, a Tamiflu precursor %hich is fermented 

 by ;oche in bacteria. Click chemistry is often cited"citation needed $ as a style of

chemical synthesis that is consistent %ith the goals of green chemistry. Theconcept of Hgreen pharmacyH has recently been articulated based on similar

 principles."#+$

Carbon dioxide as blowing agent

>n #77*, o% Chemical %on the #77* Greener ;eaction Conditions a%ard for

their #::I carbon dioide blo%ing agent for polystyrene foam production.

0olystyrene foam is a common material used in packing and food transportation.

2even hundred million pounds are produced each year in the 8nited 2tates alone.

Traditionally, CFC and other  o!onedepleting chemicals %ere used in the

 production process of the foam sheets, presenting a serious environmental ha!ard.

Flammable, eplosive, and, in some cases toic hydrocarbons have also been used

as CFC replacements, but they present their o%n problems. o% Chemical

discovered that supercritical carbon dioide %orks e3ually as %ell as a blo%ing

agent, %ithout the need for ha!ardous substances, allo%ing the polystyrene to be

more easily recycled. The CJ& used in the process is reused from other industries,

so the net carbon released from the process is !ero.

Hydraine

9ddressing principle K& is the 0eroide 0rocess for producing hydra!ine %ithoutcogenerating salt. /ydra!ine is traditionally produced by the Jlin ;aschig process

from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many bleaches and ammonia.

The net reaction produces one e3uivalent of sodium chloride for every e3uivalent

of the targeted product hydra!ine<"#5$

 AaJCl L & A/' M /& AA/& L AaCl L /&J

>n the greener 0eroide process hydrogen peroide is employed as the oidant, the

side product being %ater. The net conversion follo%s<

& A/' L /&J& M /& AA/& L & /&J

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9ddressing principle K, this process does not re3uire auiliary etracting

solvents. ethyl ethyl ketone is used as a carrier for the hydra!ine, the

intermediate keta!ide phase separates from the reaction miture, facilitating

%orkup %ithout the need of an etracting solvent.

!"#$Propanediol

9ddressing principle K+ is a green route to #,'propanediol, %hich is traditionally

generated from petrochemical precursors. >t can be produced from rene%able

 precursors via the bioseparation of #,'propanediol using a genetically modified 

strain of E. coli."#7$ This diol is used to make ne% polyesters for the manufacture

of carpets.

%actide

4actide

>n &::&, Cargill o% (no%  AatureWorks %on the Greener ;eaction Conditions

9%ard for their improved method for polymeri!ation of   polylactic acid .

8nfortunately, lactidebase polymers do not perform %ell and the project %as

discontinued by o% soon after the a%ard. 4actic acid is produced by fermentingcorn and converted to lactide, the cyclic dimer ester of lactic acid using an

efficient, tincataly!ed cycli!ation. The 4,4lactide enantiomer is isolated by

distillation and polymeri!ed in the melt to make a crystalli!able polymer , %hich

has some applications including tetiles and apparel, cutlery, and food packaging.

Walart has announced that it is usingE%ill use 049 for its produce packaging.

The AatureWorks 049 process substitutes rene%able materials for petroleum

feedstocks, doesnHt re3uire the use of ha!ardous organic solvents typical in other

049 processes, and results in a high3uality polymer that is recyclable and

compostable.

Carpet tile bac&ings

>n &::' 2ha% >ndustries selected a combination of polyolefin resins as the base

 polymer of choice for 1coWor due to the lo% toicity of its feedstocks, superior

adhesion properties, dimensional stability, and its ability to be recycled. The

1coWor compound also had to be designed to be compatible %ith nylon carpet

fiber. 9lthough 1coWor may be recovered from any fiber type, nylon* provides

a significant advantage. 0olyolefins are compatible %ith kno%n nylon*

depolymeri!ation methods. 0NC interferes %ith those processes. Aylon*

chemistry is %ellkno%n and not addressed in firstgeneration production. From

its inception, 1coWor met all of the design criteria necessary to satisfy the needs

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of the marketplace from a performance, health, and environmental standpoint.

;esearch indicated that separation of the fiber and backing through elutriation,

grinding, and air separation proved to be the best %ay to recover the face and

 backing components, but an infrastructure for returning postconsumer 1coWor to

the elutriation process %as necessary. ;esearch also indicated that the postconsumer carpet tile had a positive economic value at the end of its useful life.

1coWor is recogni!ed by 6C as a certified cradletocradle design.

Trans and cis fatty acids

Transesterification of fats

>n &::), 9rcher aniels idland (9 and Aovo!ymes %on the Greener

2ynthetic 0ath%ays 9%ard for their  en!yme interesterification process. >n

response to the 8.2. Food and rug 9dministration (F9 mandated labeling of

transfats on nutritional information by Banuary #, &::*, Aovo!ymes and 9

%orked together to develop a clean, en!ymatic process for the interesterification of oils and fats by interchanging saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The result

is commercially viable products %ithout transfats. >n addition to the human

health benefits of eliminating transfats, the process has reduced the use of toic

chemicals and %ater, prevents vast amounts of byproducts, and reduces the

amount of fats and oils %asted.

'io$succinic acid

>n &:##, the Jutstanding Green Chemistry 9ccomplishments by a 2mall 6usiness

9%ard %ent to 6io9mber >nc. for integrated production and do%nstreamapplications of biobased succinic acid. 2uccinic acid is a platform chemical that

is an important starting material in the formulations of everyday products.

Traditionally, succinic acid is produced from petroleumbased feedstocks.

6io9mber has developed process and technology that produces succinic acid from

the fermentation of rene%able feedstocks at a lo%er cost and lo%er energy

ependiture than the petroleum e3uivalent %hile se3uestering CJ& rather than

emitting it."&:$

%aboratory chemicals

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2everal laboratory chemicals are controversial from the perspective of Green

chemistry. The assachusetts >nstitute of Technology has created the "&$ to help

identify alternatives. 1thidium bromide, ylene, mercury, and formaldehyde have

 been identified as =%orst offenders= %hich have alternatives."&#$ 2olvents in

 particular make a large contribution to the environmental impact of chemicalmanufacturing and there is a gro%ing focus on introducing Greener solvents into

the earliest stage of development of these processes< laboratoryscale reaction and

 purification methods."&&$ >n the 0harmaceutical >ndustry, both G2? "&'$ and 0fi!er "&$ 

have published 2olvent 2election Guides for their rug iscovery chemists.

%egislation

Europe

>n &::+, 1urope put into place the ;egistration, 1valuation, 9uthorisation, and;estriction of Chemicals (;19C/ program, %hich re3uires companies to

 provide data sho%ing that their products are safe. This regulation (#7:+E&::*

ensures not only the assessment of the chemicalsH ha!ards as %ell as risks during

their uses but also includes measures for banning or restrictingEauthorising uses of 

specific substances. 1C/9, the 18 Chemicals 9gency in /elsinki, is

implementing the regulation %hereas the enforcement lies %ith the 18 member

states.

(nited States

The 8.2. la% that governs the majority of industrial chemicals (ecluding pesticides, foods, and pharmaceuticals is the Toic 2ubstances Control 9ct 

(T2C9 of #7+*. 1amining the role regulatory programs in shaping the

development of green chemistry in the 8nited 2tates, analysts have revealed

structural fla%s and longstanding %eaknesses in T2C9 for eample, a &::*

report to the California 4egislature concludes that T2C9 has produced a domestic

chemicals market that discounts the ha!ardous properties of chemicals relative to

their function, price, and performance."&)$ 2cholars have argued that such market

conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial

success of green chemistry in the 8.2., and fundamental policy changes are

needed to correct these %eaknesses."&*$

0assed in #77:, the 0ollution 0revention 9ct helped foster ne% approaches for

dealing %ith pollution by preventing environmental problems before they happen.

>n &::5, the 2tate of California approved t%o la%s aiming to encourage green

chemistry, launching the California Green Chemistry >nitiative. Jne of these

statutes re3uired CaliforniaHs epartment of Toic 2ubstances Control (T2C to

develop ne% regulations to prioriti!e =chemicals of concern= and promote the

substitution of ha!ardous chemicals %ith safer alternatives. The resulting

regulations took effect in &:#', initiating T2CHs Safer Consumer Products

 Program."&+$

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Green Chemistry Education

any institutions offer courses"&5$ and degrees on Green Chemistry. 1amples

from across the globe are enmarkHs Technical 8niversity,"&7$ and several in the

82, e.g. at the 8niversities of assachusetts6oston, "':$ ichigan,"'#$ and Jregon."'&$ 9 masters level course in Green Technology, has been introduced by the

>nstitute of Chemical Technology, >ndia. >n the 8? at the 8niversity of @ork "''$ 

8niversity of 4eicester, epartment of Chemistry and ;es in Green Chemistry

at >mperial College 4ondon. >n 2pain different universities like the 8niversidad de

Baume >"'$ or the 8niversidad de Aavarra,"')$ offer Green Chemistry master

courses. There are also %ebsites focusing on green chemistry, such as the

ichigan Green Chemistry Clearinghouse at %%%.migreenchemistry.org.

9part from its Green Chemistry aster courses the Ourich 8niversity of 9pplied

2ciences O/9W presents an eposition and %eb page =aking chemistry green=

for a broader public, illustrating the #& principles."'*$

Scientific )ournals specialied in green chemistry

• Green Chemistry (;2C

• Chem2usChem (Wiley

• 9C2 2ustainable Chemistry P 1ngineering (9C2

Contested definition

There are ambiguities in the definition of green chemistry, and in ho% it is

understood among broader science, policy, and business communities. 1ven

%ithin chemistry, researchers have used the term =green chemistry= to describe a

range of %ork independently of the frame%ork put for%ard by 9nastas and

Warner (i.e., the #& principles."7$ While not all uses of the term are legitimate (see

green%ashing, many are, and the authoritative status of any single definition is

uncertain. ore broadly, the idea of green chemistry can easily be linked (or

confused %ith related concepts like green engineering, environmental design, or

sustainability in general. The compleity and multifaceted nature of greenchemistry makes it difficult to devise clear and simple metrics. 9s a result, =%hat

is green= is often open to debate."'+$

Green Chemistry *wards

2everal scientific societies have created a%ards to encourage research in green

chemistry.

• 9ustraliaQs Green Chemistry Challenge 9%ards overseen by The ;oyal

9ustralian Chemical >nstitute (;9C>.

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• The Canadian Green Chemistry edal."'5$

• >n >taly, Green Chemistry activities center around an interuniversity

consortium kno%n as >AC9."'7$

• >n Bapan, The Green P 2ustainable Chemistry Aet%ork oversees the G2C

a%ards program.":$

• >n the 8nited ?ingdom, the Green Chemical Technology 9%ards are given

 by Crystal Faraday."#$

• >n the 82, the 0residential Green Chemistry Challenge 9%ards recogni!e

individuals and businesses."&$"'$

See also

Chemistry portal 

 Sustainable development portal 

• Green Chemistry (journal  D published by the ;oyal 2ociety of Chemistry

• Green chemistry metrics

•2ustainable engineering

• Green engineering

• 1nvironmental engineering science

• Green computing D a similar initiative in the area of computing

• 6ioremediation D a techni3ue that generally falls outside the scope of

green chemistry

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"Chemistry for the Environment" . (nteruniversity Consortium. #etrieved

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"Green Sustaina<le Chemistry 3et9or4& 5aan" . Green Sustaina<le

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"2001 Crystal Faraday Green Chemical Technology A9ards" . Green

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  "The Presidential Green Chemistry A9ards" . United States Environmental

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Challenge" . #etrieved 20$;!0!$0.

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