Green Buildings PPT
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ENERGY AWARENESS
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Transcript of Green Buildings PPT
ENERGY AWARENESS
What exactly is energy awareness?
For a general definition, we think it would be reasonable to say that energy awareness is about understanding:how much energy we use (both directly and indirectly);what we actually use it for; where the energy comes from; the knock-on effects of us using it (e.g. environmental impact, depletion of resources); andwhat we can do to reduce our energy consumption and its undesirable knock-on effects.
However, although that might be appropriate for a textbook definition of energy awareness, it sounds a lot like we're talking about the energy awareness of the human race as a whole. Not that there's anything wrong with a definition that talks about the human race as a whole, but thinking of energy awareness in that way is not ideal when you're trying to come up with an energy-awareness campaign that will reduce energy consumption at your organization...
Because, unless you happen to work for Energy Star or the Carbon Trust, most people in your organization will have other priorities, and getting them to understand the big picture of energy consumption will be something of a monumental challenge...
So here's the secret:
You don't need your building's occupants to gain a holistic awareness of energy consumption, you just need them to understand enough to stop wasting so much energy themselves!
A definition that's more appropriate for your campaignEnergy awareness is about understanding that:all day we're using energy in our building;some things we do use a lot more energy than others;simple changes in our habits can lead to big reductions in our building's energy consumption; andreducing our building's energy consumption is important!
On the surface, this isn't so different from our first definition of energy awareness.
But the critical point is that this definition is much more local - it's all about people saving energy in your building. In other words, it's much closer to home.
By bringing your definition of energy awareness closer to the building that you want to save energy in, you'll make it easier for people to understand that their actions matter, and that they really do have the power to make an immediate difference to your building's energy consumption...When your concept of energy awareness is closer to home, your campaign will naturally use messages, facts, and figures that are closer to home too. Such messages, facts, and figures will naturally resonate better with the people they're intended for, and this should have a significant impact on the savings that your campaign will achieve
ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE AND NBC
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), was launched by Ministry of Power, Government of India in May 2007, as a first step towards promoting energy efficiency in the building sector.The ECBC was developed by an Expert Committee, set up by India’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency, with support and guidance from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and significant inputs from various other stakeholders such as practicing architects, consultants, educational institutions and other government organizations.The successful implementation of the code requires development of compliance procedures (compliance forms and development of field-test compliance forms and procedures),
in addition to building capacity of architects/designers/builders/contractors and government official in States and Urban and Local Bodies (ULBs). It is also dependent on availability of materials and equipment that meet or exceed performance specifications specified in ECBC.BEE(Bureau of Energy Efficiency) with the support of USAID ECO- III Project is promoting ECBC awareness and voluntary adoption through training and capacity building programmes, pilot demonstration projects, and identifying steps for compliance check and monitoring of ECBC. ECBC User Guide was developed to support ECBC implementation by providing detailed guidance to the users on how to comply with the Code.
Four ECBC tip sheets on Energy Simulation, Building Envelope, Lighting Design and HVAC are also available and provide useful information on Code compliance at the system level and through Whole Building Performance approach that require knowledge of energy simulation to model the proposed building.
The ECBC provides design norms for:Building envelope, including thermal performance requirements for walls, roofs, and windows;
Lighting system, including daylighting, and lamps and luminaire performance requirements;HVAC system, including energy performance of chillers and air distribution systems;Electrical system; andWater heating and pumping systems, including requirements for solar hot-water systems.The code provides three options for compliance:Compliance with the performance requirements for each subsystem and system;Compliance with the performance requirements of each system, but with tradeoffs between subsystems; andBuilding-level performance compliance.
During the development of ECBC, analysis conducted through energy simulation indicated that ECBC-compliant buildings may use 40 to 60% less energy than similar buildings being designed and constructed at that time. Building design has not been a subject of study in India for its electrical and thermal performance. Building configuration, its aesthetics, first cost, uniqueness and ultimate salability are some of the factors, which have driven the building design. With the result, the building’s operating energy cost has increased tremendously as the energy efficiency factors were either not considered or ignored at the design stage.
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) sets the minimum energy performance standards for buildings.ECBC for commercial buildings are widely considered to be cost-effective as government-based regulatory programs that can potentially help to capture substantial energy savings. It is essential that new buildings be designed and built with energy efficiency considerations having been incorporated right from the initial stages. The development of energy conservation buildings codes is necessary for this purpose. The intention of the ECBC is to benchmark energy consumption levels in large commercial buildings and introduce a level of awareness for energy conservation.
Energy Conservation Building Code-Provisions in the EC Act 2001 As defined in the EC Act, “energy conservation building codes” means the norms and standards of energy consumption expressed in terms of per square metre of the area where the energy is used and includes the location of the building. The EC Act empowers the Central Government under section 14 (p) to prescribe the Energy Conservation Building Code. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has the responsibility under section 13 (d) to take suitable steps to prescribe guidelines for ECBC. The ECBC will also be applicable to additions, alterations and modifications to existing buildings. Applicability to existing buildings is subject to several riders and exclusions, which are set out in the ECBC.
ECBC provisions will enhance comfort and occupant productivity. ECBC encourage energy efficient design or retrofit of commercial buildings so that they are designed in a manner that reduces the use of energy without affecting the building function, the comfort, health, or the productivity of the occupants and with appropriate regard for economic considerations. These codes eliminate building design practices that lead to unnecessarily high building energy use and associated costs. Energy cost savings resulting from energy code compliance directly benefit building owners and occupants over the life cycle of the building.
The benefits to society include the following: • Reduced capital investments in energy supply infrastructure. • Reduced environmental impacts. • Improved electricity reliability. • More efficient use of resource (It is cheaper to save energy than it is to build new power plants). • ECBC covers energy usage per unit of floor space and other high energy consuming equipments like HVAC, lighting. • ECBC details the parameters of various building material to be used to achieve overall performance of building envelope so as to minimize heat gain and thus the cooling cost. • ECBC specifies use of energy efficient glass combinations to maximize daylight and minimize cooling loads.
• Building Envelope: insulation materials, fenestration, solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), visible light transmittance, and air leakage; overhangs and side fins, building envelope sealing details. • Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: system and equipment types, sizes, efficiencies, and controls; economizers; variable speed drives; piping insulation; duct sealing, insulation and location. • Service Hot Water and Pumping: solar water heating system. Lighting: lighting schedule showing type, number, and wattage of lamps and ballasts; automatic lighting shutoff, occupancy sensors, and other lighting controls; lamp efficacy for exterior lamps. • Electrical Power: electric schedule showing transformer losses, motor efficiencies, and power factor correction devices; electric check metering and monitoring systems.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (NBC)
The National Building Code (NBC) 2005 is a response to the series of natural disasters that have had a huge impact on the built environment. These include the Chamoli, Jabalpur, Latur and Bhuj earthquakes and the supercyclones of Kandla and Orissa. As the base document for the building construction industry, it seeks to bring codes in line with market requirements.
What is the National Building Code 2005? It is the third revision compiled under the aegis of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It provides guidelines for regulating building construction activities across the country. It has the basic codes for construction materials, services, systems and processes. The NBC lays down the minimum provisions buildings need in order to ensure public safety with regard to structural sufficiency, fire hazard and health aspects. It contains administrative provisions, development control rules and general building
What’s new in NBC 2005?It allows architects and engineers to sanction building plans for smaller plots and less complicated structures. It makes it mandatory for architects and structural engineers to take responsibility for the safety of their structure in case of a natural disaster. It provides for a periodic renewal of certificate for occupied buildings from a structural, fire and electrical safety point of view.The code has detailed town planning norms for amenities such as educational and medical facilities, fire services, etc. It has revised parking requirements for metro and mega cities. Provisions for buildings and facilities for the physically challenged have been revised.
Contents of NBC 2005
Part – 0: Integrated Approach – Prerequisite for Applying Provision of the CodeThis part covers guidelines to be followed for judicious implementation of the provisions of various parts/sections of the Code.Part – 1: DefinitionsIt lists the terms appearing in all the parts/sections of the National Building Code of India. However, some common definitions are reproduced in this part also.Part – 2: AdministrationIt covers the administrative aspects of the Code, such as applicability of the Code, organization of building department for enforcement of the Code, procedure for obtaining development and building permits, and responsibility of the owner and all professionals involved in the planning, design and construction of the building.
Part – 3: Development Control Rules and General Building RequirementsIt covers the development control rules and general building requirements for proper planning and design at the layout and building level to ensure health safety, public safety and desired quality of life. It provides provisions for covered area, plinth area, FAR, amenities, land use classification, height/ size of rooms, kitchens etc.Part – 4: Fire and Life SafetyIt covers the requirements for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire, and fire protection of buildings. The code specifies planning and construction features and fire protection features for all occupancies that are necessary to minimize danger to life and property.
The code cagorises the buildings as follows:Group A - ResidentialGroup B - EducationalGroup C - Institutional Group D - AssemblyGroup E - Business Group F - MercantileGroup G - Industrial Group H - StorageGroup J – HazardousPart -5: Building MaterialIt covers the requirements of building materials and components, and criteria for accepting new or alternative building materials and components.
29 Materials/ components which have been covered in this part are:Aluminum & other light materials & their alloys, Bitumen & Tar products, Builders hardware, Building chemicals, Building lime and products, Burnt clay products, Cement & concrete (i/c reinforcement), Composite matrix products, Conductors & cables, Doors / windows & ventilators, Electrical wiring & accessories, Fillers, stoppers & putties, Floor coverings, roofing’s & other finishes, Glass, Gypsum based materials, Lignocellulosic building materials (timber bamboos etc.), Paints & allied products, Polymers, plastics, Sanitary appliances & water fittings, Soil based blocks, Steel & its alloys, Stones, Structural sections, Thermal insulation material, Threaded fasteners & rivets, Unit weight of building materials, Water proofing & damp proofing materials, Welding electrodes & wires, Wire ropes & wire products
Part – 6: Structural DesignThis part through its seven sections provides for structural adequacy of buildings to deal with both internal and external environment, and provide guidance to engineers/ structural engineers for varied usage of material / technology types for building design.Section 7: Prefabrication and Systems BuildingPart – 8: Building Services-Lighting and Ventilation, Electrical and Allied Installations , Air conditioning, heating and Mechanical Ventilation, Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control, Installation of Lifts and Escalators Part – 9: Plumbing ServicesPart – 10: Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
List of Standards along with National Building Code of India 1983The following list records those standards, which are acceptable as `good practice`, and `accepted standards` in the fulfillment of the requirements of the Code. The latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may be used by the Authority as a guide in conformance with the requirements of the referred clauses in the Code.IS: 8888-1978 Guide for requirements of low income housingIS: 6313 Code of practice for anti-termite measures in buildings: IS: 6313 (Part I)-1971 Part I Constructional measures
IS: 1634-1973 Code of practice for design and construction of wood stairs in houses (first version)IS: 4838 Anthropometrics dimensions for school children: IS: 4838 (Part I) - 1969 Part I Age group 5 to 11 years IS: 4838 (Part II) - 1969 Part II Age group 12 to 16 yearsIS: 4963-1968 Recommendations for buildings and facilities for the physically handicappedIS: 6313 (Part II)-1971 Part II Pre-constructional chemical treatment measures IS: 6313 (Part III)-1971 Part III Treatment for existing buildingsIS: 3792-1978 Guide for heat insulation of non-industrial buildings (first revision)
PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL/ SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone;
Effective protection of the environment;
Prudent use of natural resources; and
Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.
“Sustainable development is development, which meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.”
Towards Sustainable ConstructionThere are three ways by which the civil engineering and construction industry can act torealise sustainable construction• Creating built environments;• Restoring damaged and/or polluted environments; and• Improving arid environments.
Green" is the word. It's not just pollution anymore - specifically, it's melting polar icecaps and the greenhouse effect.These are the phrases of our generation and now, more than ever, people are aware of our effect on the environment. Energy efficient appliances and reusable grocery bags are commonplace.Another trend picking up speed is sustainable architecture. This involves buildings designed to have as little effect on the environment as possible. If you are thinking of building a home that is environmentally sound, here are some of the basic principles of sustainable architecture design
1. Think SmallThe combined problem of natural resource depletion and population growth is so serious that it’s no longer reasonable for anyone to use up more than their fair share of either. Not only that, but there’s something special about creating a home or office that speaks to the specific needs of your particular family. Small homes are more affordable, use fewer resources, have less of an environmental impact, and also require less energy to heat and cool.
2. Heat With the SunSpeaking of heating, fossil fuels are on the wane but the sun is still going strong. Consult your local green building expert for the best way to orient your home in order to maximize solar gain when appropriate (and reduce it when there’s too much.)Orientation combined with a green building material that absorbs the sun’s energy during the day and then dispatches it slowly at night can drastically reduce your energy requirement.
3. Keep Your CoolThe same principle works for cooling a home, a particular challenge in the Middle East where there is no shortage of long hot days. Passive design, digging into the earth, and insulating a home well will work wonders, as will Islamic design techniques such as the Mashrabiya screen, which beats the heat at the same time as it promotes natural ventilation.4. Use Renewable EnergyWe know this is hard in the Middle East, where solar panels are still quite expensive, but an investment in the short term will pay off in the long run. Plus, who says it’s necessary to buy into the most expensive renewable technology? In Cyprus, Egypt and Israel, lower income people have been using the sun to heat their water for years. Theirs may not be the sexiest roofs in each country, but their energy bills are smaller, and their ability to withstand municipal price and supply fluctuations far greater than grid-dependent folks.
5. Conserve WaterThere are as many ways to conserve water in your home as there are reasons to do so – particularly in our dry region. Firm up faucets, harvest rainwater, recycle gray water, take shorter showers, and turn off the tap when brushing your teeth.Also consider planting indigenous plants that don’t require a lot of irrigation, and if you must irrigate, trying using drip irrigation or other modern developments.6. Use Local MaterialsWhen you’re building a home out of materials harvested in some distant land, they have to travel a long way to make it to your little plot. This creates an unnecessarily high carbon footprint and also reduces the level of control you have over how those materials are harvested. But if you use local materials, as will be the case with new Eco-Schools, your carbon footprint shrinks considerably and benefits your local economy.
7. Use Natural MaterialsNatural materials not only have more aesthetic appeal, at least in our view, but it turns out that they are better for our health. A home that is built with a porous natural material such as mud or stone or lime breaths and promotes natural circulation in the home.Anything else creates a terribly unhealthy internal environment.Natural materials also promote daylighting and superior acoustics, whereas all kinds of interventions are required in more artificial surroundings.8. Save the ForestsOur forests are beautiful and deserve to be protected in their own right. But they also serve important environmental services – including sucking the globe’s carbon. With escalating levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and a bevy of attendant climatic changes, protecting our trees is more important than ever. The average timber home uses 100 trees – and that’s not sustainable at all..
9. Recycle MaterialsWe belong to a throwaway culture – something the earth’s finite resources simply can’t support. Recycling materials not only gives new life to something discarded or disused, but also provides an opportunity to be creative and resourceful. See how old windows have been given new life is this wonderful design project.10. Build to LastWe have showcased several earth architecture buildings that have lasted centuries, such as Yemen’s Manhattan and these awesome cave homes in Iran. Despite stringent new building codes, many materials used in contemporary architecture are designed NOT to last so that the supplier can prolong their business opportunities. This makes absolutely no sense. Build to last as much as possible and save the earth while you’re at it.
11. Grow Your FoodGrowing food at home improves quality control and increases resilience – both very necessary in our region where food security is poor and where environmental regulations regarding food quality are poorly enforced. 12. Store Your Own FoodThis is something we haven’t considered in a long while, but it used to be that most people built pantries into the earth in order to keep their food cool and fresh. As demonstrated in Palestine’s numerous geothermal projects, the earth’s temperature remains constant even as our atmosphere warms and cools. If you use the right building material, you can build a wonderful earthen pantry that will keep most of your food fresh year ’round. Make sure to consult a professional until you get the hang of this.
13. Share FacilitiesFinally, Kelly Hart promotes co-housing and eco-villages as a good way to save space and share facilities. He suggests that building common areas (like the Israeli Kibbutzniks have done for years) in addition to private areas in any housing project saves space and promotes social activity. We’d also like to add that a shared community is likely to grow into a more evolved and tolerant community, which promotes all kinds of goodness.If you are considering building a new home, remember to consult this list to determine whether you have achieved the greatest amount of sustainability for your time and budget constraints.
Preserve natural surroundings:This encompasses two philosophies. One is to build small. You don't need a Mc mansion to live comfortably. Build only as big as you need and build up instead of out.The other is to build into the natural landscape not over it.Utilize the trees and bushes around your lot instead of clearing them out. Try to maintain as much as you can of the surrounding landscape. It will save you money because you won't have to pay someone to come in and plant for you plus it saves the environment.
Use renewable resources:The sun, the earth, the wind- these are all at your disposal and are things that will never run out. You can harness the sun to heat and light your home with solar panels. Wind power is gaining popularity on a larger scale by using windmills to supply electricity for entire towns. The earth can also be used to heat your home with geothermal heating elements placed underneath the house.For your lumber, make sure the wood is either reclaimed or comes from a certified forest. Bamboo is becoming popularly used for wood flooring and it is a very renewable wood source and looks attractive too
Buy locally:If you are remodeling or building a sustainable architecture design home, buy your supplies locally.This puts money back into your community and is good for everyone. A healthy community is a big part of creating a healthy environment.If you can incorporate one or all of these principles into the building or remodel of your home, you will be doing a great service to the environment. Good or bad, every little thing that we do has an impact on the earth. Sustainable architecture design is something you can do to make a difference.
Recycle:If you can't redo or build your home using these principles, you can still do your part by recycling. Use left-over building supplies for other projects instead of dumping them in the landfill. Capture rainwater for outdoor irrigation. On a smaller scale, recycle your plastic, aluminum and paper.Use energy efficient appliances:Everything comes with that little star on it designating it as an energy efficient appliance. They do all the work for you by using less water, heat and energy while efficiently running the dishwasher, washing machine and all other appliances. You may also get a tax credit for replacing your old stuff with the energy-efficient models.
SITING AND LAND USE
* Renovate older buildings: Conscientiously renovating existing buildings is the most sustainable construction. * Create community: Development patterns can either inhibit or contribute to the establishment of strong communities and neighbourhoods. Creation of cohesive communitiesshould be a high priority.* Encourage in-fill and mixed-use development: In-fill development that increases density is inherently better than building on undeveloped (greenfield) sites. Mixed-use development, in which residential and commercial uses are intermingled, can reduce automobile use andhelp to create healthy communities.* Minimize automobile dependence: Locate buildings to provide access to public transportation, bicycle paths, and walking access to basic services. Commuting can also be reduced by working at home--consider home office needs with layout and wiring.* Value site resources: Early in the sitting process carry out a careful site evaluation: solar access, soils, vegetation, water resources, important natural areas, etc., and let this information guide the design
* Locate buildings to minimize environmental impact: Cluster buildings or build attached units to preserve open space and wildlife habitats, avoid especially sensitive areas including wetlands, and keep roads and service lines short. Leave the most pristine areas untouched, andlook for areas that have been previously damaged to build on. Seek to restore damaged ecosystems.* Provide responsible on-site water management: Design landscapes to absorb rainwater runoff (storm water) rather than having to carry it off-site in storm sewers. In arid areas, rooftop water catchment systems should be considered for collecting rainwater and using it for landscape irrigation.* Situate buildings to benefit from existing vegetation: Trees on the east and west sides of a building can dramatically reduce cooling loads. Hedge rows and shrubbery can block cold winter winds or help channel cool summer breezes into buildings.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
* Avoid ozone-depleting chemicals in mechanical equipment and insulation: CFCs have been phased out, but their primary replacements--HCFCs--also damage the ozone layer and should be avoided where possible. Avoid foam insulation made with HCFCs. Reclaim CFCs when servicing or disposing of equipment.* Use durable products and materials: Because manufacturing is very energy-intensive, a product that lasts longer or requires less maintenance usually saves energy. Durable products also contribute less to our solid waste problems.•Choose low-maintenance building materials: Where possible, select building materials that will require little maintenance (painting, retreatment, waterproofing, etc.), or whose maintenance will have minimal environmental impact.
•* Choose building materials with low embodied energy: Heavily processed or manufactured products and materials are usually more energy intensive. As long as durability and performance will not be sacrificed, choose low-embodied-energy materials.
* Buy locally produced building materials: Transportation is costly in both energy use and pollution generation. Look for locally produced materials. Local hardwoods, for example, are preferable to tropical woods.* Use building products made from recycled materials: Building products made from recycled materials reduce solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, and save on natural resource use. A few examples of materials with recycled content are cellulose insulation, Homasote®, Thermo-ply®, floor tile made from ground glass, and recycled plastic lumber.* Use salvaged building materials when possible: Reduce landfill pressure and save natural resources by using salvaged materials: lumber, millwork, certain plumbing fixtures, and hardware, for example. Make sure these materials are safe (test for lead paint and asbestos),and don't sacrifice energy efficiency or water efficiency by reusing old windows or toilets.
* Seek responsible wood supplies: Use lumber from independently certified well-managed forests. Avoid lumber products produced from old-growth timber unless they are certified. Engineered wood can be substituted for old-growth Douglas fir, for example. Don't buytropical hardwoods unless the seller can document that the wood comes from well-managed forests.* Avoid materials that will off gas pollutants: Solvent-based finishes, adhesives, carpeting, particleboard, and many other building products release formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. These chemicals can affect workers' and occupants' health aswell as contribute to smog and ground-level ozone pollution outside.* Minimize use of pressure-treated lumber: Use detailing that will prevent soil contact and rot. Where possible, use alternatives such as recycled plastic lumber. Take measures to protect workers when cutting and handling pressure-treated wood. Scraps should never beincinerated.
EQUIPMENT•Install high-efficiency heating and cooling equipment: Well-designed high-efficiency furnaces, boilers, and air conditioners (and distribution systems) not only save the building occupants money, but also produce less pollution during operation. Install equipment with minimal risk of combustion gas spillage, such as sealed-combustion appliances. •* Install high-efficiency lights and appliances: Fluorescent lighting has improved dramatically in recent years and is now suitable for homes. High-efficiency appliances offer both economic and environmental advantages over their conventional counterparts.* Install water-efficient equipment: Water-conserving toilets, showerheads, and faucet aerators not only reduce water use, they also reduce demand on septic systems or sewage treatment plants. Reducing hot water use also saves energy.* Install mechanical ventilation equipment: Mechanical ventilation is usually required to ensure safe, healthy indoor air. Heat recovery ventilators should be considered in cold climates because of energy savings, but simpler, less expensive exhaust-only ventilation systems
SUMMARYhow to achieve sustainable construction:• Re-use old buildings;• Recycle waste materials;• Use salvaged material;• If one must build new, check how much energy was used to produce the materials;• Consider low energy design;• Design buildings that are cheap to run;• Design building that will be cherished to increase the chance of re-use;• Design for flexible buildings;• Design and construct with health and safety in mind; and• Make a profit – otherwise it is not sustainable.
BENEFITS OF A GREEN BUILDING
Green building is not a simple development trend; it is an approach to building suited to the demands of its time, whose relevance and importance will only continue to increase.
The benefits to green building are manifold, and may be categorized along three fronts: environmental, economic, and social.
Environmental Benefits
Emissions Reduction. •Pollutants released by fossil fuel fired electricity contribute to global climate change, cause air quality issues such as acid rain and smog, and pose risks to human health. •Green building techniques like solar powering, daylighting, and facilitation of public transport increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful emissions.Water Conservation. Recycling rainwater and greywater for purposes like urinal flow and irrigation can preserve potable water and yield significant water savings.
Stormwater Management. •Stormwater runoff can cause waterway erosion, flooding, and carry pollutants into water sources.•Harvesting and redirecting stormwater, building surfaces with permeable materials, and using green roofs can control and utilize overflow.Temperature Moderation. •The heat retention properties of tall buildings and urban materials such as concrete and asphalt are the primary causes of urban heat island effect. •These conditions may be offset by conscientious building design and site selection, as well as planting trees to accompany new developments.
Waste Reduction. Construction and demolition generates a huge portion of solid waste in the United States. Building deconstruction as an alternative to full-scale demolition results in massive decreases of waste production
Economic BenefitsA common impression about green building is that the green premium is too expensive to be considered economically feasible. However, studies have shown that the costs of green buildings are not substantially higher than regular development projects. Higher construction costs can generally be avoided by the inclusion of green design from the outset of the project. Additionally, green buildings provide an assortment of economic advantages.•Energy and Water Savings. The resource efficiency provided by green design and technology leads to drastic reductions in operation costs that quickly recoup any additional project costs and continue to offer dramatic long-term savings (see statistics). Money previously directed toward utility costs may be used for other purposes.•Increased Property Values. With energy costs on the rise, the low operating costs and easy maintenance of green buildings make for lower vacancy rates and higher property values.6
•Decreased Infrastructure Strain. Efficient buildings exert less demand on the local power grid and water supply, stretching the capacity of local infrastructure.•Improved Employee Attendance. Green design emphasizes increased natural lighting and control of ventilation and temperature-attributes that improve employee health and prevent absences. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports major reductions in health care costs and work losses resulting from commonly recommended improvements to indoor environments (see statistics). Increased Employee Productivity. Employee productivity has been positively correlated to indoor environmental conditions, and shows improvements where green principles have been applied (see statistics
•Sales Improvements. Studies show better sales in stores that utilize natural light. Retailers are increasingly using daylighting in an effort to harvest the associated sales benefits.Development of Local Talent Pool. With increased attention being paid to global climate change and the need for renewable energy sources, the field of building design and construction is moving toward sustainability as a permanent objective. As of July 2007, 23 states and more than 80 cities have legislated green standards for municipal buildings. Building green in Bloomington is an investment in the local economy, helping to foster a local talent pool: designers and builders experienced with green projects able to accommodate the growing market demand for sustainable development
Social Benefits•Improved Health. Poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) resulting from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, mold build up, temperature variances, carpeting and furniture materials, pesticides, toxic adhesives and paints, and high concentration of pollutants (typically 10 to 100 times higher than outdoors contribute widely to respiratory problems, allergies, nausea, headaches, and skin rashes. Green building emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic, low emitting materials that create healthier and more comfortable living and working environments.
Improved Schools. An estimated 40% of schools in the United States are subject to poor environmental conditions that compromise the health and learning of students. The healthier environment and atmosphere in school buildings utilizing green design and construction principles is shown to lead to significant reductions in student absenteeism and improvements in test scores. Healthier Lifestyles and Recreation. A key element of sustainable design is the preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and exercise opportunities. Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as bicycling and public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging personal health and fitness.
ASSESSMENT METHODS1. LEED
2. BREEAM
The U.S. Green Building Council (http://www.usgbc.org), a nonprofit organization composed of leaders from all sectors of the building industry, works to promote "buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work.“ The USGBC developed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system in 1999 and is the organization responsible for awarding LEED certification.According to the USGBC website, the LEED Green Building Rating System™ is "the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings. LEED gives building owners and operators the tools they need to have an immediate and measurable impact on their buildings' performance.
LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in five key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality."
Specific LEED rating programs exist for the following:•New Commercial Construction and Major Renovation projects•Guidelines for Multiple Buildings and On-Campus Building Projects•Existing Building Operations and Maintenance•Commercial Interiors projects•Core and Shell development projects•Homes•Neighborhood Development•Schools•RetailLEED for Health Care is currently under development
In the LEED certification process, projects are awarded points according to achievements within certain sustainability categories. Depending on points achieved, projects are rated one of four levels of LEED Certification:•Certified (26-32 points)•Silver (33-38 points)•Gold (39-51 points)•Platinum (52-69 points)
These categories, and examples of points available within them, follow:1. Sustainable Sites (14 possible points)•Construction activity pollution prevention (required)•Development density and community connectivity•Brownfield redevelopment•Public transportation access•Bicycle storage and changing rooms•Protect or restore habitatStormwater design2. Water Efficiency (5 possible points)Reduce landscaping water use by 50%Innovative wastewater technologies20% or 30% water use reduction
3.Energy and Atmosphere (17 possible points)•Minimum energy performance (required)•Optimize energy performance (1-10 points available)•On-site renewable energy•Enhanced refrigerant management•Green power4. Materials & Resources (13 possible points)•Storage and collection of recyclables (required)•Building reuse (maintain 75% or 95% of existing walls, floors, & roof)•Construction waste management (divert 50% or 75% from disposal)•Materials reuse (5% or 10%)•Regional materials (10% or 20% extracted, processed and manufactured regionally)•Certified wood
.5. Indoor Environmental Quality (15 possible points)•Minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) performance (required)•Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) control (required)•Increased ventilation•Low-emitting materials (e.g. adhesives & sealants; paints & coatings; carpet systems)•Indoor chemical and pollutant source control•Controllability of systems (lighting and thermal comfort)6. Innovation & Design Process (5 possible points)•Four points available for innovation in design•LEED Accredited Professional
BREEAMBREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) is a tool that allows the owners, designers, and users of buildings to review and improve environmental performance throughout the life of a building It is a widely accepted and respected scheme that sets a benchmark for environmental performance and provides a wide range of benefits.It is independent and authoritative, being based on many years ofconstruction and environmental research carried out at the Building Research Establishment(BRE) together with the input and experience of the construction and property industries, Government and building regulators. The aim is to ensure that BREEAM continues to represent current best practice, going beyond what is required by regulations.This latest version of BREEAM Offices (BREEAM 2002), launched in August 2001, includes major changes in the way BREEAM operates, and incorporates several major environmentalissues
ECOHOMES
EcoHomes is a straightforward, flexible and independently verified environmental assessment method for homes, with environmental performance expressed on a scale of Pass to ExcellentEcoHomes, sponsored by NHBC, is the homes version of BREEAM (the BRE Environmental Assessment Method). BREEAM leads the world in setting benchmarks for theenvironmental performance of buildings. It is independent, authoritative and based on many years of construction and environmental research carried out by BRE, the construction industry and Government. EcoHomes is an easily understood, credible label for new and renovated homes including houses, apartments and sheltered accommodation. It rewards developers who improve environmental performance through good design, rather than high capital cost solutions.
Benefits include• Demonstrating sustainability credentials to planning authorities to assist a smoothpassage through the planning process;• Demonstrating “green” credentials to investors helps to minimise investment risk andincrease the appeal to ethical investors; Demonstrating superior environmental design to customers, resulting in:• Reduced running costs through greater energy and water efficiency, and reducedmaintenance;• Healthy, comfortable and flexible internal environments;• Access to local amenities;• Less dependence on the car;
EcoHomes considers the broad environmental concerns of climate change, resource use and impact on wildlife, and balances these against the need for a high quality of life, and a safe and healthy internal environment. All the issues in EcoHomes are optional, making it flexibleand enabling developers to adopt the most appropriate aspects of sustainability for their particular development and market.The issues assessed are grouped into the seven categories below:1. Energy2. Transport3. Water4. Ecology and land use5. Pollution6. Health and well being7. Materials
URBAN DESIGN
Urban design is the collective term used to describe the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages.Whereas architecture focuses on individual buildings, urban design address the larger scale of groups of buildings, of streets and public spaces, whole neighbourhoods and districts, and entire cities, to make urban areas functional, attractive and sustainable.Urban design is an inter-disciplinery subject, that unites all the built environment professions, including urban planning, landscape architecture, architecture, civil and municipal engineering. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice in urban design.
In more recent times different strands of urban design have emerged such as landscape urbanism.Urban design demands a good understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography, through to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate development, urban economics, political economy and social theory.Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity.
Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to lifeUrban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space (i.e. the 'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public places are experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered by urban design theory
Urban design considers:Urban structure – How a place is put together and how its parts relate to each otherUrban typology, density and sustainability - spatial types and morphologies related to intensity of use, consumption of resources and production and maintenance of viable communitiesAccessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice when moving to and through placesLegibility and wayfinding – Helping people to find their way around and understand how a place worksAnimation – Designing places to stimulate public activityFunction and fit – Shaping places to support their varied intended uses
Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them
Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the differences between one place and another
Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment in the interests of appreciating both
Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place, including respect for heritage and support for contemporary cultureCivil society – Making places where people are free to encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in building social capital
SUMMARY
The art of creating and shaping cities and townsUrban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities.Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks. Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas functional and attractive.
Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.
Urban design involves place-making - the creation of a setting that imparts a sense of place to an area. This process is achieved by establishing identifiable neighborhoods, unique architecture, aesthetically pleasing public places and vistas, identifiable landmarks and focal points, and a human element established by compatible scales of development and ongoing public stewardship. Other key elements of place making include: lively commercial centers, mixed-use development with ground-floor retail uses, human-scale and context-sensitive design; safe and attractive public areas; image-making; and decorative elements in the public realm.
Urban design practice areas range in scale from small public spaces or streets to neighborhoods, city-wide systems, or whole regions.
"Urban design and city building are surely among the most auspicious endeavors of this or any age, giving rise to a vision of life, art, artifact and culture that outlives its authors. It is the gift of its designers and makers to the future. Urban design is essentially an ethical endeavor, inspired by the vision of public art and architecture and reified by the science of construction." -Donald Watson
Urban design operates at 3 scales: the region
city and town
the neighborhooddistrict and corridor
STREETS
ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT
An environmental impact assessment is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the environmental, social and economic aspects.The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made.“
EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential environmental impacts of the proposal. EIAs have often been criticized for having too narrow spatial and temporal scope. At present no procedure has been specified for determining a system boundary for the assessment. The system boundary refers to ‘the spatial and temporal boundary of the proposal’s effects’.
This boundary is determined by the applicant and the lead assessor, but in practice, almost all EIAs address the direct, on-site effects alone.However, as well as direct effects, developments cause a multitude of indirect effects through consumption of goods and services, production of building materials and machinery, additional land use for activities of various manufacturing and industrial services, mining of resources etc. The indirect effects of developments are often an order of magnitude higher than the direct effects assessed by EIA.Large proposals such as airports or ship yards cause wide ranging national as well as international environmental effects, which should be taken into consideration during the decision-making process.
Broadening the scope of EIA can also benefit threatened species conservation. Instead of concentrating on the direct effects of a proposed project on its local environment some EIAs used a landscape approach which focused on much broader relationships between the entire population of a species in question. As a result, an alternative that would cause least amount of negative effects to the population of that species as a whole, rather than the local subpopulation, can be identified and recommended by EIA
At the end of the project, an EIA should be followed by an audit. An EIA audit evaluates the performance of an EIA by comparing actual impacts to those that were predicted.The main objective of these audits is to make future EIAs more valid and effective.
The two main considerations are:scientific - to check the accuracy of predictions and explain errors.management- to assess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts.
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