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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    at

    OXFORD

    TheGreen Book

    Syllabus2010 / 2011

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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    AT OXFORD

    CONTENTS

    Honour School of ArchaeologyandAnthropology 1

    Honour Moderations

    Paper 1 Introduction to World Archaeology 4

    Paper 2 Introduction to Anthropological Theory 13

    Paper 3 Perspectives on Human Evolution 19

    Paper 4 The Nature of Archaeological Enquiry 26

    Practical Classes 36

    Final Honour School

    Paper 1 Social Analysis and Interpretations 38

    Paper 2 Cultural Representations, Beliefs and Practices 48

    Paper 3 Landscape and Ecology 58

    Paper 4 Urbanisation and Change in Complex Societies 68

    Optional Papers in Anthropology 75

    Optional Papers in Archaeology 86

    http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate-resources

    http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate-resourceshttp://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate-resources

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    1

    HONOUR SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    The Oxford course is unique in Britain in offering an integrated undergraduate degree inarchaeology and anthropology (social, cultural and biological), sustained over the entirethree years, taking advantage of the lively centres of teaching and research which Oxfordmaintains in each of these complementary areas. Its temporal scope extends from humanorigins in the Palaeolithic period down to the medieval beginnings of modern westernsociety, and its geographical scope includes communities across the entire globe. Withinthis broad span, it offers two complementary perspectives on human diversity. One is the

    biological study of the human species and the scientific analysis of human analysis ofhuman artefacts; the other is the cultural interpretation of social and material life in itshistorical and comparative aspects. Whilst no single academic institution can offer anencyclopaedic study of all human cultures, the detailed understanding of a diverse rangeof ancient societies and more recent overseas communities offers a unique intellectualexperience which is of direct relevance to understanding important aspects of thecontemporary world.

    Oxford offers two principal areas of expertise. One, centred around the AshmoleanMuseum and the emerging Humanities Complex, is concerned with the culturaldevelopment of the Old World, from the beginnings of complex societies in Mesopotamiaand China, through the classical civilisations and their prehistoric neighbours, down to theIslamic and early medieval period, the other, located in the science area (including the Pitt

    Rivers Museum and Banbury Road), covers the diversity of peoples and cultures inAfrica, the New World and the Pacific region, as well as the small-scale societies ofEurasia which have survived in the interstices of larger states. Their study involves a widevariety of complementary disciplines. From genetics and radiometric dating to the studyof social structures and the interpretation of many forms of artistic creativity thecomparative approach adopted in this course emphasises the common principlesunderlying these regional and temporal manifestations. Although some of these topics can

    be studied as part of other subjects (such as human sciences or classics), together theyprovide a coherent perspective on human existence which complements that of moretraditional courses centred on particular cultures or periods. Their integration within asingle course provides a valuable educational experience.

    It is evident, then, that this course places a premium on the ability to integrate differentforms of evidence in terms of a set of biological, cultural and social principles. Thiscombines a local understanding of the complexities of individual human groups with acomprehension of their wider setting in time and space. The course has been designed tomaintain a balance between these two objectives: a broad interpretative perspective and adetailed command of how particular societies work and how they use their materialenvironment.

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    HONOUR MODERATIONS

    While some relevant aspects of the Honour School may have been covered in subjectsstudied at school, most parts of it will be largely unfamiliar. The Honour Moderationscourse (Mods), taken in the first year, thus offers a broad introduction which assumes no

    prior knowledge of the constituent disciplines.

    Paper 1 (Introduction to World Archaeology) offers a synoptic view of humandevelopment from its beginnings down to historical times. Particular points of emphasisare the emergence of modern humans, the beginnings of farming in several parts of theworld, and the origins and spread of urban societies.

    Paper 2 (Introduction to Anthropological Theory) looks at the principal approaches tounderstanding human societies and the role of anthropology in relation to them, andespecially at ways of understanding other cultures and their symbolic structures

    Paper 3 (Perspectives on Human Evolution) examines the biological basis of humanexistence, including human evolution, demography, nutrition and health, and the varietyof human subsistence systems in a diversity of environments.

    Paper 4 (The Nature of Archaeological Enquiry) complements Paper 1 with an account ofthe growth of knowledge of past cultures and a consideration of the basic principles

    involved in reconstructing their ways of life using material evidence.

    These subjects are examined in the Trinity Term of the first year by four three-hourpapers of three questions each.

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    FINAL HONOUR SCHOOL

    The second and third years are occupied in preparation for the four core papers and threeoptional papers of the Final Honour School, and the writing of a 15,000-word thesis on asubject approved by the Standing Committee. The first long vacation includes a period offieldwork.

    The FHS continues the principle of balancing detailed knowledge of particular periodsand areas (or scientific topics), which are explored as optional subjects, with broadlycomparative courses which strive to integrate the insights of the different disciplines.Where possible, these include both an archaeological and an anthropological dimension,and candidates are encouraged to mobilize their knowledge of each of these disciplines inunderstanding the others. Material from optional subjects and from the dissertationshould also inform wider questions.

    Paper 1 (Social Analysis and Interpretation) examines forms of social and politicalstructure and economic transactions, within a framework which includes historicalanalysis and a consideration of gender-related aspects.

    Paper 2 (Cultural Representations, Beliefs and Practices) considers symbolic systems,including moral and religious aspects as well as performative and aesthetic ones, and aconsideration of the nature of ritual action.

    Paper 3 (Landscape and Ecology) examines human cultural and biological adaptationswithin the related context of ecology and landscape and against a background of climaticand environmental change.

    Paper 4 (Urbanization and Change in Complex Societies: Comparative Approaches)involves a historical and comparative study of the characteristics of urban networks andtheir economic interactions, principally in the Old World from 3500 BC to AD 1000, inthe light of anthropology and historical sociology.

    Optional Papers. Three optional subjects, either anthropological or archaeological, arechosen from a schedule of specified topics which give the opportunity to develop

    expertise in a particular area and period.

    It is intended that candidates should gain a broad knowledge of the organization anddynamics of human societies, their biological and subsistence bases, and the way in whichsymbolic systems are expressed both in ideas and in material culture. Although suchtopics are exemplified in the course principally in the study of ancient and small-scalesocieties, they can be very widely applied, and theses offer the opportunity to investigatethem in sometimes unexpected contexts and combinations.

    The course demands sustained effort across a wide diversity of fields, but providesrewarding insights into fundamental aspects of human existence.

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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    HONOUR MODERATI ONS

    PAPER 1: I NTRODUCTION TO WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY

    Course Co-ordinator:

    Prof. Peter Mitchell, St Hughs CollegeTel: (2)74951

    E-mail: [email protected]

    SYLLABUS

    This paper sets out to provide a basic introduction to the major cultural developments ofthe Holocene, roughly the last 10,000 years. It thus continues on chronologically fromPaper 3. The emphasis of Paper 1 is partly chronological, ranging from the effects onhuman societies of post-glacial climatic amelioration to the consequences of Europeancolonial expansion in and after the fifteenth century AD, and partly thematic, treatingissues such as the relationship between environmental and cultural change and the role oftrade in the emergence of social complexity. In Michaelmas Term the focus lies on thevariety of food-production systems developed during the Holocene and the ways in whichthey evolved and spread. Then, in Hilary Term, the course examines the emergence of

    urban societies and the growth and collapse of early states and empires. Throughout thepaper, examples are drawn from many different parts of the world in order to encouragecross-cultural comparisons. At the same time the lectures aim to provide a sense of thecontinuity of historical developments in key regions of both the Old and New Worlds.

    Some of the analytical techniques or theoretical approaches applied to these questions areexamined in greater depth in Paper 4. Students are also encouraged to develop somefamiliarity through tutorials and reading with the archaeology of those parts of the worldnot covered in lectures.

    LECTURES [32]

    Michaelmas Term [16 lectures]Lecturers: Dr A. Bogaard, Dr N. L. Boivin, Prof. P. Mitchell and Dr R. Schulting

    1. Coping with the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (PM)2. Alternatives to farming: intensification in northwestern North America (RS)3. Farming and its alternatives: Holocene Sahul (PM)4. Understanding agricultural origins (PM)5. The origins of farming in Western Asia (AB)

    6. atalhyk: a Neolithic village of Western Asia (AB)7. Established farming communities of Western Asia (AB)8. The spread of farming in Europe (AB)

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    9. Established farming communities in Europe (AB)10. The transition to agriculture in South Asia (NLB)11. Agriculture and domestication in Southeast Asia and Oceania (NLB)12. Early food-production in Africa (PM)13. Early farming communities in southern Africa (PM)

    14. Early farming communities in Mesoamerica (PM)15. Pathways to food-production in South America (PM)16. Pathways to food-production in North America (PM)

    Hilary Term [16 lectures]Lecturers: Prof. J. Baines, Dr L. Bendall, Dr N. L. Boivin, Dr J. Dahl, Prof. C. Gosden,

    Prof. H. Hamerow, Dr Z. Kamash & Prof. P. Mitchell

    17. Understanding state formation and urban origins (NLB)18. The emergence of complex societies in Mesopotamia (JD)19. The emergence of complex societies in Egypt (JB)20 The emergence of complex societies in the Indus Valley (NLB)

    21 The emergence of complex societies in the Aegean (LB)22. Bronze to Iron in the Mediterranean and continental Europe 1100-500 BC (CG)23. Core, periphery and the coming of Rome 500 BC - AD 100 (CG)24. Rome and the archaeology of Empire (ZK)25. Themes in Roman archaeology (ZK)26. Towns and trade in Early Medieval Europe (HH)27. Sub-Saharan Africa's first states: Kerma, Nubia and Mero (PM)28. Heterarchy, trade and world religions: Africa's Sahel (PM)29. Cores and peripheries: the case of Great Zimbabwe (PM)30. Complex societies in the Americas: the rise and fall of the Classic Maya (PM)31. Complex societies in the Americas: the Inka and the archaeology of empire (PM)32. Europe and the world: an archaeological perspective (PM)

    Note - Lectures are an integral part of the examined syllabus and your attendance isexpected atall of them.

    RECOMMENDED READING:

    General Texts

    Cunliffe, B., 2008, Europe between the Oceans, New Haven: Yale University Press.Cunliffe, B., Gosden, C. & Joyce, R. (eds.), 2009, The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology,Oxford: OUP.

    Fagan, B., 2006, People of the Earth (twelfth edition), London: Collins.Scarre. C. (ed.), 2005, The Human Past, Thames & Hudson

    JournalsYou are encouraged to keep abreast of some of the major journals of relevance to thecourse, particularly Antiquity and World Archaeology, copies of which can be foundonline and in both the Balfour and the Sackler Libraries. You should also make sure tovisit the Ashmolean Museum, especially in relation to Lectures 17-27.

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    Lectures 1-16 Origins of Food-Production: general textsBarker, G., 2006, The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory, Oxford: OUP.Bellwood, P., 2005, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies, Oxford:

    Blackwell Publishing.

    Denham, P., Iriarte, J. & Vrydaghs, L. (eds.), 2007, Rethinking Agriculture:Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, Walnut Creek: Left CoastPress (NB especially good for Southeast Asia and Africa)

    Gebauer, A. & Price, T.D. (eds.), 1992, Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory(Monographs in World Archaeology 4), Madison: Prehistory Press.

    Kenneu, D.J. & Winterhalder, B. (eds.), 2006, Behavioural Ecology and the Transition toAgriculture, Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Mithen, S., 2003, After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,0005000 BC, London:Thames & Hudson.

    Sherratt, A., 1997, Climatic cycles and behavioural revolutions: the emergence of modernhumans and the beginning of farming, Antiquity 71: 271-287.

    Smith, B.D., 1998, The Emergence of Agriculture (second edition), New York: ScientificAmerican.

    Lecture 1Allen, J. & O'Connell, J.F. (eds.), 1995, Transitions: Pleistocene to Holocene in Australia

    and Papua New Guinea, Antiquity 69: 649-862.Strauss, L.G., Eriksen, B.V., Erlandson, J.M. & Yesner, D.R. (eds.), 1996, Humans at the

    End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition, NewYork: Plenum Press.

    Lecture 2

    Ames, K.M., 2001, Slaves, chiefs and labour on the Northern Northwest Coast, WorldArchaeology 33: 1-17.

    Ames, K.M. & Maschner, H.D.G., 1999, Peoples of the Northwest Coast, London:Thames & Hudson.

    Fagan, B., 2005, Ancient North America (fourth edition), London: Thames & Hudson.Jonaitis, A. (ed.), 1992, Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlach, Seattle:

    University of Washington Press.

    http://www.anchoragemuseum.org/galleries/alaska_gallery/NW_indian.aspx

    Lecture 3Hiscock, P., 2007, Archaeology of Ancient Australia, Cambridge: CUP.Lourandos, H., 1996. Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian

    Prehistory, Cambridge: CUP.Mulvaney, J. & Kamminga, J. 1999, Prehistory of Australia, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

    http://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/resources/regions.htm

    Lecture 5

    Bogucki, P., 1999, The Origins of Human Society, Oxford: Blackwells, (chapters 4-5)Kujit, I. & Goring-Morris, N., 2002, Foraging, farming and social complexity in the

    prehistory of the southern Levant, Journal of World Prehistory 16: 361-440.Simmons, A.H., 2007, The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East, Tucson: University ofArizona Press, (chapters 4-6).

    http://www.anchoragemuseum.org/galleries/alaska_gallery/NW_indian.aspxhttp://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/resources/regions.htmhttp://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/resources/regions.htmhttp://www.anchoragemuseum.org/galleries/alaska_gallery/NW_indian.aspx

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    Wright, K., 2000, The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of westernAsia, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66: 89-121.

    Lecture 6Hodder, I., 2006, The Leopard's Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of atal Hyk, London:

    Thames & Hudson.

    http://www.catalhoyuk.com/

    Lecture 7Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Schwartz, G.M., 2003, The Archaeology of Syria, Cambridge:

    CUP, (chapter 4).Banning, E.B., 1998, The Neolithic period: triumphs of architecture, agriculture and art,

    Near Eastern Archaeology 61: 188-237.Flannery, K.V., 2002, The origins of the village revisited: from nuclear to extended

    households, American Antiquity 67: 417-433.

    Simmons, A.H., 2007, The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East, Tucson: University ofArizona Press, (chapters 7, 8 & 10).

    Lecture 8Ammerman, A.J. & Biagi, P. (eds.), 2003, The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking

    Back, Looking Forward, Boston: Archaeological Institute of America.Hodder, I., 1991, The Domestication of Europe: Structure and Contingency in Neolithic

    Societies, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, (chapter 2)Price, T.D. (ed.), 2000, Europes First Farmers, Cambridge: CUP, (chapters 3, 6, 8)Whittle, A., 1996, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge:

    CUP, (chapters 2, 3, 6)

    Lecture 9

    Bogucki, P., 1999, The Origins of Human Society, Oxford: Blackwells, (chapter 6).Bradley, R., 1998, The Significance of Monuments, London: Routledge.

    Parker-Pearson, M., 2005, Bronze Age Britain, English Heritage, (chapters 2-4)Whittle, A., 1996, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge:

    CUP, (chapters 5 & 7)

    Lecture 10

    Allchin, B. & Allchin, F.R., 1982, The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan,

    Cambridge: CUP.Allchin, F.R., 1963, Neolithic Cattle-Keepers of South India: A Study of the DeccanAshmounds, Cambridge: CUP.

    Fuller, D.Q., 2006, Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis,Journal of World Prehistory 20: 1-86.

    Settar, S. & Korisettar, R. (eds.), 2002, Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume I:Prehistory, New Delhi: Indian Council for Historical Research.

    Lecture 11

    Glover, I. & Bellwood, P. (eds.), 2004, Southeast Asia from Prehistory to History,London: Routledge.

    Higham, C.F.W., 2001, Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia, Cambridge: CUP.Papers in Antiquity, 36(4), 2004.

    http://www.catalhoyuk.com/http://www.catalhoyuk.com/

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    http://www.seaarchaeology.com

    Lecture 12

    Mitchell, P.J., 2005, African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and theWider World, Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, (chapter 2)

    Phillipson, D.W., 2005, African Archaeology, Cambridge: CUP, (chapters 6-7)Stahl, A.B. (ed.), 2005, African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction, Oxford: BlackwellPublishing, (chapters 7-10, 12)

    Lecture 13Mitchell, P.J., 2002, The Archaeology of Southern Africa, Cambridge: CUP, (chapter 10)Mitchell, P.J. & Whitelaw, G., 2005, The archaeology of southernmost Africa c. 2000 BP

    to the early 1800s: a review of recent research, Journal of African History 46: 209-241

    Lecture 14

    Coe, M. & Koontz, R., 2008, Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (sixth edition),London: Thames & Hudson.

    Evans, S.T., 2004, Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and CultureHistory, London: Thames & Hudson.

    www.famsi.org

    Lecture 15

    Bruhns, O.K., 1994, Ancient South America, Cambridge: CUP, (chapters 5-8).McEwan, C., Barretto, C. & Neves, E.G. (eds.), 2001, Unknown Amazon: Culture in

    Nature in Ancient Brazil, London: British Museum Press.Moseley, M.E., 2001, The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru (second

    edition), London: Thames & Hudson.

    Lecture 16

    Fagan, B., 2005, Ancient North America: The archaeology of a continent (fourth edition),London: Thames & Hudson.

    Milner, G.R. 2004, The Moundbuilders: Ancient people of eastern North America,London: Thames & Hudson.

    Plog, S., 1997, Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest, London: Thames & Hudson.

    http://www.cahokiamounds.comLectures 17-32 Urbanism, States and Empires: general textsAlcock, S.E., DAltroy, T.N., Morrison, K.D. & Sinopoli, C.M. (eds.), 2001, Empires:

    Perspectives from Archaeology and History, Cambridge: CUP.Connah, G., 2001, African Civilization: Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa.

    An Archaeological Perspective (second edition), Cambridge: CUP.Diamond, J., 2005, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive, Harmondsworth:

    Penguin.Feinman, G.M. & Marcus, J. (eds.), 1998, Archaic States, Santa Fe: School of American

    Research.

    McAnany, P.A. & Yoffee, N. (eds.), 2009, Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience,Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire, Cambridge: CUP.

    http://www.seaarchaeology.com/http://www.famsi.org/http://www.cahokiamounds.com/http://www.cahokiamounds.com/http://www.famsi.org/http://www.seaarchaeology.com/

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    Trigger, B.G., 1993, Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context, Cairo: AmericanUniversity in Cairo Press.

    Trigger, B.G., 2003, Understanding Early Civilizations, Cambridge: CUP.Yoffee, N., 2005, Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and

    Civilizations, Cambridge: CUP.

    Yoffee, N., et al., 2005, Review feature: Myths of the archaic state, CambridgeArchaeological Journal 15, 251-68.

    Lecture 18Adams, R.M., 1966, The Evolution of Urban Society, Chicago: Aldine.Pollock, S., 1999, Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge: CUP.Postgate, N., 1992, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History,

    London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

    http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk

    Lecture 19Bard, K., 2008, Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Blackwell

    Publishing.Kemp, B., 2006, Ancient Egypt: The Anatomy of a Civilization (second edition), London:

    Routledge.Wengrow, D., 2006, The Archaeology of Early Egypt, Cambridge: CUP.

    http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/er

    Lecture 20

    Allchin, B. & Allchin, F.R., 1982, The Rise of Civilisation in India and Pakistan,Cambridge: CUP.

    Kenoyer, J.M., 1998, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Karachi: OUP.Possehl, G.L., 2002, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Walnut Creek:

    AltaMira Press.Settar, S. & Korisettar, R. (eds.), 2002, Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume II:

    Archaeology of the Harappan Civilisation, New Delhi: Indian Council forHistorical Research.

    http://www.harappa.com/

    Lecture 21Barrett, J.C. & Halstead, P. (eds.), 2004, The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited, Oxford,Oxbow Press.

    Betencourt, P. 2007. Introduction to Aegean Art. Philadelphia: INSTAPCullen, T. (ed.), 2001, Aegean Prehistory: A Review, Boston: Archaeological Institute of

    America.Deger-Jalkotzy, S. & Lemos, I.S. (eds.), 2006, Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean

    Palaces to the Age of Homer, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Schofield, L., 2007, The Mycenaeans, London: British Museum Press.Shelmerdine, C.W. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.Cambridge: CUP.

    http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/http://crete.classics.ox.ac.uk/

    http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/erhttp://www.harappa.com/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/http://crete.classics.ox.ac.uk/http://crete.classics.ox.ac.uk/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/http://www.harappa.com/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/erhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/

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    http://ina.tamu.edu/ub_main.htm (Uluburun shipwreck)

    Lectures 22

    Collis, J., 1984, The European Iron Age, London: Batsford, (chapters 2 and 3)Dickinson, O., 2006, The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age, London: Routledge.

    Kristiansen, K., 1998, Europe before History, London: Routledge, (chapter 8)Osborne. R., 1996, Greece in the Making 1200-479 BC, London: Routledge, (chapter 4)

    Lecture 23Cunliffe, B., 2001, Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and its Peoples, Oxford: OUP,

    (chapters 8, 9)Arafat, K., & C. Morgan, 1994, Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg, in Morris, I. (ed.),

    Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies,. Cambridge: CUP.pp. 108-134

    Dietler, M., 1997, The Iron Age in Mediterranean France: colonial encountersentanglements and transformations, Journal of World Prehistory 11: 269-358.

    Frankenstein, S. & Rowlands, M., 1978, The internal structure and regional context ofEarly Iron Age society in south-western Germany, Bulletin of the Institute of

    Archaeology, University of London 15: 73-112.Roymans, N., 1990, Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul. An Anthropological Perspective,Amsterdam: Albert Egges van Giffen Instituut voor Prae- en Protohistorie.

    Lectures 24 and 25.Beard, M., North, J. & Price, S., 1998, The Religions of Rome, Cambridge: CUP.De la Bdoyre, G., 2007, Gods with Thunderbolts: Religion in Roman Britain, Stroud:

    Tempus.Huskinson, J. (ed.), 2000, Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman

    Empire, London: Routledge.Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), 1997, Dialogues in Roman Imperialism. Power, Discourse and

    Discrepant Experience in the Roman Empire, Portsmouth: JRA.Mattingly, D.J., 2006, An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire 54 BC AD

    409, London: Allen Lane.Woolf, G. (ed.), 2004, The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World,

    Cambridge: CUP.

    http://earth.google.com/rome/

    Lecture 26Hodges, R., 1989, Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade, AD 600-1000(second edition), London: Duckworth.

    Hodges, R. & Hobley, B. (eds.), 1988, The Rebirth of Towns in the West AD 700-1050,London: CBA Research Report 68.

    McCormick, M., 2002, Origins of the European Economy, Cambridge: CUP, (pp.1-20and Part V)

    Randsborg, K., 1991, The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: AnArchaeological Essay, Cambridge: CUP.

    Lecture 27

    Edwards, D.N., 2004, The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan, London:Routledge.Welsby, D., 1996, The Kingdom of Kush, London: British Museum Press.

    http://ina.tamu.edu/ub_main.htmhttp://earth.google.com/rome/http://earth.google.com/rome/http://ina.tamu.edu/ub_main.htm

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    http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/

    Lecture 28Haour, A., 2008, Rulers, Warriors, Traders, Clerics: The Central Sahel and the North Sea

    800-1500, Oxford: OUP.Insoll, T., 2003, The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge: CUP.McIntosh, R.J., 1998, The Peoples of the Middle Niger, Oxford: Blackwells.Mitchell, P.J., 2005, African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the

    Wider World, Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, (chapter 5)

    Lecture 29Garlake, P., 1973, Great Zimbabwe, London: Thames & Hudson.Hall, M., 1987, The Changing Past, Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa, 200-

    1860, Cape Town: David Philip, (chapters 7-9)Mitchell, P.J., 2002, The Archaeology of Southern Africa, Cambridge: CUP, (chapter 11)

    Pikirayi, I., 2001, The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and decline of southern Zambezianstates, Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.

    Lecture 30Coe, M.D., 2005, The Maya (seventh edition), London: Thames & Hudson.Demarest, A., 2003, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization,

    Cambridge: CUP.Hendon, J.A. & Joyce, R.A. (eds.), 2004, Mesoamerican Archaeology, Oxford: Blackwell

    Publishing.Webster, D., 2002, The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya

    Collapse, London: Thames & Hudson.

    http://www.maya-archaeology.orghttp://www.mesoweb.com

    Lecture 31Bruhns, O.K., 1994, Ancient South America, Cambridge: CUP, (chapters 9, 12-17).Conrad, G. & Demarest, A., 1984, Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca

    Expansionism, Cambridge: CUP.DAltroy, T.N., 2003, The Incas, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Moseley, M.E., 2001, The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru (second

    edition), London: Thames & Hudson.http://www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/Inca/WW/index.html

    Lecture 32Gosden, C., 2004, The Archaeology of Colonialism, Cambridge: CUP.

    Noel Hume, I., 1991, Martin's Hundred, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Orser, C., 1996, A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World, New York: Plenum

    Press.Trigger, B.G., 1985, Natives and Newcomers: Canada's Heroic Age Reconsidered,

    Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press.

    http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/http://www.maya-archaeology.org/http://www.mesoweb.com/http://www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/Inca/WW/index.htmlhttp://www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/Inca/WW/index.htmlhttp://www.mesoweb.com/http://www.maya-archaeology.org/http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/

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    SUGGESTED TUTORIAL TOPICS

    Tutorials for Paper 1 should focus on the key questions tackled by the various case studiespresented in the lectures. A primary aim should be developing an understanding ofgeneral processes of sociocultural development and it may be helpful for at least sometutorials to be framed in comparative terms (e.g. between Old World and New World ortemperate and tropical examples, or between other selected case studies). Key themes thatmay be suitable for discussion include:

    o Coping with the environmental opportunities of the Pleistocene/Holocenetransition.

    o The development and expansion of systems of food production.o Competing explanations for agricultural and non-agricultural pathways to

    intensification during the Holocene.o The emergence of social stratification in early farming communities.o The archaeological identification of civilization, urbanism and the state and the

    processes leading to the development of urban and state-level societies.o The usefulness and limitations of core-periphery models.o The roles of monumental architecture, iconography, writing, prestige goods and

    other forms of material culture in the establishment and maintenance of elitepower.

    o Civilisational collapse and strategies for the growth and survival of imperialsystems.

    o The role of archaeology in understanding European colonial expansion.o The development and expansion of systems of food production.

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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    HONOUR MODERATI ONS

    PAPER 2 : INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY

    Course Co-ordinator:Prof. Marcus Banks, ISCA

    51 Banbury RoadTel: (2) 74675

    E-mail: [email protected]

    SYLLABUS

    This paper sets out to provide a basic introduction to the field of social and culturalanthropology, covering both the organization of society, and the relationship betweensociety, culture and environment. The emphasis is primarily on theory and method: thusthe course focuses on the sorts of questions anthropologists ask, and how they go aboutanswering them. Such issues can only be tackled by reference to ethnography thedetailed description of actual social relationships in the world, from urban Indians, to EastAfrican pastoralists, to North American gatherer-hunters. However, the main aim is tohelp students towards an ability to think anthropologically; since styles of anthropologicalthought have varied over the last century and a half, some awareness is required of the

    history of the discipline. The course is taught through a series of 16 lectures and 8tutorials; students should also make use in their own time of the ethnographic films in theISCA Video Library (housed at the Pitt Rivers Museum). Catalogues are available in theTylor and Balfour Libraries. The Video Library also contains copies of the CentralTelevision Series, Strangers Abroad, detailing the life and work of Baldwin Spencer,Rivers, Boas, Mead, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard, which may prove useful.

    Learning outcomes

    By the end of the paper students will: have a basic understanding of the development of anthropological theory; be familiar with the ethnography of a broad range of contemporary human

    societies, with reference both to human social relationships and humanenvironmental relationships;

    have acquired a conception of society as a unit of analysis.

    Transferable skills

    Students should have learned to guard against making ethnocentric assumptions inassessing the life courses of non-Euro-American peoples.

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    LECTURES [16]

    Michaelmas Term [8 lectures]

    Lecturers: Prof. M. Banks, Dr J. Lanman1. Introduction: what can ethnography tell us? (MB)2. Being related: kinship, ethnicity and other ties (MB)3. Making order: the anthropology of politics (MB)4. Finding meaning: the anthropology of religion (MB)5. Gender equality among hunter gatherers (JL)6. Leadership and political evolution in the Pacific (JL)7. Witchcraft and politics in politics in African societies (JL)8. The development of the Incest Taboo (JL)

    Hilary Term [8 lectures]Lecturers: Dr C. Harris, Prof. C. Gosden, Prof. P. Mitchell, Dr L. Peers

    9. Understanding production (CG)10. Understanding exchange (CG)11. The ecology of hunter-gatherers (PM)12. Questioning assumptions: the Kalahari debate (PM)13. Of people and things: an introduction to material culture (LP)14. Anthropology and museums, anthropology of museums (LP)15. The anthropology of art (CH)16. The anthropology of landscape (CH)

    Note - Lectures are an integral part of the examined syllabus and attendance at all ofthemis stronglyrecommended.

    READING: RECOMMENDED

    General Texts

    Barfield, T.J., 1997, The dictionary of anthropology, Oxford: Blackwell.Barnard, A. & Spencer, J., 1998, Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology,

    London: Routledge.Cheater, A.P., 1989, Social anthropology, London: Routledge.Eriksen, T.H., 2001, Small places, large issues: an introduction to social and cultural

    anthropology, London: Pluto.Hendry, J., 1999, An anthropologist in Japan: glimpses of life in the field, London:

    Routledge.Ingold, T., 1994, Companion encyclopedia of anthropology, London: Routledge..Keesing, R.M. & Strathern, A., 1998, Cultural anthropology: a contemporary

    perspective, Fort Worth: London: Harcourt Brace College.Kuper, A., 1973, Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School 1922-

    1972, London: Allen Lane.

    Layton, R., 1997, An introduction to theory in anthropology, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

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    MacClancy, J. (ed.), 2002, Exotic no more: anthropology on the front lines, Chicago;London: University of Chicago Press.

    Moore, H.L. (ed.), 1999, Anthropological theory today, Malden, MA: Polity Press.

    Journals

    Students will enjoy reading the RAI's bimonthly journal Anthropology Today, as well asbrowsing through professional journals such as JRAI, American Anthropologist andAmerican Ethnologist; copies are available in the Tylor Library.

    Lecture 1: Introduction: what can ethnography tell us?Leach, E., 1966, 'Virgin Birth', Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of

    Great Britain and Ireland, 1966: 39-49.Riviere, P.G., 1974, 'The Couvade: A Problem Reborn', Man, 9(3): 423-435.

    Lecture 2: Being related: kinship, ethnicity, and other tiesEriksen, T.H., 2002, Ethnicity and nationalism, London: Pluto Press.

    Parkin, R., 1997, Kinship: an introduction to basic concepts, Oxford: Blackwell.Weiner, A.B., 1979, 'Trobriand Kinship from Another View: The Reproductive Power of

    Women and Men', Man 14(2): 328-348.

    Lecture 3: Making order: the anthropology of politics

    Gledhill, J., 1994, Power and its Disguises: Anthropological perspectives on politics,London: Pluto.

    Gluckman, M., 1967, The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia,Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Vincent, J. (ed.), 2002, The anthropology of politics: a reader in ethnography, theory,and critique, Malden: Blackwell Publishers.

    Lecture 4: Finding meaning: the anthropology of religion

    Banks, M., 1992, Organizing Jainism in India and England: Oxford University Press,(Chpt.3)

    van Gennep, A., 1977, The rites of passage, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Lambek, M., 2002, A reader in the anthropology of religion, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell

    Publishers.

    Lecture 5: Gender equality among hunter gatherers

    Baron-Cohen, S., 2003, The essential difference: men, women and the extreme male

    brain, London: Allen Lane.Bodenhorn, B., 1990, I'm Not the Great Hunter, My Wife Is, Etudes Inuit Studies, 14:55-74.

    Leacock, E., 1978, "Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: implications for socialevolution" in Current Anthropology, 19: 247-274.

    Rosaldo, M.Z. & Lamphere, L. (eds.), 1976, Woman, culture, and society, Stanford:Stanford University Press.

    Lecture 6: Leadership and political evolution in the Pacific

    Allen, M.,1984, Elders, chiefs and Big Men American Ethnologist11: 20-41.Douglas, B., 1979, "Rank, Power, and Authority" Journal of Pacific History 14: 2-27.

    Feinberg, R. & Watson-Gegeo K.A. (eds.), 1996, Leadership and change in the WesternPacific, London: Athlone.

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    Sahlins, M.D., 1963, 'Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types inMelanesia and Polynesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History 5(3): 285-303.

    Whitehouse, H., 1992, "Leaders and Logics, Persons & Politics" History andAnthropology, 6:103-124.

    Lecture 7: Witchcraft and politics in African societiesBoyer, P., 2001, Religion explained: the evolutionary origins of religious thought. New

    York: Basic Books.Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J., 1992, "Cognitive adaptations for social exchange" in

    Barkow, J.H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (eds.), The Adapted Mind: EvolutionaryPsychology and the Generation of Culture, New York: Oxford University Press,

    Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 1976, Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande, Oxford:Clarendon Press.

    Mair, L., 1969, Witchcraft, London: World University Library.Middleton, J. and Winter, E. (eds.), 1963, Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa, London:

    Routledge and Kegan Paul.Whitehouse, H., 2004, Modes of religiosity: a cognitive theory of religious transmission..

    Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

    Lecture 8: The development of the incest taboo

    Fessler, D., Navarrete, C.D. 2004. Third-party attitudes towards sibling incest: Evidencefor Westermarcks hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behaviour25, p. 277-294

    Fox, R. 1967 (1983). Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Herman, J. & Hirschman, L. 1977. Father-Daughter Incest. Signs: Journal of Women inCulture and Society. 2: 735-756

    Roscoe, P. 1994. Amity and Aggression: A Symbolic Theory of Incest. Man 29. p.49-76

    Shepher, J. 1983. Incest: A Biosocial View. New York: Academic Press.

    Lecture 9: Understanding productionDobres, M.-A., 2000, Technology and social agency: outlining a practice framework for

    archaeology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Ellen, R., 1994, Modes of subsistence, in Ingold, T. (ed.) Companion Encyclopedia of

    Anthropology, London: Routledge.

    Lecture 10: Understanding exchangeDavis, J., 1992, Exchange, Buckingham: Open University Press.Mauss, M., 1990, The Gift: The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies,

    London: Routledge..Parry, J.P. & M. Bloch (eds.), 1989, Money and the morality of exchange, Cambridge:

    Cambridge University Press..

    Lecture 11: The ecology of hunter-gatherersBarnard, A., 1992, Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: a Comparative Ethnography

    of the Khoisan Peoples, Cambridge: CUP.Lee, R. B., 1979, The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society,

    Cambridge: CUP.

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    Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I. (eds.), 1976, Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press.

    Marshall, L. B., 1976, The !Kung of Nyae-Nyae, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Mitchell, P.J., 2002, The Archaeology of Southern Africa, Cambridge: CUP

    [archaeological background].

    Silberbauer, G., 1981, Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari, Cambridge: CUP.

    Lecture 12: Questioning assumptions: the Kalahari debate

    Schrire, C. (ed.), 1984, Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies, Orlando: AcademicPress. Especially papers by:

    Denbow, J. R., 1984, Prehistoric herders and foragers of the Kalahari: the evidence for1500 years of interaction, pp. 175-193.

    Gordon, R., 1984, The !Kung in the Kalahari exchange: an ethnohistorical perspective,pp. 194-224.

    Parkington, J. E., 1984, Soaqua and Bushmen: Hunters and Robbers, pp. 151-174.Headland, T. N. & Reid, L. A., 1989, Hunter-gatherers and their neighbours from

    prehistory to the present, Current Anthropology 30: 43-66.Solway, & Lee, R. B., 1990, Foragers, Genuine or Spurious ? Situating the Kalahari San

    in History, Current Anthropology 31: 109-146.Wilmsen, E. N., 1989, Land Filled with Flies: a Political Economy of the Kalahari,

    Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Woodburn, J., 1991, African Hunter-gatherer Social Organization - is it Best Understood

    as a Product of Encapsulation?, in: Ingold, T., Riches, D. & Woodburn, J. (eds.),Hunters and Gatherers: History, Evolution and Social Change, London: Berg: pp.31-64.

    Lecture 13: Of people and things: an introduction to material culture

    Miller, D., 1994, Artefacts and the meaning of things, in Ingold, T. (ed.) Companionencyclopedia of anthropology, London: Routledge.

    Morphy, H., 1989, Material culture, in Kuper, A. & Kuper J. (eds.) The social scienceencyclopedia, London: Routledge.

    Lecture 14: Anthropology and museums, anthropology of museums

    Clifford, J., 1988, On collecting art and culture, in Clifford, J. (ed.) The Predicament ofculture: Twentieth-century Ethnography, Literature and Art, Cambridge, Mass. andLondon: Harvard University Press.

    Fienup-Riordan, A., 1998, Yup'ik elders in museums: fieldwork turned on its head,

    Arctic Anthropology 35 (2), 49-58.Jones, A., 1993, Exploding canons: the anthropology of museums, Annual Review of Anthropology, 22: 201-220.

    Stocking, G.W., 1985, Objects and others: essays on museums and material culture,Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press..(Introduction and other essays).

    Lecture 15: The anthropology of art

    Layton, R., 1991, The anthropology of art, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Price, S., 2001, Primitive art in civilized places, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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    Lecture 16: The anthropology of landscapeBender, B. (ed.), 1993, Landscape : politics and perspectives, Providence, R.I. ; Oxford:

    Berg.Hirsch, E. & M. O'Hanlon (eds.), 1995, Anthropology of landscape: perspectives on

    place and space: Oxford University Press.. (especially introduction and essays byMorphy and Bender).Morphy, H., 1991, Ancestral connections: art and an aboriginal system of knowledge,

    Chicago: London : University of Chicago Press.Tilley, C.Y., 1994, A phenomenology of landscape: places, paths, and monuments,

    Oxford: Berg.

    N.B. Further reading may be provided at each lecture.

    SUGGESTED TUTORIAL TOPICS

    o In what sense can it be said that people in different cultures think differently?o How is the notion of transition useful in analysing ritual?o The symbolic aspects of pastoralists relationships with their animals.o Do older theoretical paradigms such as evolutionism or functionalism still have

    value today?o How has colonialism affected peoples relationship with the landscape?o The contrast between conflict models of society and consensus models.o Classification and difference.o

    Are landscapes fixed?o The differences between giving/receiving gifts and buying/selling commodities.o Biology versus sociology in the study of gender or of handedness.o Why is the topic of kinship so important for anthropology?

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    ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY

    HONOUR MODERATI ONS

    PAPER 3 : PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN EVOLUTION

    Course Co-ordinator:

    Prof. Nick BartonInstitute of Archaeology, 36 Beaumont St

    Tel : (2)78253E-mail : [email protected]

    SYLLABUS

    This is an interdisciplinary course that offers archaeological, biological and palaeologicalperspectives on the evolution of the human species. Beginning in Africa the lectures willconsider biological and cultural variation in early African hominins leading to theemergence of our own genus Homo. Themes to be considered include notions of cultureand tool use, as well as ideas concerning brain size expansion over the last 2.0 millionyears and the great regional diversity in early hominin behaviour. Topics relating to the

    successive human dispersals from Africa into Asia and Europe will also be explored aswell as the origins of language and the appearance of symbolic and artistic expression inHomo sapiens. Emphasis will likewise be placed on examining the variability of humansacross the globe and how some forms such as the Neanderthals became extinct. Theadaptation of humans to new environments at the end of the last ice age will form the final

    part of this lecture series.

    Students are encouraged to visit the University Museum, which displays material relatingto human evolution.

    Learning outcomes

    The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the broad outlines of homininevolution using the combined perspectives of fossil and archaeological data, as well as thegenetics and ecology of modern human populations. At the end of the course you shouldhave acquired a knowledge of the major contemporary debates in these fields, have anappreciation of the potential of archaeology and biological anthropology for answeringthe questions raised and have developed an awareness of the ways in which thesedifferent, but related, disciplines complement each other.

    Transferable skills

    Critical assessment and evaluation of the potential and limitations of archaeological andanthropological evidence.

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    LECTURES (16)

    Michaelmas Term (8 lectures)

    Lecturers: Dr N. L. Boivin and Dr M. D. Petraglia1. Hominoids and Miocene hominin origins (MDP)2. Culture across species (NLB)3. Pliocene hominin diversity (MDP)4. Australopithecines and early Homo (MDP)5. Hominin lifeways and site formation (MDP)6. Interpreting Oldowan tool users (MDP)7. Homo moves out of Africa: early dispersals towards Eastern Asia (MDP)8. Origin and dispersal of Anatomically Modern Humans (MDP)

    Hilary Term (8 lectures)Lecturers: Prof. N. Barton, Dr N. L. Boivin, Dr R. Schulting

    9. Populating Europe: early Homo in middle and northern latitudes (NB)10. The emergence of Neanderthals and adaptations (NB)11. Homo and concepts of behavioural modernity (NB)12. The demise of the Neanderthals (NB)13. Cultural transitions and climatic change in the last glaciation (NB)14. Art and ideology in modern humans (NB)15. Human adaptations into the Holocene of Europe (RS)16. Evolution and the Holocene (NLB)

    Note - Lectures are an integral part of the examined syllabus and attendance at all ofthemis essential

    READING: RECOMMENDED

    General Texts

    Binford, L.R., 1983, In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record,London: Thames & Hudson.

    Dennell, R., 2009, The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University

    PressDunbar, R., 2005, The Human Story: a new history of mankinds evolution, Faber and

    Faber.Fleagle, J., 1999, Primate Adaptations and Evolution, London & New York: Academic

    Press.Gamble, C. 2007, Origins and Revolutions: Human Identity in Earliest Prehistory.

    Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,Gamble, C., 1993, Timewalkers: the Prehistory of Global Civilisation, Harvard University

    PressJohanson, D. & Edgar, B., 1997, From Lucy to Language, London: Weidenfeld &

    Nicholson.

    Klein, R.G., 1999, The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins,( 2ndedition), Chicago University Press.

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    Lewin, R., and Foley, R., 2004, Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell Publishing.Oppenheimer, S, 2004, Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. Robinson PublishingStringer, C., 2006, Homo Britannicus. The incredible story of human life in Britain.

    London: Allen Lane.Stringer, C. and Andrews, P., 2005, The complete world of human evolution, London,

    Thames & Hudson.Tattersall, I., 1995, The Fossil Trail: How we know what we think we know about humanevolution, Oxford: OUP

    JournalsPlease note that a significant proportion of the reading is in major international journalse.g. Nature, Science, Behavioural and Brain Sciences. These can be found online and alsoon open shelf in the Oxford libraries. To search these sources you will need to consult OUE-journals and SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online).

    Lecture 1: Hominoids and Miocene hominin origins

    Begun, D., 2003, Planet of the apes. Scientific American, August, pp. 74-83.Fleagle, J., 1999, Primate Adaptations and Evolution. London & New York: Academic

    Press.Lewin, R. & Foley, R. 2004, Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell Publishing

    (Chapter 9).Stewart, C.B. and Disotell, T.R., 1998, Primate evolution in and out of Africa. Current

    Biology 8:R582-R588.Wood B., 2002, Hominid revelations from Chad, Nature, 418:133-5.

    Lecture 2: Culture across species

    Ingold, T. 1988, What is an Animal? London: Routledge.Laland, K.N. & Hoppitt, W. 2003, Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology

    12: 150-159.Rendell, L. & Whitehead, H. 2001, Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioural and

    Brain Sciences 24: 309-382. [The open peer commentary gives a flavour of thedebates surrounding this topic]

    Tomasello, M. 1999, The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Harvard: HarvardUniversity Press. (Chapter 2)

    Whiten A. et al. 1999, Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-685

    Lecture 3: Pliocene hominin diversity

    Crompton, R.H., Vereecke, E.E., Thorpe, S.K., 2008, Locomotion and posture from thecommon hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to thelast common panin/hominin ancestor. Journal of Anatomy 212(4): 501-543.

    Lewin, R. & R. Foley, 2004, Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell Publishing(Chapter 10).

    Haile-Selassie, Y., et al., 2004, Late Miocene Teeth from Middle Awash, Ethiopia, andEarly Hominid Dental Evolution. Science 303: 1503-1505.

    Leakey et al., 2001, New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middlePliocene lineages, Nature 410: 433-40.

    Lieberman D.E., 2001, Another face in our family tree. Nature, 410:419-20.Partridge et al., 2003, Lower Pliocene hominid remains from Sterkfontein. Science

    300:607-12.

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    Thorpe, S.K.S., Holder, R.L., Crompton, R.H. 2007, Origin of human bipedalism as anadaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316(5829): 1328-1331.

    Lecture 4: Australopithecines and early HomoAiello, L.C. and Wheeler, P., 1995, The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the

    digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 36 (2),199-221.Blumenschine et al., 2003, Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western

    Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Science, 299:1217-21.Lewin, R. & R. Foley, 2004, Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell Publishing

    (Chapter 11).Roche, H., Delagnes, A., Brugal, J.-P., et al., 1999. Early Hominid Stone Tool

    Production and Technical Skill 2.34 Myr Ago in West Turkana, Kenya. Nature399:57-60.

    Wood, B. and Collard, M., 1999, The changing face of the genus Homo. EvolutionaryAnthropology 8:195-213.

    Lecture 5: Hominin lifeways and site formation

    Domnguez-Rodrigo, M., 2002, Hunting and Scavenging by Early Humans: The State ofthe Debate. Journal of World Prehistory 16: 1-54.

    Plummer, T., 2004, Flaked stones and old bones: biological and cultural evolution at thedawn of technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 47:118-164.

    Potts, R., 1988, Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai. Aldine, New York.

    Lecture 6: Interpreting Oldowan tool usersAmbrose, S., 2001, Paleolithic technology and human evolution. Science 291: 1748-

    1753.Davidson, I. and W.C. McGrew, 2005, Stone tools and the uniqueness of human culture.

    Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 11:793-817.Panger, M. et al., 2002, Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin

    tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:235-245.Toth, N., and K. Schick, 2009, The Oldowan: The Tool Making of Early Hominins and

    Chimps Compared. Annual Review of Anthropology 38, on-line.Wynn, T., 2002, Archaeology and cognitive evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences

    25(3):389-438.

    Lecture 7: Homo moves out of Africa: early dispersals towards Eastern Asia

    Anton, S.C. and Swisher, C.C. 2004, Early dispersals of Homo from Africa. AnnualReview of Anthropology, 33:271-296.Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. 2001, From Africa to Eurasia - early dispersals.

    Quaternary International, 75:19-28.Dennell, R., 2003, Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how

    continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa?Journal of Human Evolution, 45: 421-440.

    Dennell, R., 2009, The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge (Chapters 4-6).

    Dennell, R., and Roebroeks, W., 2005, An Asian perspective on early human dispersalfrom Africa. Nature, 438: 1099-1104.

    Mithen, S., and M. Reed, 2002, Stepping out: a computer simulation of hominid dispersalfrom Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 43:433-462.

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    Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, GP., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., etal, 2002, A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia, Science, 297: 85-9

    Lecture 8: Origin and dispersal of Anatomically Modern HumansBulbeck, D., 2007, Where river meets sea, Current Anthropology, 48: 315-321.

    James, H.V.A., Petraglia, M., 2005, Modern human origins and the evolution of behaviorin the later Pleistocene record of South Asia. Current Anthropology, 46: S3-S27.Lahr, M.M., and Foley, R., 1998, Towards a theory of modern human origins:

    Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 41: 137-176.

    Mellars, P., 2006, Going East: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on themodern human colonization of Eurasia, Science, 313: 796-800.

    O'Connell, J.F., and Allen, J., 2004, Dating the colonization of Sahul (PleistoceneAustralia-New Guinea): a review of recent research, Journal of ArchaeologicalScience, 31: 835-853.

    Oppenheimer, S., 2003, Out of Eden: the Peopling of the World, Robinson Publishing

    Lecture 9: Populating Europe, early Homo in middle and northern latitudesDennell, R.W., 2003, Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how

    continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa?Journal of Human Evolution 45, 421-440

    Stringer, C., 2006, Homo Britannicus. The incredible story of human life in Britain.London: Allen Lane. (Chapter 1).

    Stringer, C.B. & McKie, R., 1996, African Exodus, London: Jonathan Cape

    Lecture 10: The emergence of Neanderthals and adaptations

    Mellars, P.A., 1996, The Neanderthal Legacy: An archaeological perspective fromWestern Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press

    Mithen, S., 2006, The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, andBody. Harvard University Press.

    Mithen, S., 1998, The Prehistory of the Mind: The cognitive origins of art, religion andscience, London: Phoenix.

    Stringer, C., 2006, Homo Britannicus: The incredible story of human life in Britain.London: Allen Lane. (Chapter 4).

    Stringer, C.B. & Gamble, C., 1993, In search of the Neanderthals: Solving the puzzle of human origins, London: Thames & Hudson.

    Lecture 11: Modern Homo and the concept of behavioural modernityBar-Yosef, O. 2002, The Upper Palaeolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31,363-93.

    Klein, R.G. 2000, Archaeology and the evolution of human behavior. EvolutionaryAnthropology 17-35.

    McBrearty, S. and Brooks, A. S. 2000, The revolution that wasnt: a new interpretation ofthe origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 453-563.

    Lecture 12: The demise of the Neanderthals

    Arsuaga, J.L., 2003, The Neanderthals Necklace In search of the first thinkers, JohnWiley & sons.

    Mellars, P.A., 1996, The Neanderthal Legacy: An archaeological perspective fromWestern Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press

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    Mithen, S., 1998, The Prehistory of the Mind: The cognitive origins of art, religion andscience, London: Phoenix.

    Stringer, C., 2006, Homo Britannicus: The incredible story of human life in Britain.London: Allen Lane. (Chapter 5).

    Stringer, C.B. & Gamble, C., 1993, In search of the Neanderthals: Solving the puzzle of

    human origins, London: Thames & Hudson.

    Lecture 13: Cultural transitions and climatic change in the last glaciation

    Gamble, C.S., 1999, The Palaeolithic societies of Europe, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press

    Pettitt, P. 2008, The British Upper Palaeolithic, in Pollard, J. (ed.), Prehistoric Britain.Malden MA & Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 18-57.

    Stiner, M.C., Munro, N.D. and Surovell, T.A., 2000, The tortoise and the hare: smallgame use, the broad-spectrum revolution and Paleolithic demography, Current

    Anthropology 41 (1): 39-73Stringer, C., 2006, Homo Britannicus: The incredible story of human life in Britain.

    London: Allen Lane. (Chapter 6).

    Lecture 14: Art and ideology in modern humans

    Clottes, J., Bahn, P.G. and Arnold, M. 2003. Chauvet Cave: The Art of Earliest Times.University of Utah Press

    Bahn, P. & Vertut, J., 1998, Journey through the Ice Age, London: Weidenfeld &Nicholson

    Dale Guthrie, R., 2006, The Nature of Palaeolithic Art. University of Chicago Press.Lewis-Williams, D., 2004, Mind in the Cave. Consciousness and the origin of art,

    London: Thames & Hudson.

    Lecture 15: Human adaptations into the Holocene of Europe

    Saville, A. (ed.) 2004, Mesolithic Scotland and its Neighbours. Edinburgh: Society ofAntiquaries of Scotland.

    [Pay particular attention to the papers by Tipping, Edwards, Saville,Barton & Roberts,Larsson and Anderson.]

    Lecture 16: Evolution and the Holocene

    Cohen, M.N. 1989, Health and the Rise of Civilization. London: Yale University Press.Diamond, J. & Bellwood, P. 2003, Farmers and their languages: The first expansions.

    Science 300: 597-603.

    Leach, H.M. 2003, Human domestication reconsidered. Current Anthropology 44, 349-368.Durham, W. 1991, Coevolution: Genes, Culture and Human Diversity. Stanford: Stanford

    University Press.

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    SUGGESTED TUTORIAL TOPICS

    o What can animal culture tell us about the human past?o Archaeology is not the only tool for understanding human evolution. Discuss.o Who were the earliest hominins?o What are the dietary niches of early hominins?o Were Oldowan hominins like chimpanzees?o When did hominins first colonise Asia?o When did hominins first colonise Europe?o Did early hominins hunt?o What can stone tools tell us about past hominin societies?o How do we best explain Upper Palaeolithic art?o How did humans cope with the changing environments of northern Europe at the

    end of the Last Ice Age?o What is the place of Neanderthals in human evolution?o Regional continuity or replacement which model best explains modern human

    origins?o How do we explain the origins of language?o What is the most convincing evidence for the movement of modern humans along

    the Indian Ocean rim?

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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    HONOUR MODERATI ONS

    PAPER 4 :THE NATURE OF ARCHAEOLOGI CAL ENQUIRY

    Course Co-ordinator:

    Dr Amy Bogaard, Institute of Archaeology36 Beaumont Street

    Tel: (2)78281E-mail: [email protected]

    SYLLABUS

    The aim of the paper is to introduce students to the nature of archaeological enquiry inboth its methodological and theoretical aspects. The course takes a historical perspectiveand seeks to show how archaeological questions and methodologies have built up andchanged over the last 200 years. The historical and present links between archaeologyand cognate disciplines, such as geology, history and, of course, anthropology, areexplored.

    The aim of the course is to provide an understanding of the practice and possibilities of

    archaeology, past and present; the main methodologies archaeologists use; the strengthsand weaknesses of various sets of empirical evidence and an overview of some of themain questions addressed by archaeologists today.

    The course is linked with a series of practicals running in Hilary and Trinity terms (seePractical classes for Honours Moderations) that build on topics and methodologiesintroduced in the Michaelmas term lectures.

    The course also complements Introduction to World Archaeology, which covers theresults of archaeology and the pictures we can build of world prehistory.

    Learning OutcomesIt is hoped that students will gain a good understanding of the major issues confrontingcontemporary archaeology and how these questions have partly arisen from the history ofthe discipline; they should also gain an appreciation of the methods available to thearchaeologist and their genesis, including both field methods and those of analysis anddating.

    Transferable Skills

    It is hoped that students will develop their powers of critical thought when evaluating thecompeting approaches to archaeological method and theory; they should also start todevelop some practical appreciation of the discipline and its methodology.

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    LECTURES [24]

    Michaelmas Term [16 lectures]

    Lecturers: Dr A. Bogaard, Dr N. L. Boivin, Dr L. Hulin and Dr M. Petraglia1. The emergence of archaeology and nature of the evidence (AB)2. Introduction to archaeological method and theory (AB)3. Relative chronological frameworks (AB)4. Absolute dating (NLB)5. The production and exchange of objects (AB)6. Pottery analysis in archaeology (LH)7. Lithic analysis in archaeology (MP)8. The scientific analysis of materials (NLB)9. Geoarchaeology (AB)10. Human remains in archaeology (AB)11. Animal remains in archaeology (AB)12. Plant remains in archaeology (AB)13. Human diet and movement from isotope studies (NLB)14. The archaeology of consumption: food and material culture (AB)15. Archaeology, genetics and language (AB)16. DNA in archaeology (AB)

    Hilary Term [8 lectures]Lecturer: Dr D. Hicks

    17. Processual archaeology and postprocessual archaeology

    18. Archaeological methods and human practices19. Materials and materiality in archaeology20. Landscape archaeology21. The archaeology of human thought and intelligence22. Gender, ethnicity and personhood in archaeology23. Archaeology, history and time24. The politics of archaeology and heritage

    Note - Lectures are an integral part of the examined syllabus and attendance at all ofthemis stronglyrecommended.

    READING: RECOMMENDED

    Basic ReadingThe following books are all available in the Balfour, the Sackler and in the archaeologysection in the Bodleian.

    The best introductory text for this paper is:Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P. 2008, Archaeology: theories, methods and practice (fifth

    edition). London: Thames and Hudson

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    The best texts on the history of archaeology and archaeological theory are:Trigger, B.G., 2006, A History of Archaeological Thought (second edition). Cambridge:

    CUPJohnson, M.H., 2010, Archaeological Theory: an introduction (second edition). Oxford:

    Blackwell

    For related developments in the history of anthropology:Stocking, G.W., 1987, Victorian Anthropology, Free Press

    For links between archaeology and anthropology:Gosden, C., 1999, Archaeology and Anthropology: A Changing Relationship, RoutledgeHicks, D. and M.C. Beaudry (eds.) 2010, The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture

    Studies. Oxford: OUP

    For an overview of archaeological methodologies and approaches:

    Brothwell, D.R. & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook of Archaeological Sciences,Wiley

    Cunliffe, B., Gosden, C. & Joyce, R.A. (eds.) 2009, The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford: OUP (Sections 1, 2 and 7)

    Greene, K., 2002, Archaeology: an introduction (fourth edition). Routledge andUniversity of Pennsylvania Press

    (see also http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/)Hodges, H., 1995, Artifacts: an introduction to early materials and technology (second

    edition). London: Duckworth

    Lecture 1

    Greene, K., 2002, Archaeology: an introduction. Fourth edition, fully revised. Routledgeand University of Pennsylvania Press, (chapters 1-3)

    Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thamesand Hudson, (chapters 1-2)

    Trigger, B.G., 2006, A History of Archaeological Thought (second edition). Cambridge:CUP, (chapters 2-3)

    Lecture 2Barker, P., 1982, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, Batsford. See especially

    (chapters 1-3)

    Hawkes, C. 1954, Archaeological theory and method: some suggestions from the OldWorld. American Antiquity 56: 155-168Johnson, M.H., 2010, Archaeological Theory: an introduction (second edition). Oxford:

    Blackwell, (chapter 1)Museum of London Archaeology Service, 1994, Archaeological Site Manual. London:

    MoLAS

    Lecture 3Deetz, J., 1996, In Small Things Forgotten: An archaeology of early American Life

    (expanded and revised edition). London: Doubleday, (chapters 1-4)Graslund, B., 1987, The Birth of Prehistoric Chronology. Cambridge: CUP. See

    especially sections on Thomsens Three-Age system and on MonteliusRenfrew, C., 1973, Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and PrehistoricEurope. London: Jonathan Cape, (chapters 2-5)

    http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/

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    Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames& Hudson, (chapter 4)

    Trigger, B.G., 2006, A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambrdge: CUP, (chapters 4-6)

    Lecture 4Aitken, M.J., Stringer, C.B. & Mellars, P.A. 1993, The Origin of Modern Humans and

    the Impact of Chronometric Dating. Princeton University PressBrothwell, D.R. & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook of Archaeological Sciences,

    Wiley, (chapters 1-4)Greene, K., 2002, Archaeology: An Introduction. London: Routledge, (chapter 4)Taylor, R.E. & Aitken, M.J. (eds.) 1997, Chronometric Dating in Archaeology. New

    York: Plenum PressTurney, C., 2006, Bones, Rocks and Stars: The Science of When Things Happened.

    London: Palgrave MacmillanWalker, M., 2005, Quaternary Dating Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons

    Useful website:http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm#4

    Lecture 5

    Peacock, D.P.S., 1982, Pottery in the Roman World. Longman, (chapters 1-3, plus skimthrough later chapters dealing with different modes of production)

    Polanyi, K., 1957, The economy as instituted process. In Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C.M.and Pearson, H.W. (eds.) Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in

    History and Theory. New York: Free Press: pp. 243-270Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames

    & Hudson, (chapter 9)Sahlins, M., 1972, Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, (chapters 2-3)Torrence, R., 1986, Production and Exchange of Stone Tools. Cambridge: CUP, (chapters

    3 & 7)

    Lecture 6

    Amiran, R.,1970, Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From its beginnings in the NeolithicPeriod to the end of the Iron Age. Rutgers University Press

    Balme, J. and Paterson, A., 2006, Archaeology in Practice. A Student Guide toArchaeological Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, (chapter 8)

    Brown, D.H., 2002, Pottery in Medieval Southampton c 1066-1510 (CBA ResearchReport133). York: Council for British ArchaeologyBourriau, J., 2007, The Vienna System in Retrospect: How Useful Is It?, in Hawass,

    Z.A., & Richards, J., (eds.), The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays inHonor of David B. OConnor I (ASAE 36) Conseil Suprme des Antiquits del'gypte: 137-44

    Given, M. & Knapp, A.B., 2003, The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project. Social Approachesto Regional Archaeological Survey (Monumenta Archaeologia 21) Los Angeles:The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. (Parts of chapters 2 and 3)

    Rice, P.M., 1987, Pottery analysis: A sourcebook. Chicago: Chicago University Press

    Lecture 7Ambrose, S., 2001, Paleolithic technology and human evolution, Science 291: 1748-1753

    http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm#4http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm#4

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    Andrefsky, W., 2005, Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. (second edition)Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

    Odell, G.H., 2004, Lithic Analysis. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum,Roux, V, and B. Bril (eds.) 2005, Stone Knapping: The Necessary Conditions for a

    Uniquely Hominin Behaviour, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.

    Lecture 8Bradley, R. & Edmonds, M., 1993, Interpreting the Axe Trade: Production and Exchange

    in Neolithic Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressBrothwell, D.R., & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook of Archaeological Sciences,

    WileyHenderson, J., 2000, The Science and Archaeology of Materials. London: RoutledgeHodges, H., 1995, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology. Gerald

    DuckworthPollard, A.M. & Heron, C., 2008, Archaeological Chemistry, second revised edition.

    Royal Society of Chemistry

    Lecture 9

    Bell, M., and Walker, M.J.C. 2005, Late Quaternary Environmental Change. Harlow:Pearson Education, (chapter 1)

    French, C.A.I. 2003, Geoarchaeology in action: studies in soil micromorphology andlandscape evolution. London: Routledge, (chapters 1-5)

    Rapp, G.R. and Hill, C.L. 1998, Geoarchaeology: The earth-science approach toarchaeological interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, (chapters 1-3)

    Renfrew, A.C. and P. Bahn 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. London:Thames and Hudson, (Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology: pp. 238-244)

    Waters, M.R., 1992, Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective.Tuscon: University of Arizona Press

    Lecture 10Brothwell, D.R., 1981, Digging Up Bones (third edition). London: British Museum (Natural

    History)Glob, P.V., 1969, The Bog People. Iron Age Man Preserved. London: Faber and Faber.Parker-Pearson, M., 1999, The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Stroud: Sutton, (chapter

    1)Renfrew, A.C. and Bahn, P., 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice.

    London: Thames and Hudson, (chapter 11)

    Roberts, C., 2009, Human remains in archaeology: a handbook. York: Council for BritishArchaeology, (chapters 3-5)Waldron, T., 2001, Shadows in the Soil: Human Bones and Archaeology. Stroud: Tempus

    Lecture 11Binford, L.R., 1978, Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press, (chapter

    2)Brain, C.K., 1981, The Hunters or the Hunted? Chicago: Chicago University Press,

    (chapter 2)Davis, S.J.M., 1987, The Archaeology of Animals. London: Batsford, (chapters 1-2)Reitz, E. and Wing, E.S., 1999, Zooarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

    (chapters 1-4)Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames &Hudson, (Reconstructing the Animal Environment: pp 253-261)

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    Lecture 12Lowe, J.J. and Walker, M.J.C., 1997, Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. (second

    edition), London: Longman pp. 163-175Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A. and Collinson, M.E., 1991, Pollen Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell,

    (chapters 1-3)Pearsall, D., 2000. Palaeoethnobotany: A handbook of procedures. New York: AcademicPress: pp. 11-26, 66-76

    Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames& Hudson: (Reconstructing the Plant Environment: pp. 245-253)

    Zohary, D. and Hopf, M., 2000, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: . Oxford:Clarendon Press: (Archaeological evidence: pp. 1-7)

    Lecture 13Brothwell, D.R. & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook of Archaeological Sciences,

    Wiley, section 5 (and references therein) and chapter 23

    Ambrose, S.H., Katzenberg, M.A. (eds.). 2000. Biogeochemical Approaches toPaleodietary Analysis. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press

    See also:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Special issue on Bone Chemistry and

    Bioarchaeology, edited by J. Krigbaum & S.H. Ambrose. Volume 22, Issue 3, pp.191-304

    Archaeometry Virtual issue on Diagenetic and isotopic studies of bones and teeth witheditorial by M. Pollard [a collection of papers from the journal].

    Lecture 14

    Dietler, M. and B. Hayden (eds.) 2001, Feasts: Archaeological and EthnographicPerspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Washington, D.C. (chapter 1 plusbrowse)

    Gosden, C. and Hather, J. eds 1999. The Prehistory of Food. London: Routledge, (readintroduction, and browse for case studies)

    Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames &Hudson (chapter 7)

    Twiss, K. (ed.), 2007, We Are What We Eat: Archaelogy, Food and Identity. CarbondaleCentre for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Publication No 31, (chapter 1

    plus browse)

    Woolgar, C., Serjeantson, D. & Waldron, T. (eds.), 2006, Food in Medieval England:History and Archaeology. Oxford: OUP, (browse for case studies)

    Lecture 15

    Bellwood P. and Renfrew, C. (eds.), 2003, Examining the Language/Farming DispersalHypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, (chapters1-2 and browse for specific case studies)

    Cavalli-Sforza, L., 2000, Genes, Peoples, and Languages, translated by Mark Seielstad.London: Allen Lane (especially chapter 5)

    Renfrew, C., 1987, Archaeology and Language, Jonathan Cape (chapters 1, 4, 7, 11)Renfrew, C. & Boyle, K. (eds.), 2000, Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population History

    of Europe. McDonald Institute Monographs (see especially papers by Renfrew &Sykes, Sykes, Zvelebil)

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    Also see:Antiquity volume 62 (1988) papers by Sherratt & Sherratt, Zvelebil & Zvelebil, EhretAntiquity volume 79 (2005) papers by Kristiansen and Renfrew.

    Lecture 16

    Balaresque, P. et al., 2010, A predominantly Neolithic origin for European paternallineages. PLOS Biology 8(1)Bentley, R. A., T. D. Price and L. Chikhi, 2003, The Neolithic transition in Europe: comparing

    broad scale genetic and local scale isotopic evidence for the spread of agriculture intoEurope. Antiquity 77: 63-66

    Brothwell, D.R. & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, Wiley,(chapter 25)

    Burger, J. et al., 2007, Absence of lactase-persistence-associated allele in early NeolithicEuropeans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 3736-3741

    Edwards, C.J. et al., 2007, Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithicorigin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs.

    Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 1377-1385Haak, W. et al., 2005, Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old

    Neolithic sites. Science 310, 1016-1018 (plus see comment and response byAmmerman et al. 2006 and Burger et al. 2006, respectively)

    Larson, G. et al. 2007, Ancient DNA, pig domestication and the spread of the Neolithicinto Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(39): 15276-15281

    Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 2008, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames &Hudson (chapter 7).

    Richards, M., 2003, The Neolithic invasion of Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology32: 135-62

    Sykes, B. 2001. The Seven Daughters of Eve. London: Bantam (chapters 1, 10, 11, 22).

    Lecture 17Binford, L.R., 1962, Archaeology as anthropology, American Antiquity 28 (2): 217-225Clarke, D., 1973, Archaeology: The loss of innocence, Antiquity 47: 6-18Johnson, M.H., 2010, Archaeological Theory: an introduction (second edition). Oxford:

    BlackwellShanks, M. & Tilley, C., 1987, Re-constructing Archaeology: Theory and Practice,

    London: RoutledgeTrigger, B., 2006, A History of Archaeological Thought (second edition). Cambridge:

    Cambridge University PressWylie, A., 2002, Thinking from things: essays in the philosophy of archaeology,Berkeley: University of California Press

    Yoffee, N. & Sherratt, A., (eds.), 1993, Archaeological Theory: Who sets the agenda?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Lecture 18

    Barker, P., 1993, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation (third edition), London:Routledge

    Barrett, J., 1988, Fields of Discourse: Reconstituting a Social Archaeology. Critique of Anthropology 8 (3): 5-16 [reprinted in J. Thomas (ed.) 2000, Interpretative

    Archaeology: A reader, London: Leicester University Press]Barrett, J., 1994, Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain,2900-1200 BC, Oxford: Blackwell

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    Hodder, I., 1999, The Archaeological Process, Oxford: BlackwellLucas, G., 2003. Critical Approaches to Fieldwork. London: Routledge

    Lecture 19Hicks, D., & Beaudry, M.C. (eds.) 2010, The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture

    Studies. Oxford: OUP.Hodder, I., 1986, Reading the Past, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (revisededition published with Scott Hudson, 2003)

    Ingold, T., 2007, Materials against Materiality. Archaeological Dialogues 14: 1-16Jones, A., 2004, Archaeometry and Materiality: Material-based analysis in theory and

    practice. Archaeometry 46 (3): 327338 [with comments on the paper inArchaeometry 47 (1): 175-207

    Miller, D., 1987, Material Culture and Mass Consumption, Oxford: BlackwellsMiller, D. 2009. Stuff. Cambridge: Polity.Pollard, J., 2001, The Aesthetics of Depositional Practice, World Archaeology, 33 (2):

    315-333

    Lecture 20

    Aston, M., 1985, Interpreting the Landscape. London: Batsford.Hicks, D., L. McAtackney and G. Fairclough (eds.), 2007, Envisioning Landscape:

    standpoints and situations in archaeology and heritage. Walnut Creek, CA: LeftCoast Press (One World Archaeology 52).

    Ingold, T., 1993, The Temporality of the Landscape, World Archaeology 25 (2): 152-74[Also reproduced in his 2000 book The Perception of the Environment: Essays in

    Environment, Dwelling and Skill, London: Routledge]Tilley, C., 1993, A Phenomenology of Landscape. Oxford: Berg.

    Lecture 21

    Clark, A., 1998, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

    Mithen, S., 1998, The Prehistory of the Mind, London: PhoenixRenfrew, C. (ed.), 1994, The Ancient Mind: Elements of a Cognitive Archaeology,

    Cambridge: Cambridge University PressRenfrew, C. and I. Morley (eds.) 2009. Becoming Human: innovation in prehistoric

    material and spiritual culture. Cambridge: CUP.

    Lecture 22

    Fowler, C., 2004, Archaeology and Personhood: An Anthropological Approach, London:RoutledgeGilchrist, R., 1999, Gender and Archaeology, London: RoutledgeGilchrist, R., 2006. Archaeology and the Life Course: A Time and Age for Gender. In L.

    Meskell & R. Preucel (eds.) A Companion to Social Archaeology, Oxford:Blackwell: pp. 142-160

    Jones, S., 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity, London: RoutledgeWilkie, L.A., 2003, The Archaeology of Mothering: an African American midwifes tale,

    London: RoutledgeWilkie, L.A., 2010. The Lost Boys of Zeta Psi: a historical archaeology of masculinity at

    a university fraternity. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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    Lecture 23Hall, M., 2000, Archaeology and the Modern World, London: RoutledgeHall, M., and Silliman, S. (eds.) 2006, Historical Archaeology, Oxford: BlackwellHicks, D., & Beaudry, M.C. (eds.), 2006, The Cambridge Companion to Historical

    Archaeology, Cambridge: CUPLucas, G., 2005, Archaeology and Time, London: Routledge

    Lecture 24Clifford, J., 1997, Museums as Contact Zones, In J. Clifford Routes: Travel and

    Translation in the Late 20th Century Cambridge, MA; Harvard University PressSchrire, C., 1995, Digging through Darkness: Chronicles of an Archaeologist,

    Charlottesville: University Press of VirginiaShanks, M., 2004, Archaeology and Politics. In J. Blintliff (ed.) A Companion to

    Archaeology, Oxford: Blackwell: pp. 490-508Tilley, C., Keane, W., Kchler, S., Rowlands, M, and Spyer, P., (eds.), 2006, Handbook

    of Material Culture, London: Sage (Part V: Presentation and Politics)Trouillot, M-R, 1995, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, Boston:

    Beacon Press

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    SUGGESTED TUTORIAL TOPICS

    o Using case studies, consider how preservation conditions and site formation

    processes both constrain and inform interpre8tation of archaeological evidence.o Compare and contrast the historical relationship between geology and

    archaeology, on the one hand, and anthropology and archaeology, on the other.o Problematise the definition and conceptualisation of archaeological cultures.o What are the different ways in which we might conceptualise landscape

    archaeology? How do these approaches problematise the idea of archaeologicalsites?

    o Assess the potential and limitations of different methodologies for reconstructingproduction techniques and movement of objects.

    o What is cognitive archaeology? What are its strengths and weaknesses forunderstanding relationships between human thought and archaeological materialculture?

    o Assess the potential and limitations of different methodologies for reconstructingagricultural practices.

    o Using case studies, describe how new dating techniques and applications have ledto re-interpretation in archaeology.

    o Why is food important in archaeological accounts of the past, and how can weinfer the nature of diet and food-related practices?

    o To what extent was the Neolithic package concerned with a change of diet?o How far is it possible to bring together the evidence of genetics, language and

    archaeology to form a coherent and rounded picture of the human past?o

    In what ways did post-processual or interpretive archaeology seek to breakfrom processual or New archaeology? Using archaeological examples assesshow significant this new body of thought was for the discipline.

    o What conceptual and methodological differences might be distinguished betweenhistorical archaeology and prehistoric archaeology? Discuss with a particularreference to the relationships between archaeology and social anthropology.

    o How far is it possible to investigate either gender or ethnicity through the analysisof archaeological material culture?

    o What techniques can archaeologists use to study archaeological material culture?What is it not possible to learn about the past on the basis of material culture?

    o James Clifford has argued that ethnographic museums can be seen as contact

    zones. What might the implications of this suggestion be for the management andpresentation of archaeological collections?o Does the treatment of the dead provide a useful reflection of the lives of the

    living?

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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

    HONOUR MODERATI ONS

    PRACTICAL CLASSES

    Course Co-ordinator:

    Prof. Mark Robinson, University MuseumParks Road

    Tel: (2) 72983E-mail: [email protected]

    Students are reminded that they are required to attend all practical classes, includinglaboratory work.

    CLASSES [6 classes]

    Hilary Terms (4 classes)Lecturers: Prof. R Hedges, Dr T Higham, Prof. M. Pollard, Prof. C Ramsey, Prof. M

    Robinson

    The classes are to provide a practical aspect to some of the teaching for Paper 4.

    Chronometric DatingThe class will be based mainly around radiocarbon and Luminescence dating. Students willbe shown the main laboratories and instruments used in these two techniques.

    Diet and BioarchaeologyStudents will cover the basic practical aspects of studying past diets through isotopicmeasurements. Students will be able to analyse their own diet by examining strands of theirhair.

    Environmental ArchaeologyAn introduction is given to environmental archaeology including soils and sediments,

    preservation of biological remains and interpretation of the evidence. Students will have theopportunity to handle specimens and sort samples for biological remains.

    Materials and TechnologyStudents will be introduced to the main approaches to analysing archaeological materials.The students will be given a short, hands-on, introduction to the classification of specificmaterials using microscopic and chemical techniques.

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    Trinity Term (2 classes)Lecturers: Dr N. Freud, Ms R. Hesse

    Animal Bones

    This practical introduces students to the types of archaeological information that can begleaned through the study of animal bones and to the basic principles of animal boneidentification. Handling of animal bones is an important component of the course. Theaim of the class is to help students make connections between the animal bones and otheraspects of their archaeological course, and to provide an introduction to the field ofzooarchaeology, its relevance and potential, should they wish to pursue it further.

    Human Bones for Archaeologists

    This class provides the opportunity to explore and consider the great plasticity foundwithin and between modern human population groups. The two hour class allows a fullyecological approach to an understanding the variation and similarities found between

    different hominins as well as members of the same species.

    Learning Outcomes

    To obtain direct experience of the skills involved in the acquisition and interpretationof scientific data relating to archaeology.

    To extend understanding gained from lectures on archaeological science.

    Transferable skillsThe ability to interpret and support an argument with a range of experimental scientific data.

    READING : RECOMMENDED

    Aitken, M., 1990, Science-based dating in archaeology, London: Longman.Brothwell, D.R. & Pollard, A.M. (eds.), 2001, Handbook o


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