2. Accents, Syllables & English GrammarLearn Chapter ObjectivesYou will be able to:1. Identify syllables for pronunciation and accents.2. Identify the three Greek accents.3. Recognize the basic rules of Greek accents.4. Identify proclitics and enclitics.5. Identify rough/smooth breathings, apostrophe and diaeresis markings.6. Identify four Greek punctuation marks.7. Remember English grammar points (parts of speech, noun declension and verb parsing).Learn SyllablesIntroductionIn order to correctly pronounce Greek words we need to be able to identify the syllables of the words.Greek divides words into syllables in almost the same way as English. So if you dont recognize a new word, just try to pronounce it as you would in English. Generally, start at the left and divide after the vowel.(Mounce, pp. 15ff; Summers, pp. 8; Hewett, p. 4)Three Syllable Rules1. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A lone consonant often goes with the following vowel.2. Two consonants in a row are divided (except when the second consonant is n or a consonant pair that is used to begin words).3. Two vowels (two diphthongs or a vowel and a diphthong) in a row are split unless the two vowels form a diphthong.Syllable NamesTraditionally the last three syllables have had specific names. The last syllable is called the ultima, the second from the last the penult and the third from the last the antepenult.AntepenultPenultUltimako3. Circumflex ( ? ): angles upward then downward originally indicating a rising then falling pitch au]tou?Potential Placement1. Acute may occur on any of the last three syllables.2. Circumflex may occur only on the last two syllables (but only if the vowel is long.)3. Grave may occur only on the last syllable.(Machen, p. 14; Mounce, p. 20; Summers, p. 9)6 Accent Rules1. Nouns are retentive. They attempt to keep their accents on the same syllable.2. Verbs are recessive. Their accent recedes towards the first syllable as far as is possible.3. If the ultima is long, then the antepenult cannot be accented.4. If the ultima is long and the penult is accented, then the accent must be an acute.5. If the ultima is short and penult is both long and accented, the accent must be a circumflex.6. If an acute is on the ultima, it becomes a grave when followed by another word.(Machen, pp. 14.; Mounce, p. 20)Accent ChartAntepenult PossibilitiesPenult PossibilitiesUltima Possibilities

Short ultima

NoneLong ultima

(cf. Hewett, p. 5)Words with No AccentsThere are several short Greek words which do not have an accent. These words are pronounced as if they were part of the word which accompanies them.1. Proclitic: comes before the word which carries the accent.2. Enclitic: comes after the word which carries the accent.Accent Rule Drill ] a` ] ] ] e` [ ?????? (18 out of 20) 90%Learn Other MarksBreathing MarksThere are two breathing marks which are placed on vowels and diphthongs when they begin words.1. Smooth breathing (]): It does not affect pronunciation.2. Rough breathing ([): Adds an h before the sound of the initial vowel.(Mounce, p.10; Machen, p. 11; Summers, pp. 8f.)Punctuation MarksThere are four punctuation marks in Greek. The comma and period are the same as in English.1. Period (.): logoj.2. Comma (,): logoj,3. Colon (:): logoj:4. Question Mark (;): logoj;(Mounce, pp.13f.; Summers, p. 8; Machen, p. 12)Learn Other MarksApostropheIn English, letters that drop out (elide) are marked with an apostrophe (e.g. its). Greek also uses an apostrophe to mark the missing letter(s). The final letter of a preposition, if it is a vowel, is dropped when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. + becomes ' ]? (Note the a lost is replaced by an apostrophe; Jn 1: 3, 7 cf. Jn 1: 39)CoronisSometimes a final vowel word followed by an initial vowel word will contract together. This is called crasis. A coronis ( ] ) is used to retain the breathing of the second word. + ] becomes ](Jn 1: 31, 33)Summers, p. 8)DiaeresisA diaeresis is placed over the second of two vowels in a row to show that the vowels are to be pronounced separately and not combined as a diphthong. This often occurs in personal or place names. Note the acute accent placement in Isaiah.] ~ Isaiah (Jn 1: 23) ~ Moses (Jn 1: 45)] ~ Achaia (Acts 18: 12)Marking Recognition Drill 25 out of 25 100%Accent Placement Exercise 20 out of 20 100%Learn Grammar ReviewParts of Speech1. Noun: names a person, place, thing or idea (e.g. book).2. Adjective: a word used to qualify the meaning of the noun (e.g. good book)3. Definite Article: a word that specifies a particular noun (e.g. the book). The Indefinite Article is a.4. Pronoun: a word used instead of a noun (e.g. the book, it).5. Preposition: a relational word that connects an object (often a noun) to its antecedent (e.g. in the book).6. Verb: often an action or state of being word which makes a statement, asks a question, or gives a command (e.g. run).7. Adverb: qualifies the meaning of the verb (e.g. run quickly).8. Conjunction: a word that joins words, clauses or sentences (e.g. and, but).(See any English Grammar handbook for help in this area. (cf. Wenham, pp. 1ff).Sentence PartsThe sentence is divided into two parts:1. Subject: about which something is said, and2. Predicate: that which is said about the subject.A phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech.A clause is a group of words which includes a subject and predicate.Identifying VerbsTense: generally describes the time of action (Present, Future, Past). However, some Greek tenses are used to denote aspect, or type of action, rather than timeAspect: denotes the type of action: Continuous action (the event as a process), Undefined (the event happened) or Perfect (the event happened with effects continuing into the present).Parsing VerbsVoice: Active: subject does the action,Middle: subject does action on or for itself,Passive: subject receives the action.Mood: how something is saidIndicative: statement of factSubjunctive: desire, probableImperative: commandOptative: wish, remote possibilityPerson:I, we = first personyou = second personhe, she, it, they = third personNumber:Singular: I, you, he, she, itPlural: we, they, you (all)(Story & Story, pp. 9-13)NounsNouns in Greek have gender, number and case.Gender: The Greek masculine, feminine, and neuter genders are often indicated by the endings attached to the noun.Abstract nouns and objects that are neither male nor female in English are often marked as either masculine or feminine in Greek.Number: as an s often marks an English word as being plural, likewise, Greek endings mark whether a noun is singular or plural (e.g. book, books).Case: In English we have three cases which are seen in how we use our pronouns. 1. Subjective or Nominative Case:He = subject (e.g. He did it.)2. Objective or Accusative Case:Him = object (e.g. The car hit him.)3. Possessive or Genitive Case:His = possessive (e.g. It was his car.)Greek adds two more:4. Dative: the case marking the indirect object (e.g. I told the story to the apostles.)5. Vocative: the case of direct address. (e.g. O Lord, save me.)Endings will be added to the Greek nouns to indicate gender, number and case.Part of Speech Drill28 out 29 97%Learn Vocabulary brother I hear, I obey glory, fame I have, I holdworld lord, Lord word, statementPeter son, descendant PhariseeVocabulary: Greek to English Drill 10 out 10 100%Vocabulary: English to Greek Drill 10 out 10 100%Vocabulary: Spelling Exercise 10 out 11 91%Review: Vocabulary Chart (343)brother (717)lord, Lord

(428)I hear, I obey (330)word, statement

(166)glory, fame (156)Peter

(708)I have, I hold (377)son, descendant

(186)world (98)Pharisee

Review: Syllable RulesThree Syllable Rules1. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A lone consonant often goes with the following vowel.2. Two consonants in a row are divided (except when the second consonant is n or a consonant pair that is used to begin words).3. Two vowels (two diphthongs or a vowel and a diphthong) in a row are split unless the two vowels form a diphthong.Review: Accent Rules6 Accent Rules1. Nouns are retentive. They attempt to keep their accents on the same syllable.2. Verbs are recessive. Their accent recedes towards the first syllable as far as is possible.3. If the ultima is long, then the antepenult cannot be accented.4. If the ultima is long and the penult is accented, then the accent must be an acute.5. If the ultima is short and penult is both long and accented, the accent must be a circumflex.6. If an acute is on the ultima, it becomes a grave when followed by another word.(Machen, pp. 14.; Mounce, p. 20)Review: MarksBreathing: 1. Smooth breathing (]): 2. Rough breathing ([): Punctuation: 1. Period (.): logoj.2. Comma (,): logoj,3. Colon (:): logoj:4. Question Mark (;): logoj;Apostrophe: () elided letters ' ]? Coronis: () words joined ]Diaeresis: vowels separately pronounced ~