GREEK MYTHOLOGY: UNIT I - College Guild |...

GREEK MYTHOLOGY: UNIT I

Welcome to College Guild's course, Mythology. Please read everything carefully, andrespond to the questions printed in bold type. When you mail the unit back to College Guild,you do not need to send these printed pages. Enjoy!

THE IMMORTAL GODS

Myths can best be described as traditional stories, folk tales or legends that werepassed down from one generation to the next. Writing did not exist thousands of yearsago, when the world was new. The ancient Greeks did not have scientific knowledge aboutthe "why" of things that occurred in nature. For example, they did not know why theseasons changed, where the sun disappeared to at the end of the day, or what made itlook as if the moon had a face (the "man in the moon"). Their curiosity led them to createstirring and sometimes outrageous stories to explain the "why" of natural events; we callthese stories "myths."

These people believed that there were superhuman beings - gods and goddesses -who controlled everything that happened on earth. They were invisible and immortal. Nomortal dared to ignore the "Voices of Heaven." Of course, this meant that the ancientswere not in complete control of their own lives. This belief system is essential to theunderstanding of all myths.

l. List five or more natural phenomena that you think would have puzzled the earlyGreeks.

The role of myths is to teach and to learn. We may even discover that we are notin as complete control of our own lives as we thought - perhaps call it destiny 'we areleft to draw our own conclusions.

2. How much control do children have over their own lives?

3. How much control does the typical adult have?

4. What might make a person feel as if he/she was "running their own show" (incontrol of their life and their future)?

These gods lived in palaces on the towering peaks of Mt. Olympus in Greece. Denseclouds obscured any view from the earth - all the more mysterious! They lived, loved,hated, quarreled - exhibiting the very some range of emotions that we do. They could bekind and helpful, but also mean, spiteful, and cruel. They often intervened in the lives of

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mortals and had their favorites. There were many gods, but the most important oneswere the Olympian gods. I will always include the Roman names for them (in parentheses).

Pictured below is one of the Seven Wonders of the World - the temple of Zeus,King of the Gods - which is visited annually by millions of people. It is located in Olympia,Greece, the site of the first Olympic games. This is an artist's concept of the temple,which once contained a 4O-foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus (Jupiter) in whose honorthe Ancient Olympic games were held. Crumbling remains are all that exist today. Eachgod had symbols with which he/she was always associated - those of Zeus were the eagle,his scepter (staff), lightning bolts, oak leaves, and his aegis (a protective cloak) - allrepresenting his majesty, the king.

5. What would you choose as a symbol for yourself? Why?

This is the statue of the god in whose honor the ancient Olympic games were held. It was located on the land that gave its very name to the Olympics. At the time of the games, wars stopped, and athletes came from Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Sicily to celebrate the Olympics and to worship their king of gods, Zeus.



On Zeus' head is a sculpted wreath of olive sprays. In his right hand he holds afigure of Victory made from ivory and gold. In his left hand, he holds a scepter inlaidwith every kind of metal; there is an eagle perched on the scepter. His sandals are madeof gold, as is his robe. His garments ore carved with animals and lilies. The throne isdecorated with gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory.

6. Draw a picture of you with your symbol. Explain (in words) the details.

IN THE BEGINNING

What was the origin of man? There are many creation theories and belief systemsaround the world on this question.

7. What is your belief about the beginning of human life?

The Olympian theory is one that the ancient greeks held. In the beginning, Gaea(Mother Earth) and Uranus (Sky) hod many children. The first set was three giantmonsters, called the hundred-handed Hecatoncheires, with 50 heads. They possessedunbelievable strength. The second set was "thunder," "lightning" and "flash," three giantCyclopses with one distinguishing feature - each had one eye in the middle of theforehead with a dark eyebrow underneath. All six giants could toss boulders around likestones and make mountains crumble. Uranus hated these children, so he disposed of themby throwing them into Tartarus, the Greek version of an underground hell where escapewas almost impossible.

8. List three things that might cause people to hate one another.

The most famous set of children was 13 Titans. One of them, Cronos (Saturn)hated his father's tyrannical rule to such an extent that he disposed of him with a sickle.As Uranus lay dying, he said to his son, "You murder me now and steal my throne - but oneof your own sons will dethrone you, for crime begets crime”.

9. Write a paragraph explaining your thoughts about what Uranus said.

Hoping to prevent this from happening, Cronos swallowed each of his children asthey were born. His scheming wife, Hera, determined that he would not eat her last child,Zeus, wrapped a rock in a "baby" blanket and gave it to Cronos. He promptly swallowed it.Hera then sent the infant Zeus to o faraway place where he was raised until manhood.Upon Zeus' return to his homeland , he waged a long, bitter war to claim the kingship ofthe universe for himself.



Cronos was given a horrible drink, which forced him to "cough up" the children hehad previously swallowed. These horrible monsters were released from Hell to join Cronosand his followers in a |10-year bottle against Zeus and his supporters; this was the War ofthe Titans. Thus Zeus became King of the Gods, the rule of the seas went to Poseidon(Neptune), and the rule of the underworld went to Hades (Pluto).

lO. Does the expression "To the victor go the spoils" apply here. Why or why not?

Many of the words we use today are borrowed from Greek mythology. Almostanything You see and everything you hear has in some way been affected by mythology.The word "titan," for example, describes a person or thing of enormous strength, size, orachievement. In the sentences below, explain why the use of the word is appropriate:

11. "In o storybook ending of o fairy tole season, the Tennessee Titans battled the St. Louis Rams to a thrilling victory."

12. "The Air Force has no plans to cut bock on the Titan rocket in the wake of an August explosion."

13. 'The meeting marked a pivotal point in the confrontation between two titans inthe American Group of International Investors."

14. "On the night of April 14, l914 the luxury liner Titanic smashed into on iceberg and sank."

15. Between 194O and 1945 Winston Churchill committed himself and the Britishto an all-out war until victory was achieved, thus attaining heroic status as one ofthe titans of the 2Oth century.

Astronomers gave the name Titan to the largest satellite of Saturn (the Roman name for Cronos), the 6th largest planet.

The word "Saturn" gives us the adjective "saturnine," which describes one who isgloomy and usually not very talkative.

Olympus gives its name to the Olympic Games: also to Olympia, the capitol of thestate of Washington also to the adjective "Olympian," which defines a person or thing asmajestic in manner; also to the noun "olympiad," which is a period of four years betweenthe games.



POLYPHEMUS

The story of Polyphemus, the cannibal Cyclops (a one-eyed giant), is found inHomer's Greek classic, The Odyssey. The story centers around the many adventures ofthe Greek hero, Odysseus, and the crew of several sailing ships, who are returning hometo Greece from the Trojan War. In search of a safe harbor for the night, Odysseus andseveral members of his crew disembarked to scout out the island, when suddenly o giantcreature appeared, herding his sheep and goats into a huge cave. This was Polyphemus. Hequickly grabbed two of the sailors and swallowed them.

Once inside the cave, Polyphemus rolled a boulder in front of the entrance so thatOdysseus and his crew could not escape. He told Odysseus that, since he was a guest,Polyphemus wanted to give him a "gift:" namely, he would be the last one to be eaten.

16. Why do you think Polyphemus did these things?

While the crew, terrified as to who would be the next victim devoured, sat around the fire,Polyphemus asked Odysseus for his name. "Noman (No one, Nobody) is my name" he replied.The crew quickly sharpened a stick , heated it with fire and Odysseus blinded the giant's oneeye. While Polyphemus screamed with pain, other members of the Cyclops family came rushingto the cave to inquire as to what was the matter but left when the giant answered: "Noman is here".

The next morning, the crew tied themselves to the bellies of the sheep. Polyphemus, awakeand sober, patted each sheep on the head in order to count them as they left the cave. All thecrew escaped and ran with great speed to their ships. An angry Cyclops threw boulders at thecrew and prayed to Poseidon (Neptune), god of the seas, for a terrible storm to arise and stirup the winds and the sea in hopes it would shipwreck the crew. Other gods, who favored theGreeks in the Trojan War, spared their lives.

17. Sketch a scene from the myth.

18. Odyssey is commonly used in the English language meaning a quest, an adventurousjourney, or an eventful process. Explain its use in the following sentences.

a) Honda: The All-New Odyssey. A Great Idea Made Better.b) Colorado Fishing: a Southwest Odyssey.c) Two "Odyssey of the Mind" students are on their way to the World Finals Competition.



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