Greek and Roman Compiled

8/10/2019 Greek and Roman Compiled

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Greek and Roman Compiled Note

2014-11-04

Classical Greek Art

Maddy Bull2014-10-21

Athens Kouros, c. 525 BCE

Aka the Metropolitan KourosKouros (girl version = Kore)

1. Images of gods2. Decorate temples3. Historical scenes

4. Heroes/athletes models5. Funerary monuments

- Initially made of wood, ivory or bronze- Greeks had MARBLE which no one else had – it holds detail- All sculptures were covered in plaster and paint- Closed hands- Sculpture „in the round‟ – very similar to archaic Egyptian



- Unlike Egyptian, he is nude – wanted to achieve perfection in theirunderstanding of the human anatomy

Kore

- Found in Auxerre query in South France- Looks Egyptian, taking many of their ideas from Egypt- Not naked for another 100 years, women were expected to be docile,

virgin mothers and caretakers

Athens Kore

- Understanding of female form, some thigh showing- Fine drapery is showed – detail- Sculpture in the round

Athens Male- Details in the ankles, knee caps- Everything carved away from the body, separate- Bronze rods are keeping him upright

- Sculpture in the round



pp Boy, c. 500 BCE

- Contraposto pose: body rests on one supporting leg, shoulder abovesupporting leg is lower than other shoulder

- Depicted in motion- Understand how anatomy works and moves

Charioteer from Delphi



- Equestrian group: held the reigns to ride horses

- Cire Perdue: „lost wax‟ Start with clay model

Completely coat in wax

Encase the whole thing in plaster

Heat bottom and wax falls out

Cooling – clay and sand falls out, leaving a hollow metal lump

„Chasser‟ makes the details- Feet and head separate- Purposefully elongate him so people from below can see him on his

pedestal and chariot

Bronze Poseidon

- Patina: the natural oxidation of bronze no polishing bronze because itgives it its value, still want to get away the encrustation

- Finger curled because he is throwing his trident



Myron: Discus thrower

- “Nothing in excess” is another Greek philosophy - A violent physical act being depicted as a graceful dance- The circle theme repeated in the dick, head arc of the arm, thorax…

Polyplitis: Bronze Dorith.. 450 B.C.E- Wanted to create the „most perfect‟ male figure

The Canon- Socrates said that no man could be found that was perfect, instead you

must use the perfect features from various men- Contrapostal pose- The ancient Greeks used this as the model for all boys and men- The hand holding the lance(?) is tensed and the leg on the same side is

walking forward

Hegeso Stele- Shaped like a house- Beloved wife is sitting in an elegant chair, elegant pearls presented by

servant – shows wealth, how much she is loved she is slumped overand without expression = dead

- Functional drapery : drapery maneuvered to reveal anatomy beneath



Painting- Ancient Greek painting was slow at this point- Zeuxis: one of the most famous Greek painters was challenged to a

painting duel Take 6 months to paint whatever they want Meet in the agora Challenger Illusionistic grapes, Zeuxis wins by his illusionistic

drape over the painting- No longer Horror Vacuii- Human figures were the main feature- Painters signed their works

Zeuxis: Troy urn- We are heroes because Ajax and Achilles played checkers too- Makes mundane magnificent

Urn- Dioscuori: Twins Castor and Pollux – sons of Helena of Troy- Leaving for Troy, show sublimity of family life

Zeuxis: Kylix- Dionysius – wants sailors to take him to the next island (he is showing

people how to make wine) and they agree – turn out to be pirates,Dionysius reveals himself to be a god turns into a lion

- Turns the pirates into dolphins and the mast into a grape vine- Metamorphosis theme

Hera of Samos- Evolution of female figure- Thin drapery shows the anatomy, linen pleated fabric like Egyptians

3 different fabrics to show up the boobs, butt and stomach



Classical Greek History

2014-11-28

480 B.C.E – Peloponnesian War (Civil War with Sparta)

Delos

Delos: supposedly where Artemis and Apollo were born Delian League: Athens used money to build the temples on the acropolis

Acropolis: “High” “town”

Erectheus: mythological first king of Athens AND Athenao Original megaron of Erectheus (house) was there



Athena – Practical wisdom: patroness of Athens

Persians burnt down the first temple of Athena

Pericles – President rebuilds the temple to Athena

4 buildings are:

Monumental gateway – Ionic (tall and elegant) on outside, whileDoric (manly and stout) is on the inside: meant to bring IonianGreeks and Athenians together

Painting gallery

Athena Nike: had loot form ships and conquered countries: Ionicorder

Sculpture gallery Salamis Bay Temple: building faces towards that famous battle



Parthenon: self-born = Athena who came from Zeus‟ head

Poseidon and Athena had a contest, Po gave them water and Athenagave them an olive tree from which they had shade, wood and olives forfood and trade

The Acropolis was like being in the realm of the gods, couldn‟t see the city

Pristine, white marble Irregular site, 3 personages – house to house Erectheus‟s temple and the

2 temples of Athena

Bronze rods in the middle, for give during earthquakes

Erectheum facing Parthenon: Menusecles made a “Porch of Maidens” Caryatid: women sculptures used as columns: functional drapery –

looks like it‟s wet and reveals shape These women represent the women from the traitor town that sided

with Persians who were brought to the side of the burnt Parthenonto see the shame their men had brought

Front of Parthenon was were sunrise came through – represents Athenabeing born at dawn

Panathenaic Festival (every 4 years): peplos was a yellow shawl that thevirgins carried to the alter of Athena

4 types of sculptureo Pedementso Metopes: between tripoleso Cella (Na-os is Greek)o Outside wall of Na-os: bas-relief

Most perfect example of Western architecture, done for Athena who couldsee and would smite them if it wasn‟t built correctly

Is built inwards so that when you were right in front it didn‟t give theillusion of falling on you

Stylobates are higher a the center for illusion

Opisthodomus: treasury

Alexander the Great hung the Persian shields on the Parthenon and builta circular temple



Metopes: battle of the gods, Greeks and Amazons, Troy: mythology – civilization triumphs over barbarians Phidias: low-bas, middle relief and high relief Leans out so people at all angles can see it

Allegory: symbolism and history make truth, everyday images, people

could relate Lapiths: were friends with the centaurs, got into a war over a raped bride

to be and represents the winning of reason over brutality

Western pediment: depiction of the birth of Athena being told to all thegods and goddesses

Panathenaic procession: bringing tribute to Athena during the festival Start in agora, end up in the Parthenon Peristyle temple

Iambic pentameter lines repeating from the columns to the vertical toparea – horse makes this pattern when it walks, as you would hear duringthe procession

Panathenaic frieze of olive carriers, same faces, different actions

Persian frieze in Persepolis where archers look identical suppressed forthe good of the whole – individualism in the Western, one person canmake a difference

Nashville:

Chryelephanine – wooden armature and ivory covered in gold

Classical Art Continued

Maddy Bull2014-10-30

- Peloponnesian war romanticism art – the ideal male/female figure,carried the meaning of courage, victory or god-like BUT NOW there is adreamy look to the art-work



Praxiteles

Hermes with Infant Dionysius, c. 350 BCE

God of commerce and communication

Commerce of the wine industry – Dionysius is the god of wine

Languid figure: NOT contropostal pose

S-curve of the body and thorax Looks like a well-oiled athlete, smooth ad shiny – sensualism

Hair is very detailed and comes away from the head

- No longer monuments and ideal, the sadness and grief for the loss of thegolden age

Aphrodite III of Cnidos, c. 350 BCE



Aphrodite born out of the foam: Roman copy first found of the original

Greek sculpture of the first female figure

Was first to be given to a temple in _______ who didn‟t want it

Became a tourist attraction in Cnidos

This made his career

Nude = doesn‟t know others are watching, or gives the impression shedoesn‟t know

Phryne: beautiful whore of Praxiteles

Alexander the Great

Macedonian, not Greek

Takes over his father‟s army (Phillip) and his dream was to destroy thePersian Empire

The Greeks called themselves the Hellenes therefore calls this period theHellenistic Period

Creates the largest and greatest empire at that time, didn‟t kill the peopleof the cities he conquer ed, let them “retire” and marries the royals‟daughters with their generals expansion of Greeks morals and ideas Culture: philosophy, art, bathing houses and new cities Monuments built as propaganda

Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens, c. 174 BCE



The largest temple built by the Greeks in the Helenistic period

Corinthian = largest, has base and fluting and the capitol is made up ofascanthus leaves (plant growing in the Mediterranean)

Stoa of Attalos, Athens, c. 130 BCE

- Agora was the centre of commerce and culture- Stoa: covered marketplace on ONE side – gift to the people of Athens

from King Attalos- One of the first example of a monument built for a non-religious purpose- Doric on bottom floor and Ionic on top floor – first and only uncovered

example classical order used in a nonclassical way- Bottom columns are not fluted, perhaps because people would kock off

the fluting in passing – practical: Athena

Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, c. 180 BCE



Pergamon

- Theatre, most famous was the alter of Zeus – seat of Satan located here,eternal fire going

- On top was the palace of the kings- Ionic order columns and sculptures like on the Parthenon, but reversed

here because the sculptures dominate the alter, not the columns- Gigantomachy: Battle of the gods and the giants: at the Parthenon they

were winning, here they are losing – shows the Helenistic Age and a newtime where someone is ruling them: mercy of the state and king, nodemocracy

3 Themeso Realismo Theatricalityo Elegance

- No longer interested in perfection or ideal

Dying Gaul, c. 230 BCE



- Pergamon made sculptures of the barbarian Gauls after they tried to

conquer Pergamon and fought so bravely and courageously- Realism- Different bodies: straight shocks of hair, breast bone has definition and

stomach- Has an open wound bleeding out, first example of this- The realization they are no longer in control of their own lie- Tor: made of rope around his neck, accessory

Drunken Woman, c. 200 BCE

Realism

Nike of Samothrace, c. 200 BCE



Dramatic contrast of light and shadow

Athena fighting in the battle of the monsters

Phantasmagoria: a visual “trip”, images that race towards your eye and goback, amazing, enormous, over-the-top

Gods are losing – transformation of democracy to monarchy Dynami



Laocoon, c. 50 BCE

Trojan priest who told the Trojans not to let the horse in

Gods punished him and his sons by turning themselves into snakes andkilling them

Sculpture in the round – but functions like high relief, because from theback doesn‟t make sense, art for art’s sake

Roman Art

Etruscan Art- Leave Greece to Italy- Atruscans – from Atruria: Florence and others – maybe from Turkey- Tuscany was named after this- Had kings but confederation- Romans tried to genocide the Atruscans- Burial ceremonies are very similar to Egyptian buried with their furniture

to use in the later life- Pro-style Greek architecture, raised on a podium (which is new)- Difference: Here you need to go up the stairs to enter the place of worship- Base, shaft, neck and abicus- Appropriated and incorporated Greek sculptures- Terracotta: Used baked clay



Etruscans and Romans

2014-11-04

Etruscans – last kings of Rome Greeks were established in the south

Tomb furniture

Celli Cella plural

Raised podium and was approached from the front to go inside to worship

Ornaments on the front of the building

Etruscan Gateway

Megalithic architecture: big stones

Romans conquered and added shields to the gateway

Loge – “Loggia” renaissance porch

Tombulus: beehive-shape tomb made of stone, held chieftains

Cineary Urn: held the ashes of (sometimes) burnt bodies



Tomb of a husband and wife

Sarcophagus “flesh-eater”

Close relationship

Was seen as peculiar by the Romans and Italians – they thought familliawas most important

Long nose, high cheekbones

Man and death (woman)[NOT THE PIC HE SHOWED IN CLASS, THEY WERE YOUNGER AND

PRETTIER THAN THIS]

Idealizing of torso and face influenced by Greek Classic Period, not likethe elongated figures from beforehand



Realistic Man and Wife

No idealism – very realistic

Ancestor worship: took wax masks of dead to make statues

Theory: They preserved portraits of exactly what they look like

Apollo Statue

Baked terracotta hollow clay

Support b/w legs to hold up



Clothed koros figure

Functional drapery (around groin)

Appropriated Greek gods

Interested in action, not human musculature

Cire Perdue: bronze production – famous for

Fresco

Figures moving through landscape

Wanted to preserve the happier things in life

There IS a landscape

Outlined with dark lines like Egyptians – maybe influenced

Sacrifice of Trojans



Play of light and shadow

Contrapostal poses Naturalistic

Greek key motif in third dimension to signify death

Lucius Junus Brutus: Roman republican Republican is up until Ceasar the first emperor In bronze, made by Etruscan Naturalism – function as ancestor worship

Old Republican

Very realistic, for both the living and dead

Senator



Because he wore a toga: fashion for men

Symbolized you were a citizen and fell gracefully and hid nudity

Showed you were rich – servants draped it

ROME

Julius Caesar: was able to make decisions for everyone because thesenate in place could not make the difficult choices

Murdered in 1st c. B.C.E – didn‟t want REX or king

No leader and civil wars begin

Nephew of Julius Caesar Octavian emerges from the civil war as themost powerful military leader and elected by senate as the first emperor

Imperator – Emperor: Augustus Caesar

Augustus

Wanted to reestablish morality

Pontefix maximus: high priest and head of religion

Functional drapery: knee and thigh emerge

When he dies – he becomes a GOD: soul of emperor lived on

Old Augustus - Propaganda



Romans practiced ancestor worship – believed spirits of dead lived in

cemeteries and places of worship

Augustus of Prima Porta

All subsequent generals and emperors were in this pose

Breastplate: images of victorious battle



Holding baton – power

Cupid on back of dolphin beside him

Combo of historical and allegorical to “make truth” which was Greek andis seen here too

The Caesars traced their heritage back to Aeneas (founded the Latin race)

was a prince of Troy and his mother was Venus therefore he istechnically a God

Cupid represents Venus‟ son as he is too – riding dolphin because Venuswas born from sea foam

Marcus Aerelius

All bronze – rare

Orator pose

Holding a baton

Christians, when they found this, thought it was Constantine – RomanEmpire now



Ara Pacis

Alter of Peace, established in Rome

Senate was to appear AND the Imperial family in a wooden enclosure withbull skulls and garlands – this enclosure of stone is recreated in stone – like Greek: garlands and wood painted on the inside

Relief carvings, Imperials: family of Augustus

Roman senate on other side

4 allegorical scenes: 2 at front and 2 behind Romulus and Reamus: sons of Mars (god of war) and Romulus

founded Rome all Romans are gods = manifest destiny Rinceaux: Campus leaf garlands – symbolizes fertility, what the

Imperials and emperors promised their people Realism – middle and high relief: propaganda of Imperial family:

wife Livya and infamous daughter Julia Woman dressed in armour on one side - Roma Lyvia depicted as the mother of Italy

Titus



Destroyed Jerusalem

Emperor

Made architectural features into monuments

Yoke: made the vanquished bow down turned into the monument arch

2 relief carvings:

1. Recreated the victory parade, coming back to Rome – stolen Menoraas booty Illusionism, arc disappears See the weight with the struggle



2. Setting sun: triumphant progression Lady Victory, Lady Courage –

he is dead and so is being escorted by gods Flat, frontal, 2D – will be copied in centuries to come

Apotheosis: carried up to Heaven

Column of Tragent



Who is an emperor

Used columns usually used as support for a monument

Relief carving on the defeat of the Dacians (Romanians)

Bottom: erected a trophy – assemblage of the arms of the vanquished,wreaths, loot

Roman: marriage of Etruscan and Greek architecture

Nimes: most perfectly preserved temple turned church – temple originallyfor Augustus Pro-style: Etruscan steps to go inside Engaged columns – don‟t hold anything up, for decoration and

repeating the style



Roman style was engineered

Highway, aqueduct and bridge system: fresh water brought

Aqueduct in Nimes “Gard”

Roman exploited the arch conquered space through the use of the arch

Roughened up the surface: Rustication – made it appear stronger than it

was

Flavian – later called the Coliseum

Poured concrete: invention of Romans

Dependence on the arch, pier and vault

3 orders: doric, ionic, Corinthian Pilaster: flat column that doesn‟t hold anything

Pier: major (maybe decorated) holding the columns up

Greek and Roman Compiled

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