GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS
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EDUARDO G. CANUDAS-LARA, Ph.D. Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Faculty University of Veracruz, Mexico GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS. EDUARDO G. CANUDAS-LARA, Ph.D. Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Faculty University of Veracruz, Mexico. INTRODUCTION. Tropical Grasses (C4) = High Growth Potential - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS
EDUARDO G. CANUDAS-LARA, Ph.D.Professor of Veterinary Medicine and
Animal Science FacultyUniversity of Veracruz, Mexico
GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS
INTRODUCTION
Tropical Grasses (C4) = High Growth Potential Intensive Grazing Management works (grazing laws)
Farm Administration: an essential aspects1. Plan: clear goals (animal and forage production, sustainable, profitable,…
2. Organization: identify, group, and assign ranch activities,…
3. Direction: leadership, communication, motivation,…
4. Control: Intensive Grazing System gives more control.
Conserve soil properties by efficient nutrient cycling (sustainability).
Achieve profitability by increasing productivity and reducing cost.
Reduce forest conversion to pasture land by increasing land productivity (animal).
Become competitive in quality and price.
OBJECTIVES
PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEMSOIL:PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEM
GrazingManagement
ForageProduction
AnimalProduction
PastureBiomass
ForageConsumed
+
+
+
Income+
-
-
+
B
B
R
+
R
PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEM
CP
Stocking Rate
Animal Weight
Improved specie/cultivar
Digestibility
NDF, ADF, Lig.
SOIL:PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEM
Irrigation, fertilization,...
Tramping, treading
GrazingManagement
-
"Feedcomplement"
ForageProduction
AnimalProduction
PastureBiomass
ForageConsumed
+
+
+
Income+
+ +
-
+
?
+
Exogenous factors
?
growth+
Voluntary intake
+
+ +-
-
-
+
B
B
R
+
R
Decay/old
-
PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEM
CP
Stocking Rate
Animal Weight
Improved specie/cultivar
Digestibility
NDF, ADF, Lig.
SOIL:PLANT:ANIMAL SYSTEM
Micro-climate(temp., humidity,...)
Pollution
Irrigation, fertilization,...
Tramping, treading
GrazingManagement
-
"Feedcomplement"
ForageProduction
AnimalProduction
PastureBiomass
ForageConsumed
+
+
+
Income+
+ +
-
+
?
+
Exogenous factors
?
growth+
Voluntary intake
+
+ +-
-
-
+
B
B
R
+
R
Decay/old
-
Urine
FecesMinerals
+
++Decomposition
+
+
+
Welldistributed
Baddistributed
+
R
How?
How solar energy is utilized?
How forage is produced? (soil, minerals, water,..)
How animal intake is controlled? (quality, quantity,...)
How the environment is preserved? (nutrient cycling, erosion,
insecticides, herbicides,...)
RATIONAL MANAGEMENT
The common sense is the least common of the senses…
N P K S Mg Ca+ micros
CO2
O2
C6H12O6
Sugar, starch,...
O.M.
How Solar Energy is utilized?
C H O
GE DE MEMaintenanceProductionFeces Urine,
methane
N P K S Mg Camicros
500 kg/ha/año of N125 kg/ha/año of P2O5
500 kg/ha/año of K2O
C H OI
IIIII
N P K S Mg Camicros
Days
Prod
uctio
n
250 an./ha50 an./0.2 ha =
40 m2/an/d
250 cows/ha/day = 50-10-40Murphy, 1981
How much minerals does the plant extracts from the soil?
Pasture Utilization Efficiency
Util
izat
ion
(%)
Instant stocking rate (an./ha/day)
2 50 100
20 -
50 -
80 -
LAWS of theRational Intensive Grazing System
1o Adequate development
3o Leave some leaves
2o One day grazing
4o Have some reserves :Sugar cane Silage
Hay Concentrated
MATERIAL AND METHOD
LOCATION: Medellin, Ver., Mexico WEATHER: Tropical Sub-humid RAINFALL: 1,700 mm (90% from July to October.) TEMPERATURE: 25º C (mean annual)
Rational Intensive Grazing SystemDeworming, vaccinate, vitamins, implants, tick control,…Weight: individually approximately every 45 days.
Chopped + urea
+ concentrated (16% CP)
ANIMAL MANAGEMENT
Aerial picture of “El Principio Ranch” 9.2 ha of taiwan grass (22.7 acres)
1.5 ha sugarcane (3.7 acres)
Close up of some paddocks of“El Principio Ranch”
(paddocks size = 2000 m2 or 0.5 acres)
Grazing
Pasture Divisions (paddocks)
2,000 m2
each
2 ½”
4”
2”
Plant Production Parameters taiwan grass under RIGS with fertirrigation
3466DM Intake, %
792752Gwowth rate, DM kg/ha/d
2.90.92.0DM Intake, % AU of BW
13.14.28.9DM Intake, AU/kg/day
28.89.819.0Production, DM t/ha/year
TotalStemLeafParameter
Average of 13 cuts from October of 1997 to June of 1999.
3.6BIOMASA DE HOJ AS
-0.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00
FECHA DE MUESTREO
BIOM
ASA
(t/ha
) MS
Antes del pastoreo Después del Pastoreo
BIOMASA DE TALLOS
-1.002.003.004.005.006.007.00
FECHA DE MUESTREO
BIOM
ASA
(t/ha
) MS
Antes del Pastoreo Después del Pastoreo
Animal Production Variables with Concentrated
Supplementation form January to July with 2 kg DM/day of chopped sugarcane with 3% urea and the whole year with 1.14% of their body weight with a concentrated with 16% CP.
Hectares (n) 9.2Cattle groups (number/year) 3Fattening period (d) 376Cattle raised (produced) per year (n) 193Average initial weight (kg/animal) 240Average final weight (kg/animal) 374Stocking rate (AU/ha) (animals/ha) 4.8 7.0Average daily gain (kg) 1.09Meat production (kg/ha/year) 2,766
Taiwan with fertirrigation
Feed complement form January to July with 2 kg DM/day of chopped sugarcane with 3% urea, and the whole year with 1.14% of their body weight with a concentrated with 16% CP.
animals/haAU/ha 7.0
Beef production (kg/ha/year)Average daily gain (kg)Stocking rate Average final weight (kg/animal)Average initial weight (kg/animal)Cattle raised (produced) per year (n)
Fattening period (d/group)Cattle groups (number/year)Hectares (n)
2,7661.09
4.8374240193125
39.2
Taiwan with fertirrigation
Animal Production Variables with Concentrated
Profit/Loss StatementUS Dollars
NET PROFITProfit sharing to workers
OPERATING PROFITOther ExpensesFinancial ExpensesSales ExpensesAdministrative Expenses
GROSS PROFIT
Production CostTotal Sales
PARAMETER
$12,354$650
$13,004 $0
$4,797 $26$1,007
$18,834
$75,062$93,895
TAIWAN
Supplementation form January to July with 2 kg DM/day of chopped sugarcane with 3% urea and the year 2000 with 1.14% of their body weight with a concentrated with 16% CP.
NUMBERSNUMBERSINFORMATIONINFORMATION
(analyze, interpret, compare, take (analyze, interpret, compare, take decisions,…)decisions,…)
FINANCIAL RATIOS
$1,300Net profit per hectare, US$/year25Profit over investment (reval), %/year
13.1Profit margin, %0.48Net profit of meat, US$/kg0.90Total cost of meat, US$/kg65Total assets productivity, %
0.35Break-even point, kg/animals/day2.40Break-even point, animals/ha
TAIWAN GRASSPARAMETER
Supplementation form January to July with 2 kg DM/day of chopped sugarcane with 3% urea and the year 2000 with 1.14% of their body weight with a concentrated with 16% CP.
Rational Intensive Grazing System has demonstrated to be sustainable by recycling nutrient and maintaining production throughout the years.The system had proof to be profitable and be competitive with high productivity per hectare, quality, and price in the domestic and international markets.On a macroeconomic environment, the extensive use of this system may reduce the forest conversion to pasture land.Finally, human population can be fed economically and environmental sustainable.
CONCLUSIONS
Thanks…
