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GRATIS FOUNDATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE GENDER AND ENERGY

NETWORK OF GHANA

PROCEEDINGS OF THE GHANA NATIONAL GENDER AND ENERGY WORKSHOP AT

MIKLIN HOTEL, ACCRA, GHANA

THEME: TURNING INFORMATION INTO EMPOWERMENT STRENGTHENING

GENDER AND ENERGY NETWORKING IN GHANA

SPONSORED BY: TIE-ENERGIA

JULY 2006

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

One of the most remarkable facts about this workshop is the contributions from the

under-listed sponsors without which the organization of this workshop would not have

been possible.

Dutch Embassy

ENERGIA

GRATIS FOUNDATION

GHANA GENDER AND ENERGY NETWOK (GEDA-GH)

Our specials thanks for advice, assistance and the untiring effort of the following persons

during the planning stage of this workshop cannot go unmentioned. The Director and

staff of GRATIS foundation, Prof. Aba Bentil Andam - Dean of Institute of Science and

Technology, Africa (ISTA) - KNUST, Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah, Gender and

Development Coordinator GRATIS Foundation, Mr. Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa of the

Ghana Gender and Energy Network (GEDA-GH), Mr. Kwame Asamoah Topen of

GEDA-GH and other members, and Prof. Joy Clancy of Kusini, the Netherlands. Their

contributions are appreciated not forgetting the facilitators and all who contributed in

diverse ways to make the program successful

The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS GEDA – GHANA - Ghana Gender and Energy Network of Ghana TIE-ENERGIA - Turning Information into Empowerment: Strengthening

Gender and Energy Networking in Africa UNDP - United Nations Development Programme GPRS I - Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy One GPRS II - Ghana Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2006-2009 SNEP - Strategic National Energy Plan 2006-2020 GRATIS - Ghana Regional Appropriate Technology Industrial Service EU - European Union SIDA - Swedish International Development Agency CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency ENERGIA - International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy KNUST - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

TITLE PAGE ……… ………………………………………………………… 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………… …… 2

LIST OF ACRONYMS …………………………………………………… …… 3

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY …………………………………………… …… 6

2.0 BACKGROUND ………………………………………………………… 7

3.0 THE GENDER AND ENERGY SITUATION IN GHANA ………… …… 7 4.0 THE TRAINING WORKSHOP ……………………………… ….…........ 10

4.1 Aims and objectives of the workshop ……………………….....… 10 5.0 EXPECTED OUTCOMES …………………………………………..…… 10 6.0 WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION.……………………………………...… 11 7.0 PARTICIPANTS ………………………………………………………..… 11 8.0 TECHNICAL SESSIONS ……………………………………………..… 12

8.1 Opening ceremony ……………………………………………..… 12

8.2 Training sessions ……………………………………………..… 13 9.0 FIELD TRIP ……………………………………………………………… 20 10.0 ACTION PLANS FROM PARTICIPANTS …………………………… .. 21 11.0 WORKSHOP EVALUATION BY PARTICIPANTS … …...…………. 21 12.0 WORKSHOP EVALUATION BY TRAINERS …………………… .….. 22 13.0 FOLLOW-UP AND MONITORING OF PARTICIPANTS’

ACTION PLANS …………………………………………………… ..…… 22 14.0 GENERAL COMMENTS …………………………………………….. 23 15.0 CLOSING CEREMONY ……………………………………………… 24

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16.0 RESOURCE PERSONS ……………………………………………….. 24 17.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS … …………………… 24 APENDICES APPENDIX I: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS … ………………………………… 26 APPENDIX II: GRATIS FOUNDATION - ORGANIZATIONAL

BACKGROUND AND CAPACITY ……………………… . 30 APPENDIX III: SPEECHES AT THE OPENING CEREMONY … ………. 31 APPENDIX IV: FIELD TRIP REPORTS … ………………………………… 37 APPENDIX V: PARTICIPANTS ACTION PLANS ……………………… .… 52 APPENDIX VI: PARTICIPANTS’ EVALUATION ……………………… .… 61 APPENDIX VII: CLASS CAPTAIN’S REMARKS … ……………………..… 62 APPENDIX VIII: WORKSHOP PROGRAMME ……………………….…... 6 2 APPENDIX IX: TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT……………. .. 67

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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report contains proceedings of the National Gender and Energy Training Workshop organized for Governmental and Non-governmental Organization, Private Sector, Policy Makers and Academics. It was held at the Miklin Hotel, in Accra, Ghana, from July 3rd to 7th, 2006. The workshop was attended by thirty-two (32) participants selected from forty-five who applied. These were: eighteen (18) from private sector, eleven (11) from government and civil society, three (3) from academia, and three (3) resource persons. Twenty-five (25) were female and ten (10) male. The workshop was organized by the Ghana Gender and Energy Network (GEDA-GHANA) in collaboration with the GRATIS Foundation, and funded by the Intelligent Energy – Europe Programme of the European Commission and with co-funding from the Directorate-General of International Co-operation of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). The programme was conducted and facilitated by Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah and Mr. Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa of the Ghana Gender and Energy Network, with support from Mrs. Dede Bedu Addo of SNV Ghana. Technical backstopping was provided by Prof. Joy Clancy from KUSINI, The Netherlands. The training workshop was undertaken within the programme of “Turning Information into Empowerment: Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Africa (TIE-ENERGIA). The major objective of the workshop was to strengthen capacity of the selected groups of development practioners – planners, policy makers, academics and project implementers to integrate gender and energy concerns into sustainable development and poverty reduction programmes and to equip them with the required skills and knowledge to achieve the objectives. The workshop was formally opened by the Senior Minister of the Republic of Ghana, Mr. J. H. Mensah, chaired by Prof. Aba Bentil Andam, Dean of the Institute of Science and Technology in Africa who also participated in the workshop. The training lasted for five (5) days and was closed by Mrs. Susana Adu-Amankwa of the Nuguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. The training was based on the gender face of the Energy Manual that was designed by ENERGIA and adapted for use in Ghana by the Ghana Gender and Energy Network (GEDA-GH) through the use of case studies and practical experiences by gender and energy practitioners in Ghana. The training consists of lectures, role plays, group exercises and field trips. The proceedings describe the challenges faced in mainstreaming gender and energy into energy projects and actions. The participants developed action plans to undertake training within their various organizations on mainstreaming gender into energy project planning and implementation. The Ghana Gender and Energy Network confirmed their willingness to follow-up on these action plans and to provide technical support and backstopping for their implementation. At the end of the training, the participants and facilitators expressed their

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satisfaction based on the objectives of the training and thanked the sponsors and facilitators for the success. 2.0 BACKGROUND The program “Turning Information into Empowerment” (TIE): Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Africa referred to as TIE-ENERGIA program started in January 2005 as part of activities implemented within ENERGIA, an international network on Gender and Sustainable Energy. Under the sponsorship of ENERGIA in collaboration with other partners a set of tools developed with the UNDP was introduced to participants from 13 African countries namely: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Zambia and South Africa at Johannesburg in South Africa in July 2004. This was followed with a Capacity building program which started with a Training of Trainers Program to strengthen the capacity of twelve professional trainers from six African countries including Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Following the training, participants from the various countries were expected to:

i. Develop long term goals and work plan for national level training based on national needs as well as follow-ups.

ii. Prepare training materials including adopting existing modules/gender tools

for use in the national level training workshops. The program aimed at increasing awareness, knowledge, and skills of a selected group of development practitioners – planners, policy makers, and project implementers – to integrate gender and energy concerns into sustainable development and poverty reduction programs. It also aimed to build a critical mass of self confident and empowered women leaders as well as gender sensitive men to contribute to policies, programs and practices that affect women’s energy choices within the context of poverty. 3.0 THE GENDER AND ENERGY SITUATION IN GHANA In May 2006 ENERGIA commissioned a National Paper on the Gender and Energy situation in Ghana to be prepared for the 14th Session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. The paper discussed the country’s energy needs with particular reference to progress made in incorporating a gender perspective into the energy sector to ensure sustainable development. It also identified constraints and concerns regarding gender and energy issues that are factors affecting sustainable development and achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. These factors include a low emphasis on implementing policies on renewable energy and energy efficiency that would positively affect the majority of Ghanaian women In Ghana, Women’s influence in decision-making on energy is almost negligible.

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Key recommendations included ensuing from the paper included the following • Ghana has a considerable number of qualified women scientist, social scientists,

academics, and management consultants serving in both international and national organizations, thus there should be active implementation of affirmative action to appoint women to key positions in energy policy-making institutions.

• In cases where there is shortage of women with the required skills, the

government, in collaboration with civil society organizations and the donor community, should identify women who can be trained to represent the interests of women so that they can effectively influence, formulate, implement and evaluate energy policies.

• At the local level, women must be involved in the selection, promotion and use of

alternative energy resources that are more energy efficient and friendly. Since the 1980s when Ghana suffered severe economic decline that also affected the generation of hydro-electric power, many activities have taken place within the country’s energy sector in the form of reforms which were part of Ghana’s Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP). In 2001, a new energy policy was developed as part of the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I). With the phasing out of GPRS I by 2005, current energy policy documents are in the draft phase yet to be passed into law. These policy documents are the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2006-2009 (GPRS II) and the Strategic National Energy Plan 2006-2020 (SNEP). The GPRS I aimed at the development of a reliable and affordable energy sector that will promote the development of basic infrastructure to support economic activities especially in the rural areas to ultimately reduce poverty. For the rural areas, the policy targeted the development of renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, biogas and the introduction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in rural areas and rural electrification. The energy plan in GPRS I also envisaged the need to sustain the environment through the development of community wood lots for wood fuel production. The broad policy objectives of GPRS II among others were also targeted at:

• increased access to modern forms of energy to the poor and vulnerable

• ensure full cost recovery for power supply and delivery while protecting the poor

• ensure productive and efficient use of energy and minimise the environmental impacts of energy supply and consumption

• promote and encourage private sector participation in the energy sector; and

• diversify the national energy mix by implementing programmes to support

renewable energy sources in Ghana.

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In the 2003 annual progress report on the energy sector of GPRS I, for most of the objectives set for renewable energy no activity took place. Incidentally, the renewable energies which affect the livelihoods of most women received the least attention from policy implementers. As much as energy is used by all in various forms, women are the most important actors in the energy sector in terms of their contact, use and management of these energy sources. The most common energy sources are fuel wood, charcoal and cow dung. Fuel-wood and charcoal account for more than 75 per cent of all energy requirements in the country; with an even higher percentage of energy for household cooking and water heating in rural and urban areas. Most of the fuel wood need for households is collected by women. It has been estimated that annual fuel wood consumption in the country as a whole is about 16 million m3 and this is expected to rise to 17 million m3 by the turn of the century. Energy sources like shea butter oil are also very popular in the northern part of the country and used for lighting. The burden of meeting the energy needs of the household falls on women. In their bid to ensure access to energy sources, women have to spend more time and physical energy in obtaining traditional fuels for their domestic purposes of heating, cooking and lighting. As these sources of energy become scarce, women have to cover longer distances. As a result of national efforts to implement the Beijing Platform of Action, the Government of Ghana instituted some measures. One of these was the adoption of the Affirmative Action Policy Guidelines which call for an increase to 40 per cent of representation of women in key positions in public service and in national executive or policy-making institutions. As regards energy, the Beijing Platform for Action called on governments to support the development of equal access for women to sustainable and affordable energy technologies, including renewable energy efficiency technologies, through participatory needs assessment, energy planning and policy formulation at local and national levels. Women on Energy related Boards: PURC, EC and EF. The following were suggested: At the National Level: Active implementation of the affirmative action of appointing women (40% of all appointments) to key positions in public service and in national executive or policy-making institutions. In cases where there is a shortage of women with the requisite skills, the government in collaboration with relevant organisations like the civil society organisation can identify women who can be trained to represent the interest of women. At the Regional Level: An increment of women representation at the Regional Coordination Councils (RCC) is highly recommended. There is sufficient manpower among women who head district offices of decentralised departments and agencies who can be encouraged to shape energy-related policies at the regional level. At the Local Level:

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The energy needs of women at the local level are most profound as women are the main providers and users of energy. This requires that women must be involved in the selection, promotion and use of alternative energy resources that are more energy efficient and friendly. 4.0 THE TRAINING WORKSHOP The training workshop is a follow up to a training of trainers workshop held in Kenya in November 2005. The training is also to support the GRATIS strategic vision of becoming a reputable technology development and skill transfer organization in Africa by “mainstreaming gender as a sustainable approach to the activities of the selected institutions. The GRATIS Foundation in collaboration with the Gender and Energy Network is harnessing local expertise to train policy makers from selected institutions. The workshop is intended to build the capacities of the participants and other stakeholders. 4.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOP Overall Aim: The TIE-ENERGIA program aims at increasing awareness, knowledge and skills of a selected group of development practioners – planners, policy makers, and project implementers to integrate gender and energy concerns into sustainable development and poverty reduction programs. It also aims to build a critical mass of self confident and empowered women leaders as well as gender sensitive men to contribute to policies, programs and practices that affect women’s energy choices within the context of poverty. It focuses on Gender and Energy Concepts and Energy Project Planning using participatory approach, including many well known PRA methods of data gathering. It uses a set of tools that has been specially developed to help the planner work through gender aspects of energy problems in a systematic manner.

Objectives:

• To explain the importance of gender sensitive energy project planning • To explain and identify the different gender needs and goals to energy project

planning • To explain the relation between gender needs and project planning goals • To train the selected participants on gender and energy concerns and

mainstreaming, to adequately equip them to train their fellow workers or even other related organizations.

5.0 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

After completing the entire training, the participants should be able: i. to define the difference between gender and sex

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ii. to recognize gender differences in own society iii. to debate with others the nature and origin of gender differences iv. to classify tasks of men and women according to whether they are reproductive,

productive, or community tasks. v. to identify which factors might influence gender roles and contracts. vi. to explain the importance of different types of energy in women’s lives vii. to account for the lack of attention to women’s need in energy planning generally. viii. to identify weaknesses in actual project plans as regards lack of gender content. ix. to explain the purpose of using gender analytic tools: the strengths and weakness

of gender analytical tools in the energy sector. x. to distinguish between the two types of gender analytical tools. xi. to explain the framework for gender analytic tools to fellow professionals and

justify its use in planning. 6.0 WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION The workshop was organized under the programme 'Turning Information into Empowerment: Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Africa’ by Ghana Gender and Energy Network (GEDA-GH) in collaboration with GRATIS Foundation and sponsored by ENERGIA an international network on gender and sustainable energy based in the Netherlands. Participants included members from government, NGO’s, and educational institutions. The workshop targeted twenty-five (25) participants but ended up with thirty-two (32) participants selected from forty-five applicants. The workshop was organized over a five day period at the Miklin Hotel in Accra. Resource persons were members of GEDA, ENERGIA and GRATIS Foundation. The workshop was residential. 7.0 PARTICIPANTS Details and background of the thirty-two participants are attached as Appendix 1. All the participants were from Ghana and could speak and understand English. The participants attached much seriousness to the discussions since each of them was involved in an energy related field or project. They all exhibited maturity and participated actively throughout the workshop period. Participants included members from government, NGO’s, the private sector and educational institutions. In total there were thirty-two participants who attended the workshop. Almost all of them have a first, second and even third degrees, and a half of them occupy senior (Directors) positions at their respective places of work. The other half was made up of project practitioners. It is expected that all participants would be able to influence the energy policy in their organizations projects and /or in national policies.

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8.0 TECHNICAL SESSIONS 8.1 Opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the five-day national TIE-ENERGIA Training of Trainers Workshop began on the 3rd of July 2006, with a welcome address and speeches from distinguished invited guests as well as a summary of the gender and energy situation in Ghana. The Chairperson, Professor Aba Bentil Andam, Dean of Institute of Science and Technology for Africa, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) noted that, many rural women are saddled with the problem of spending more than five hours daily in gathering firewood for home use whiles they could be introduced to alternative sources of fuel. Prof. Andam said women were capable of making changes for the better if they were given the necessary empowerment, adding that, women, when introduced to renewable sources of energy would go a long way to ensure sustainable energy in Africa. Mr. Joseph Henry Mensah, Senior Minister of the Republic of Ghana, called on gender advocates to educate women on energy and water related issues to help them use the resources efficiently, especially those in rural communities who use their time and creativity to generate energy for cooking on a daily basis. For example, because most women in Wa in the Upper East Region do not know the process of storing rain water; they lack water even though it rains frequently there than in Accra. The Senior Minister further stated that, the predicament of women was not only centered on energy but water as well, as they make use of both energy and water everyday. He emphasized that the two must always be tackled together. He encouraged urban dwellers to take advantage of high purchases to get energy appliances, citing for instance the use of gas, which he noted was more economical and environmentally friendly than firewood. To the rural women, he advised them to stop the habit of felling trees along river banks to burn as charcoal in order to preserve their water sources. Hajia Alima Mahama, Minister of Women and Children's Affairs, in a speech read on her behalf said due to the importance of energy in a nation's development, the Independent Commission of the United Nations Millennium Project Report has identified energy as an essential part of the means to a productive life. She said, in line with this, her Ministry was implementing a three-year strategic implementation plan which focuses on gender equality, women empowerment, the growth, survival and development of children. She said the Ministry intends to put up a gender research and resource centre to strengthen linkages with key sectors, including civil society organizations. Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah, Coordinator of GEDA said the program, which started in January 2005 as part of activities implemented within ENERGIA, aims at strengthening the capacity of 25 professional trainers in the country in the preparation and delivery of training courses. In a presentation, she noted that, in May this year, ENERGIA prepared a national paper on gender and energy situation in Ghana for the 14th Session of the UN

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Commission on Sustainable Development. Mrs. Anokye Mensah said the paper identified factors such as low emphasis on implementing policies on renewable energy and energy efficiency as well as negligence of women's influence in decision-making on energy as those that affect sustainable development and achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In her concluding remarks, the chairperson encouraged participants to take full advantage of the information to be provided during the workshop to help bridge the gap between Gender and Energy so that our nation will benefit. 8.2 Summary of Training sessions The first session dealt with the basic concepts of Gender. It started with the difference between sex and Gender. Participants had some exercise to differentiate between different roles of men and women and how these are influenced by the society. Participants were also introduced to gender mainstreaming verses Women only projects Role plays were also used to demonstrate some of the points in real life situations to enhance participants understanding on the topics. The discussion mentioned the functional and structural implications involving gender mainstreaming, i.e. the reorganization, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes. Other topics discussed are elaborated below. WHY GENDER MAINSTREAMING? The need for gender mainstreaming in energy projects were stressed. In the discussions, it was noted that it makes men, women, boys and girls benefit equally from the development process by highlighting the impacts of public policy on the real situation of men, women, boys and girls. It can be equated to true democracy in development process i.e. ensuring inclusiveness. Mainstreaming gender without changing procedures and approaches in policy making or organizational culture could be compared to putting new wine in old wine skin. Thus adopting a narrow concept of mainstreaming to only focus on women, men, boys or girls issues must be avoided. GENDER GOALS AND NEEDS Participants were taken through a game reminding them to look beyond the horizon by participating in an exercise in which they had to count the number of squares drawn in a diagram.

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Q. In how many different ways can each unit/box in the diagram below be counted?

Fig 1: Units/Boxes Various answers were given by the participants who counted in different ways e.g. 54, 55 etc. However a critical look showed that we could have several numbers depending on what a unit is considered as you could actually have an uncountable number: the lesson here was to inform participants that when faced with a development project, it is always better to look ahead into the future (Look beyond the horizon). Participants were thus reminded of the fact that gender is broader than they envisage. Some terminologies used in Gender studies were clearly explained to participant. These included the following: - What is Gender? - Gender mainstreaming - Gender roles (looking at the impact on productivity, community management

community politics, societal definition of gender and the roles they play as society demands-A man does not fetch water for example)

- Gender equity – (Do unto others as you want them to do unto you) - Feminization of poverty - Juvenization of poverty - Engendering After reviewing the various definitions of Gender the next session which was on Gender Needs in Energy Projects was introduced by the facilitator. He recapped what had been learnt on day 1 which looked at gender and energy concepts, Gender Roles in Energy in Energy Projects, Gender and Energy Planning, the energy ladder based on the type of energy used in Ghana, categories (source and end-use) and classifications (household energy, agricultural waste, fossil fuel metabolic fuel). All participants had agreed that energy and gender issues were important in the planning of any project involving communities. They had also looked at renewable sources of energy, biomass technology,

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and proceeded to introduce the agenda for the day. The importance of incorporating energy into projects was emphasized. Participants were asked two questions before discussing the subject into details Q.1 If energy interventions were needed at all? Q.2 What are energy intervention projects? Participants agreed that the aim of energy intervention in planning of projects was to

• Increase efficiency • Introduce new types of technologies e.g. Flour mills have been developed instead

of the normal hand pounding in many rural communities) Q. Give some examples of women’s task that involve drudgery. In your examples what sort of energy interventions could help relieve women’s drudgery? Answers given by participants are as shown in the table below:

Participants contribution Drudgery and health effects Interventions that could help Traditional fish smoking • Smoke from production

• Harmful effects of heat • Fetching of firewood

Improving and modifying smoking equipment to enhance process

Fufu pounding Depletion of metabolic energy • Fufu pounding machine • Educate traditional

women fufu powder processing

Gari processing Sitting for long hours by heat The peeling and grating process

Provision of machinery

Cowpea shelling/ Rice milling

Long hours of pounding with metabolic energy

Provision of machines that could easily de-hull and process rice grains

Shea-butter/ pito processing Energy used in fetching fire wood

Provision of machines to help easy processing

Participants were asked why we had these problems and they attributed them to the unavailability of improved technologies or cost of technologies. The facilitator went ahead to explain energy planning and energy services approach. It was stressed that in the energy planning and services approach the needs of the people is paramount. Thus, the intervention being provided must fit into the program of the community through consultations with opinion leaders.

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Q. What does the energy services approach mean? In the energy services approach, it was stressed that the target groups work towards meeting the need, increasing yield and decreasing drudgery of communities e.g. irrigation, would provide constant flow of water to farms, decrease the drudgery involved in watering and improve yield. A participant intimated that even though locals can prioritize their needs, the planner must make the community aware of their needs. In using the energy services approach it is important to direct the community to identify their needs. In the energy services approach both rural poor and urban poor must be considered. The energy services approach alone will not be enough but always include other services or areas. Participants were reminded that in the energy services approach one need to look beyond the basic infrastructure available in the community e.g. if intervention was to improving yield by reducing drudgery of farming in women through the supply of farm machines and the road network is bad it negates the intervention. Thus in Gender and Energy projects the planner must remember that there is the technical aspect and the non technical aspect. It was noted that in some communities women for example are better at maintaining hand pumps than men. Thus for all planning of energy projects, gender needs must be assessed. Participants were concerned about the sustainability of the projects. They wanted to know what happens if an intervention is provided and cannot be sustained; what will be the use? Thus the importance of looking beyond the present becomes very important in energy planning. The participants were reminded that in energy services approach in Energy planning one must start with the analysis of needs, prioritize these with the community’s involvement and then implement the technical issues. Going with your own plan to implement may not work well. Incorporating gender concerns into energy issues during project planning was a problem for some participants. They were encouraged to educate women and empower them so they can serve in sensitive positions and assist in the implementation of polices. Therefore in all energy planning gender needs must be considered. It was agreed that in any energy or energy related project, it is important to identify the Gender needs of the community and what goals can be set in achieving this. Participants were taken through how to identify gender needs and issues. They were informed that in considering gender needs it is important to look at what the practical needs of the end users are. In assessing needs consider the following: Practical needs- these are aimed at making life more bearable for the woman while keeping her social function and duties. Productive needs- these when resolved will give the woman more time for other productive activities which will allow her to gain some income. This can be done through the provision of improved technology which will reduce drudgery. Whatever the intervention, women must be empowered. Strategic interest-these allow for self improvement. It helps empower women by making them more equal to men in position.

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Thus the planner can have a project that incorporates all these. It must be realized that there are no blocks around these needs in energy planning projects and should be used together where ever possible. Participants were divided into groups for discussions on Case study 1.4.1. They identified several problems faced by the women prior to the case study of integrated shea butter extraction project in Northern Ghana. These included: time wasting, low productivity, labor intensive, health risk through heat and smoke, exploitation, lack of working capital, low self esteem, lack of good working environment. After the project was implemented participants evaluated what had changed. They outlined how the project met practical needs as it saved time, improved working conditions, women had time for their families and to relax, improved health. It was agreed that it involved using less material to produce more. On productive needs, they stressed that it increased output, improved quality of output, increased income, capacity building, conservation of resources. On strategic needs, they agreed that more knowledge was acquired, better self esteem, ability to make choices, easy access to capital, decision making and participation in community issues. From this review participants were exposed to how one project was able to meet practical, productive and strategic needs of women in the community. It had a multisectoral approach. Participants were reminded of the importance of recognizing gender roles and gender relations. They were asked to always remember to consider men and women in planning and implementation of projects. A participant remarked that our society has its own standards thus it would be good to consider power roles. She asked if men will allow women to be empowered to empower them. The day ended with a summary of 3 types of gender needs: PRACTICAL: These are concerned with inadequacies in living conditions such as water, food, healthcare, employment and income. They arise in a given context and usually met within the short-term. When practical gender needs are met, the condition of men and women are improved without challenging or changing their roles. PRODUCTIVE: These when resolved will give the woman more time for other productive activities which will allow her to gain some income. This can be done through the provision of improved technology which will reduce drudgery. Whatever the intervention, women must be empowered. STRATEGIC: These arise from the subordinate position of men and women in society. They arise in a given context. These needs challenge or change the existing roles and responsibilities. Examples include equal pay for work or equal making positions, power to make independent decisions on when and how to use assets, assertiveness, and networking. When strategic gender needs are addressed, it improves the POSITIONS of men and women. GENDER MAINSTREAMING Mainstreaming gender in energy projects was discussed. It focused on planning energy projects to meet both the needs of men and women in communities so that one party is not left out. Participants were reminded never to assume that once a project is in a

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community it will meet the needs of both males and females. Energy policies and projects assume men and women benefit equally. They are gender neutral. In reality however, they are gender blind. They fail to recognise men and women have different needs. To have their needs fully met, women need gender aware projects. The sessions continued to explain gender mainstreaming versus the “women only” approach THE “WOMEN-ONLY APPROACH” The idea of 'women-only' projects gained support in the 1970s from a growing understanding that many interventions have done, unintentionally, harm to women while benefiting men. ‘Women-only’ projects focus on women alone. Supporters of ‘Women-only’ project believe that only in such projects there is any certainty that women will benefit. Many energy projects recognise women’s role as ‘chief cooks’ and ‘household energy managers’, and a number of special programmes have been set up for women, mostly to introduce more efficient or less smoky stoves, or to encourage a switch over to solar power or biogas for cooking. Many energy projects recognise women’s role as ‘chief cooks’ and ‘household energy managers’, and a number of special programmes have been set up for women, mostly to introduce more efficient or less smoky stoves, or to encourage a switch over to solar power or biogas for cooking. ‘Women-only’ project mostly focus on the women’s roles as cooks, gatherers of fuel wood and income generators. From some women’s only projects not only women benefit, but also the rest of the village. ‘Women- only’ projects focus on women alone, taking no account of men’s roles or needs. They involve women fully in the implementation phase Women’s problems should not always be tackled in isolation from the main development activities. Since 1995, governments have an international commitment to taking a gender perspective. Sometimes women need additional help to ensure they can participate equally in projects. WHY MAINSTREAM GENDER? The need for gender mainstreaming in energy projects were discussed. Good gender planning makes good economic sense so that women as well as men are active, using 100% of the productive labour force. Studies have shown that discrimination based on gender increases poverty, slows economic growth and weakens governance. To promote gender equality is to promote fundamental human rights. Some of the benefits of gender mainstreaming included equality, efficiency and sustainability. Other discussions including principles of gender mainstreaming and how to mainstream gender in energy projects were elaborated. Some of the issues raised during gender mainstreaming included the fact that women may not be able to participate successfully in mainstreamed projects, Men may be strongly opposed to ‘women-only’ projects. The gender mainstreaming approach to development seeks to ensure that both women and men have equal access to and control over the resources and opportunities offered by the country. It is also concerned that all human development processes benefit from the knowledge, attributes, energies and insights of both women and men. Mainstreaming may not work, because women may not be in a position to participate on an equal basis with men (too heavy a workload already, no

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experience in making financial decisions, entrenched gender taboos for example, speaking up in front of men etc). Men do worry about how women will use their extra "free time" when new technologies are introduced which result in considerable time saving for women. This was treated in the form of role plays. Two role plays were conducted by the participants to foster greater understanding on the need to mainstream gender into energy projects. GENDER ANALYTIC TOOLS There were discussions on the use of gender analytical tools that are used to help to diagnose existing gender situation. The main purpose was to ensure that gender differences were not overlooked. Participants were reminded of why standard gender tools are not suited for energy projects. They were also introduced to the kinds of gender tools that are available for use noting that most gender tools take the form of matrices or checklists. It was explained that matrices (tables) are mostly used when the data is quantitative, whilst checklists (questionnaires/ guidelines) are mostly used when the data is qualitative; selection of appropriate tools and their proper use, followed by utilization of the results of the analysis performed in the decision making process. It was stressed that in gender sensitive energy planning, the application of such methods to any program or project which is promoting energy, whether through conservation, or through use of new technology, or through increasing the supply must be well executed. It is important for planners to know and understand theses tools well for effecting planning and execution of projects. Participants were taken through the Gender Analytical tools listed in the ENERGIA manual. Participants were taken through the framework for gender analytic tools: These are set of analytic tools developed specifically for the energy planning context. These tools are intended to assist the planner in the planning of energy projects. It is intended to be used in all projects, whether gender is a very important variable or not, i.e. it is the intention to mainstream gender. It is designed to follow standard planning procedures and include gender at every point. In this kind of planning, gender is seen as one of many important variables, but may not be the over-arching or most important one. The tools pave the way for energy project planning based on disaggregated data from the main stakeholders with a strong focus on the gender distinction. When organisations integrate these tools into their own project planning process they should arrive at a high quality, effective, gender sensitive energy project planning process. In project planning situations, there is no one typical or standard approach to planning energy projects, into which gender considerations could be slotted. In reality there are at least two different project planning situations in which gender and energy need to come together, and some variations of these. We distinguish two different planning situations:

i. Energy technology projects

i. Integrated development projects, in which energy is one component

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Energy technology projects: These are projects which set out to promote one or two particular types of technology, such as solar home systems, or improved stoves, or decentralised mini-grids. They are focused on the problems of dissemination and adoption of this type of technology. Such projects can be thought of as supply driven; the purpose is to promote certain kinds of energy technology, for the good of a given population. In this case the main question that arises from a gender point of view is, to what extent will this technology, or these technologies, bring about positive gender impacts? An energy technology project does not necessarily have to be initiated in the energy sector, for example, smokeless stoves could be initiated as a health sector project

Integrated development projects: Integrated development projects try to assist communities to develop over a broad range of sectors, of which energy may be just one, and in which energy may be just a component necessary for achievements in other sectors. The gender/energy question then becomes, what are the energy components necessary to achieve overall goals, including gender goals, and how can these energy requirements best be satisfied? Variations on this model are women’s development projects, where the target is clearly women. The question then becomes: to what extent is energy hindering the achievement of the gender goals and how can energy be used as a vehicle for the furtherance of women’s development? STEPS IN PROJECT PLANNING The various steps involved in project planning and implementation were discussed. The starting point for these two types of project is different, and therefore it is logical that to some extent the approach to gender must reflect this, particularly in the problem analysis and project formulation stages. However, in both cases the main line of reasoning is the same. It has also become accepted practice in both cases to use a participatory approach in which the community (target group) plays a significant role in defining the problems and setting priorities. In general one could say the main steps in both types of planning will be as follows: - Identifying stakeholders: Who is involved? - Problem analysis – what is the problem and how could we solve it (= project

formulation) - Identifying assumptions and external factors that could influence the project in a

negative way - Summing up before moving on to project implementation These steps are normally carried out in all projects planning where a standard project cycle, logical framework, or a sustainable livelihoods approach is used. The challenge is to introduce the gender element at every stage, using gender analytic tools specially designed for energy. In the framework, the gender/energy questions that are likely to come up in each stage in project planning are listed. At the stage of problem analysis and

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project formulation, there are two sets of questions in parallel: one set for projects of the energy technology type and one for the integrated development project type. Questions about the stakeholders, assumptions and external factors, as well as the summing up, are common to both types of project. Participants were asked if they recognised these four stages in project planning from their own experience. Or do they have a different approach to project planning? Are there other steps you include? DATA GATHERING METHODS Participants were also taking through participatory data gathering methods to assist them in administering interview during field data collection. These included focus group discussion, priority ranking, pebble ranking, village meetings, village mapping and interview skills for efficient data collection. There was a role play to access if participants understood the data gathering methods Participants were asked to review these methods carefully before field trip. A briefing of the field trip was given and participants were divided into three groups comprising those visiting traditional fish smoking, improved fish smoking and household. Participants were asked to prepare and develop tools for data collection for field trip 9.0 FIELD TRIPS Participants undertook a field trip to Tongor Dzemeni in the Volta Region of Ghana. Three teams were formed. Each team was required to prepare a report to cover the following:

• Introduction • Objectives • Methods Used • Analysis and interpretation of data • Lessons learnt • Conclusion

The framework used should identify: stakeholders, problem analysis, assumptions, external factors and summing up. Each of the teams were required to present a report on their field trip on the following guidelines: the type of energy used by the guest, problems identified, access and control of the energy identified, possible interventions and their level of acceptability and sustainability. Participants were reminded to use the tools they have studied during the workshop in their final reports presentation. The three groups respectively visited the traditional fish processing site, an improved fish processing site and a typical household within the Tongor Dzemeni Township in the Volta Region of Ghana. The reports submitted by the three groups are shown as Appendix IV.

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10.0 ACTION PLANS FROM PARTICIPANTS All the participants developed action plans to be conducted within their own organizations following the training acquired within the workshop. The details on these actions plans are shown as Appendix V. 11.0 WORKSHOP EVALUATION BY PARTICIPANTS The participants were happy with the general organization of the workshop. Their main concerns were lack of computers to facilitate easy preparation of their reports. They were thus advised to bring their laptops whenever possible to such workshops so they can easily work on their reports. Most of the participants said their expectations had been met and they had even come up with research questions they could help address in their respective work places. All participants had agreed that energy and gender issues were important in the planning of any project involving communities. Some participants said they had never considered the use of gender and energy in planning their projects. They had helped many communities in different ways but were new area they will include in their project planning whenever they are planning on new projects targeted at helping improve women’s status in rural communities. The participants noted that the content of the workshop was very educative and therefore more time should be allotted to allow time for assimilation of the facts and lessons learnt. The complete evaluation report by participants is shown as Appendix VI. Following the evaluation of the workshop, 17 said the opening ceremony was well organized with 11 saying it was very good. Majority (over 80%) responded very good to almost all the topics treated during the training workshop. The organization of the workshop comprising duration, venue, and general planning and organization were also regarded as excellent. 12.0 WORKSHOP EVALUATION BY TRAINERS The trainers were satisfied with the workshop planning, coordination and organization, and expressed their satisfaction with the ease of adopting the Gender and Energy Modules developed by ENERGIA to the Ghanaian situation, with only slight modifications. As well, they were pleased with the success achieved with regards to the workshop objectives and the degree of understanding and active participation by all participants during the training. They were impressed by the enormous expression of knowledge acquired by participants on gender and energy concerns within the 5-day workshop.

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13.0 FOLLOW-UP AND MONITORING OF PARTICIPANTS’ ACTION PLANS

The Ghana Gender and Energy Network reiterated their support for the follow-up exercise to be conducted by the participants in their respective work places. They promised ENERGIA to track and monitor the implementation of the action plans presented by all the participants and also provide technical backstopping for them during the anticipated workshops. 14.0 GENERAL COMMENTS COMMENTS BY DR. CLANCY AFTER FIELD TRIP REPORTS After the presentation of group reports Dr. Clancy made a few comments. She said that sometimes in focus groups outsiders can influence the answers provided. She said for example, if there was a prominent member of the community who inhabitants respected they may allow him to make all the suggestions sometimes not allowing the real inhabitants who know the day to day problems to comment about their real needs. She said gender is not static. She was proud to note that in typical African societies where men do not take on traditional roles such as washing children clothing they were starting to do that now. She also noted that young men today help more with house hold chores which was not the case sometime ago. She said the presentations were good and well presented. She was happy to see that participants had incorporated what they had studied in their presentation. She said when data is organized into tables as has been done the information is well presented and easily understood. COMMENTS ON WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION The participants were happy with the general organization of the workshop. Their main concerns were the lack of computers to facilitate easy presentation of their reports. They were thus advised to bring their laptops when ever possible to such workshops so hey can easily work on reports. Some participants also said their expectations had been met and they had come up with research questions they could implement at their work places. On e participant said she had never considered the issue of gender and energy in planning their projects. They had helped many communities in different ways but this was a new area they will add when ever they plan new project target at helping improve women’s status in rural communities. Dr. Clancy in her final comments noted that the action plans were interesting and hoped they will be implemented in the shortest time possible. From the action plans presented she realized participants had acquired a lot of knowledge and skills. She stressed that the development of women depended on type of projects taken into the communities. She said it was all about taking the help already being offered to a different level. She noted that in the upcoming ENERGIA phase IV which will look at Advocacy at the National level to make sure energy is engenderized to change policy in Ghana and other countries. She stressed energy projects has a good foundation in Ghana and ENERGIA may provide some aid to implement some of the projects. She was happy with the mixture of

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participants which has provided broad perspectives on issues. She continued that it behooves on the participants present to disseminate what has been learnt. She was happy participants had learnt something they could use. She thanked GEDA-GH and GRATIS for hosting the ENERGIA network in Ghana 15.0 CLOSING CEREMONY The chairperson for the closing ceremony Mrs. Susana Adu- Amankwa of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research expressed her satisfaction at the success of the workshop. These remarks were made after each participant has been presented with a certificate. In her closing remarks, she said Gender is used globally as a political term and hoped that the experiences acquired from the training and field trip will help in the empowerment of Gender and Energy issues in Ghana and will impact positively on policy. 16.0 RESOURCE PERSONS Based on Modules 1 and 2 and planning for the workshop, three resource persons handled the whole program. These included: Mr. Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah Mrs. Dede Bedu-Addo Mr. Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa is a Senior Lecturer in Food Science and Technology at the Department of Nutrition ad Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana. He has been involved in many local and international projects involving gender and energy concerns. Presently, he is away from the University on study leave, pursuing his Doctorate degree in Food Technology at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom. His contact e-mails are: e_afoakwa@yahoo.com or e.afoakwa@strath.ac.uk. Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah is a food scientist and the Gender and Development Coordinator of the GRATIS Foundation and the Coordinator of the Ghana Gender and Energy Network, in Ghana. She has been involved in many local and international projects involving gender and energy concerns and has more than twenty years of experience in Gender and Energy concerns as well as other related experience on Technology Transfer. She has authored a book on extraction of biofuel extraction technology at the village level in Ghana. and is involved in the training of females in male dominated fields. Her contact e-mail are: mensahsabina@yahoo.com or sabinamensah@hotmail.com. Mrs. Dede Bedu-Addo is a Gender and Organizational Development Advisor for SNV Ghana in Accra, Ghana. She holds professional degrees in Gender and Development, and has many years of experience in dealing with Gender issues within SNV Ghana and other development clients and partners. Her contact e-mail is: dbeduaddo@gmail.com.

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The workshop was backstopped by Prof. Joy Clancy of KUSINI, the Netherlands. She also acted as ENERGIA representative. Prof. Clancy has worked behind the scenes to push Energia to where it is now. 17.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The workshop and contents of the manual were generally accepted as very good. Presentations made by resource persons and the outcome of deliberations of three working groups on the topics treated and roles to be played by stakeholders for effective dissemination of the information acquired formed the basis of the recommendations by participants. The participants noted that the content of the workshop was very educative and therefore more time should be allotted to allow for assimilation of the facts and lessons learnt. Resource allocation was highly inadequate compared to the number of participants. Communication among participants was spontaneous and good and thus they suggested the opportunity must be exploited to strengthen the network in Ghana. According to one participant, the content of item five in module one was so interesting, useful and relevant to her work such that further support would be drawn from the organizers to carry out series of in-house workshops in the participants organizations. They requested for support to enable participants’ organizations to implement the action plans developed. Based on the success of the workshop it is being recommended that more of such workshops be organized in different sectors of the country to involve more participants. There was general opinion that ENERGIA must be commended for the worthwhile initiative.

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APPENDIX I: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

GHANA NATIONAL GENDER AND ENERGY WORKSHOP LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

NO. NAME ORGANISATION POSITION/RESP. SEX E-mail 1. Phyllis

Bannorkor Mensah

GEDA-GH Assisting in the coordination of the network in Ghana

F phylismensah@yahoo.com

2. Mabel Cudjoe

Dept of Women-Ministry of Women & Children’s Affair

Senior Research Officer, responsible for the research of the ministry.

F mabelcudjoe@hotmail.com

3. Edith Abruquah

Forest Services Division, Eastern Region

Regional Manager, responsible for implementation of plans & programmes of the Forest Services Division in the Eastern Region

F Edith022@hotmail.com

4. Dede Bedu - Addo

SNV Ghana Gender& Organisational Development Adviser, responsible for provision of technical advice &organizational development issues for SNV clients& partners

F dbeduaddo@gmail.com

5. Paul Tibil National Service Secretariat, Wenchi

District Director, responsible for district planning of development projects and environmental protection.

M tibilus@yahoo.com

6. Rudolph Kuuzegh

Ministry of Local Gov’t & Environment

Deputy Director, responsible for sustainable development.

M sandykuuz@yahoo.co.uk

7. Prof. Aba Andam

Institute of Science and Technology for Africa

Dean, responsible for coordination of interdisciplinary approach to science research at K.N.U.S.T to eliminate duplication.

F profbentil@yahoo.co.uk/istadean@yahoo.com

8. Joyce Jackson

World Vision Ghana

Gender& Development Coordinator,

F Joyce_jackson@wvi.org

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responsible for provision of leadership for gender programming, implementation, monitoring& evaluation.

9. Faustina Boakye

World Vision Ghana

Communications Manager Southern Sector, responsible for making video documentaries &writing stories on the activities of the environmental department, natural resource and sustainable agricultural development for international annual reports.

F fboakye2000@yahoo.com/Faustina_Boakye@wvi.org

10. Ruby Beechem

Ministry of lands, Forestry and Mines

Director, responsible for statistics and research

F rubyakoto@yahoo.com

11. Adriana Kawuo

Christian Mothers’ Association

Diocesan Organiser, responsible for organizing the Christian Mothers Association.

F damongoddo@yahoo.com

12. Atsu Titiati Enterprise Works/VITA Gh

Component Manager in charge of stove construction and dissemination and irrigated horticulture

M astu@africaonline.com.gh

13. Afishatu A. Mohammed

Catholic Diocese of Damongo

Gender& Education Coordinator, responsible for sensitization of community and schools to establish wood lot for a healthy environment

F damongoddo@yahoo.com

14. Monica Yenpoka Akanyani

Christian Mothers Association

Diocesan Organiser, responsible for training and field work. In the Upper East Region of

F Monicagh25@yahoo.com

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Ghana. 15. Amerley

Ollennu Asamoa

Electricity Company of Ghana

Regional Human Resource Manager, responsible for planning & developing of training programmes.

F amerasamoa@yahoo.com

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Grace Adjetsoe Adjei - Misa

UNIDO - REDS

Project Officer, responsible for advisory services to women agro-processors.

F

Adjetsoe.unido@africaonline.com .gh

17. Rose Mensah - Kutin

ABANTU for Development

Regional Programme Manager, responsible for promoting women in decision making, policy advocacy on poverty, conflict and ICTs.

F eno_gh@yahoo.com/abanturowa@4u.com.gh

18. Dr. Kwame Ampofo

RESDERM Managing Director, responsible for management of the company with speciality in biogas development and dissemination..

M ampofo_resdem@yahoo.com

19. Esther Anku

Environmental Protection Agency

Programme Officer, responsible for registration of pesticides, monitoring and evaluation.

F eanku@epaghana.org/estheranku@yahoo.com

20. Elizabeth Addai Boateng

Christian Mothers Association

Executive Secretary, responsible for the development programmes of the association in Ghana

F chrismascs@4u.com.gh/cmanational@u4.com.gh

21. Doris Duodu

Ministry of Energy

M amadwo@yahoo.co.uk

22. Caroline Akosua Tsikata

GRATIS Foundation

Marketing&Business Development Manager, responsible for demonstration of improved technologies, market/baseline studies, impact assessment, marketing

F caroltsikata @yahoo.com

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and training of beneficiaries

23. Kwame Asamoah Topen

GEDA-GH Supporting coordination of the network in Ghana

M kasamoahtopen@yahoo.com

24. Patricia Aboe

CSIR – Animal Research Institute

Head, Livestock Economics and Extension Division, responsible for interaction with farmers to access needs &acceptability of technologies developed by the institute.

F pataboe@yahoo.com

25. Sylvia Oteng

Ministry of Energy

F littlebagio@yahoo.co.uk

26. Gifty Delali Tettey

Rural Energy and Environment System

F giftytettey@yahoo.com

27. George Cudjoe Dake

UNIDO-REDS Project Supervisor, responsible for advisory services to women agro-processors on efficient use of energy in relation to their specific activities &safety measures in using the energy.

M dakezot@yahoo.com

28. Edem Afi Akotia

UNIDO-REDS Project Officer, responsible for project management, organization of workshop for stakeholders, entrepreneurs and networking.

F edemfs@yahoo.com

29.

Prof. Kwadwo Ofori

Crop Science Dept. University of Ghana, Legon

Senior Lecturer, responsible for teaching and research on crop plants.

M

kofori@ug.edu.gh

30. Marian Tackie

Ministry of Women and Children Affairs

Director International Desk Women, responsible for population, health&

F Mtackie2005@yahoo. com

30

food and lands &forestry issues within the ministry.

31. Harriet Amissah Arthur

KITE Director, responsible for project development and management.

F haarthur@kiteonline. net

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Abena K. Kwakwa

ABANTU for Development

Programme Officer, responsible for coordination of programmes on women’s issues in Ghana.

F abenakkwakwa@ yahoo.com

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APPENDIX II: GRATIS FOUNDATION - ORGANIZATIONAL BAC KGROUND AND CAPACITY The GRATIS Foundation evolved from the Ghana Regional Appropriate Technology Industrial Service (GRATIS) Project which was established in 1987 by the Government of Ghana with support from the European Union (EU) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to promote small-scale industrialization in Ghana. This was to develop, promote, and disseminate marketable technologies and skills for the growth of industry, particularly micro, small and medium scale enterprises and community-based projects in Ghana and West African sub-region. GRATIS operates through a network of nine (9) Regional Centres whose main activities are manufacturing spare parts and tools and also provides repair and maintenance services to support the food processing, fishing, textiles, transport, sanitation and light engineering sectors of the Ghanaian economy. This is achieved with a strong focus on agriculture/agro-processing, environment and sanitation equipment as well as technology-based training. One of the weak links in Ghana on gender and energy activities has been found to be the lack of appreciation for gender concerns, which is negatively impacting on performance of associated organizations. The Gender and Development Unit sees to the integration of gender concerns within the organization. GHANA GENDER AND ENERGY NETWORK (GEDA-GH) - ORGANIZATIONAL BACKGROUND AND CAPACITY GEDA-GH is a registered NGO. The aim of the Gender and Energy Network of Ghana is to build greater awareness among governments and the international community about the importance of gender issues in energy planning and policies and secondly to have that awareness reflected in new, concrete commitments and actions by Governments and other development actors to mainstream gender considerations into energy decision making. It is our objective to:

• Train and organize women to become energy technicians as well as operate and maintain equipment.

• Use developed technologies to create sustainable rural industries. • Create avenues for outreach and policy advocacy, awareness creation, training

and networking • Link women with international agencies to improve themselves economically

and technically • Collaborate with organizations to encourage the implementation of pilot

demonstration units and develop marketable and appropriate energy efficient technologies to be gender sensitive.

• Help women entrepreneurs build confidence and improve their marketing strategies through relevant training.

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Membership is opened to committed professionals of at least three years working experience in the fields of energy/development/gender planning and project management and policy making from governments, NGOs, academia etc. APPENDIX III: SPEECHES AT THE OPENING CEREMONY A. SPEECH BY REPRESENTATIVE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, R URAL

DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT The representative raised the following issues in his speech:

1. Gender issues reporting will be better enhanced with the outcome of this workshop.

2. National profile on Agenda 21 has a chapter on women. There is the need for a regularly updated database on women.

3. At the CSD, 14 Ghana urged the step down of the West African gas pipeline to benefit rural women and local industries such as fish smoking etc.

4. Women concerns should be more involved in the United Nations sustainable development process (i.e. CSD process). They need support to actively participate.

B. SPEECH BY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MINISTRY OF EN ERGY (MOE)

Madam chair person, Honorable Senior Minister, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, The MOE recognizes the important role women play in energy use particularly in the household, agriculture and commercial sectors of the economy. One of the policy objectives of the MOE is to increase access to modern energy services in rural communities to improve the living standards of the poor majority and women in particular. The rural electrification program, petroleum distribution improvement program, the renewable energy development program among others is efforts of the MOE to reduce the burden of women. The MOE would be glad to work together with professional women in energy to strengthen the linkage between gender and energy to ensure increased use of modern energy services to women in particular. Thank you C. CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS PROF ABA BENTIL ANDAM (Dean, Institute of Science and Technology for Africa, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana) SALUTATIONS Senior Minister, Hon. JH Mensah Representative of Minister for Women’s affairs- Madame Marian Tachie

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Representative of chief director of Ministry of Local Government Representative of Minister of Energy Mr. Topen, President of GEDA-Ghana Professor Joy Clancy, ENERGIA Representative Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah, ENERGIA Contact person, Ghana , Staff of GRATIS Foundation, Distinguished invited Guests, ladies and gentlemen, Introduction Throughout the world, energy policies have a. visible impact on our lives and therefore such policies drive the socio-political agenda. As we all know, the progress of women means progress for all. Indeed, Mrs. Indira Ghandi, former Prime Minister of India is recorded to have intimated that the level of development of women in any country is an index of the level of development of that nation. Dr Kwegyir Aggrey, the famous Ghanaian educationist, put it in an equally succinct note: "The surest way to keep a people down is to educate the men, and neglect the women." Energy security is defined in terms of the physical availability of supplies to satisfy demand at a given price (IEA, 2001). Energy security can also be taken to mean the availability of energy at all times in various forms, in sufficient quantities, and at affordable prices. These conditions must prevail over the long term if energy is to contribute to sustainable development. Energy development policies in Africa are lacking or are still in their infancy. Energy needs in Africa are high; energy demands in Africa will continue to grow as the continent's population escalates, and as African countries industrialize. It is also clear that success factors towards sustainable energy resource development in Africa include human capacity building, institutional research strengthening and development. Therefore, we need to take stock of and quantify the existing and future energy resources for Ghana and indeed for Africa. We need to identify appropriate strategic partners for regional and international co-operation in information and technology sharing, and in developing the energy harnessing regulatory framework for Ghana and Africa. Africa currently supplies 10.4% of the world supply of oil. Africa's oil potential is estimated to be between 7.63 million barrels per day. Africa holds great potential for producing good quality oil, but we also face many problems in gaining access to these stores. Similar statistics abound for other sources of energy. Taking Ghana as an example, the average solar radiation is in the range 16-29 MJ/m2. The daily solar irradiation is in the range 4-6 kWh/m2. This corresponds to an annual sunshine duration of between 1,800 and 3,000 hours. Recent studies have identified sites along the coastal regions of Ghana, having adequate wind speeds for power generation. Hydropower potential in Ghana is a source of hope, with 18 potential sites giving the possibility of a total capacity of 1243 MW and an annual power generation of 4,547 GWh. These sites are located on the Black Volta, White Volta, Oti, Pra and Tano rivers. (Energy Commission, 2004). To meet daily energy needs, many rural women are saddled with the problem of spending more than five hours daily to gather firewood either for cooking or for sale. What can we do to solve these problems in order to conserve the forest and reduce poverty? A stakeholder meeting on the issue recently advocated the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as

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alternative source of energy and for poverty reduction. It is worth our attention, and intervention, whenever possible, that realizing that Ghana requires a better integrated energy resource development planning strategy, which should incorporate short-, medium-, and long-term planning strategies, whose formulation must encompass participatory approaches, at all levels, it is important to position women adequately to help establish a new order. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Millennium Development Goals can be best achieved in terms of the adequacy of the quality and quantity of energy service in developing countries The Challenge of Sustainability Although there appears to be no near-term physical limit to the world's energy supply, today's energy system is unsustainable because of equity issues as well as environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns that have implications far into the future. • Modern fuels and electricity are not universally accessible. This is no doubt an inequity that has moral, political, and practical dimensions in a world that is becoming increasingly interconnected. • The current energy system is not sufficiently reliable or affordable to support widespread economic growth. The productivity of one third of the world's people is compromised by lack of access to commercial energy, and perhaps another third suffer economic hardship and insecurity due to unreliable energy supplies. • Negative local, regional, and global environmental impacts of energy production and use threaten the health and well being of current and future generations. Three options for addressing the challenges of sustainability are:

i) increasing the efficiency of energy, ii) increasing reliance on renewable sources of energy, and iii) developing new technologies.

Efficient energy conversion both at the supply-side and demand-side is important for energy sustainability. Goldenberg and Johansson (2003) have suggested that the energy problem of developing countries is not primarily a problem of scarcity of energy per se, but inefficient energy conversion to obtain the desired energy services. Operational efficiency (transformation of primary energy into final energy) • Technical and distribution losses • Reducing emissions by technical means, fuel substitution etc (our energy choices must show more respect for the environment) End-use efficiency, including efficient transportation system, efficient design of building envelopes, efficient cook-stoves, efficient electrical appliances and machinery etc (creating infrastructure that demands low energy consumption). Barriers that militate against the widespread increase of access to modern energy in rural Africa are: • Low-income households are unable to fund the high connection costs of grid electricity. Given the low densities and low demand, rural areas cannot be grid-connected without substantial subsidies. • It is difficult to improve a household's ability to afford new connections and associated services through credit financing, due to the non-cash-operating economy and lack of traditional forms of collateral.

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Therefore, without creating infrastructure that promotes local industry/commerce for the production of goods and services for local use, export and for wealth generation, increasing greater access of energy in rural areas will be a dream. This calls for innovation in product design and development. This innovation must be managed using systems thinking and must involved academia, industry, commerce, government ministries etc. such collaboration could also be extended to include the manufacturing of ancillary components for renewable energy systems. This will create jobs and alleviate poverty. Conclusion In conclusion, notwithstanding the skewed energy distribution in Africa, the continent has the energy resources that can be exploited in a sustainable manner for the benefit of its people. This, is however saddled by the high rate of illiteracy in Africa, especially illiteracy among women in rural Africa. Women are capable of making changes for the better if the are given the necessary empowerment. It would be in the interest of Africa if the education of women is taken seriously and pursued to the fullest since women are much more associated with the primary use of fuel in Africa. Thus, introducing women to renewable sources of energy, and educating women on the use of renewable sources of fuel would go a long way to ensure sustainable energy in Africa. We are here this morning to start a training Workshop which seeks to direct attention to this very important consideration, namely the empowerment of women to discharge the responsibility assigned to them by nature and society as custodians of energy resources. This Workshop hopes to empower women to meet the expectations society places o them as custodians of energy resources of our communities. I have the singular honor to be part of this Workshop and to declare the Workshop duly opened. May God bless us all. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Communique, AAS Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, November 2005 2. Aba Bentil Andam. Sustainable energy for Africa: Women's ability to effect changes. In Proceedings of The 20th Anniversary Conference of the African Academy of Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya. 11-16 December 2005 3. S. Afrane-Okese, Y. & Thorn, C. 2001, Understanding the South African off-grid electrification programme. Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town. 4. Davidson, O. R. 1992. Energy issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Annual review of energy and the environment, 17: 359-403. 5. Davidson, O & Sokona, Y. 2001. Energy and sustainable development: Key issues for Africa. In Wamukonya, N (ed). Proceedings of the African High-level Regional meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for the Ninth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development. Roskilde: UNEP. 6. Davidson, O R & Turkson, J 2001. Overcoming financial barriers to wider use of renewable energy technology in Africa. International journal of global energy issues, 15 (1-2). 7. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) 1999. The role of wood energy in Africa: Wood energy today for tomorrow. Working Paper FOPW/99/3. FAO, Rome

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D. REMARKS BY MR. JOHN ELUERKEH - AG. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER GRATIS FOUNDATION

Madam Chairperson, Hon. J. H. Mensah, Senior Minister, Representative of ENERGIA International Network, Representatives of Women's Groups, Partners in Development, Members of the Press, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen. On behalf of GRATIS Foundation, I wish to express my pleasure to be part of today's function, which is the opening of the first National Gender and Energy Training of Trainers Workshop. As we may all be aware, this workshop, which is being organized by the Ghana Gender and Energy Network (GEDA) in collaboration with the GRATIS Foundation, under the auspices of ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, Netherlands, is aimed at strengthening gender and energy networking in Ghana. Madam Chairperson, gender and energy are like two sides of a coin. The close relationship between the two and its impact on our environment and our lives makes it imperative for us all to recognize and strengthen the relationship.

The GRATIS Foundation has during the 18 years of its existence been working towards strengthening this relationship through its technology development and transfer program. Gender and energy considerations are reflected in skills training programs, equipment manufacture and the implementation of community projects by GRATIS and its network of Regional Branches and District Centers.

Ladies and Gentlemen, the manufacture of an improved and environmentally friendly LPG-fired Fish Smoking Oven following on the heels of the improved "chorkor" smoker both of which are currently being used by fishmongers in the Greater Accra, Central, Western and Volta Regions are testimony to GRATIS' commitment towards curbing post harvest losses, increasing productivity and incomes, eliminating drudgery and linking gender to energy. Another gender related energy saving and efficient equipment introduced by GRATIS is the saw dust stove. The saw dust stove is fueled mainly by saw dust, an energy source that is easily available and affordable. High energy users such as "chop bar" operators, cook houses and kitchens in boarding schools, hospitals and prisons are encouraged to use the saw dust stove to help conserve energy and reduce the environmental and health hazards posed by heaps of saw dust generated by the wood working sector.

Madam Chairperson, the Shea Butter and Jatropha Oil Processing project implemented by GRATIS at Gbimsi in the Northern region under the GRESDA Ghana Project funded by the United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM) is worth mentioning at this juncture. Under this project, the women of Gbimsi have been assisted to process shea butter and to cultivate a Jatropha farm. The women process the Jatropha seeds into Jatropha oil which is used to power diesel engines for the processing of shea butter as well as the

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extraction of Jatropha oil. Jatropha oil when processed in large quantities in Ghana could eventually be used to power diesel engines currently being used to operate cassava, palm, groundnut, shea butter, grains, legumes and cereal processing equipment.

Ladies and Gentlemen, introduction of alternative energy sources that are affordable and environmentally friendly depends a lot on education and awareness creation. The introduction of new and alternative sources of energy, like most innovations, should incorporate the socio-cultural preferences of end users. Madam Chairperson, may I use this opportunity to urge us all to work together at strengthening the link between gender and energy in all aspects of our activities. Thank You. E. REMARKS BY GHANA GENDER AND ENERGY NETWOK (GEDA- GH)

REPRESENTATIVE Madam Chairperson, Hon. Senior Minister, Hon Minister of Women and Children Affairs Representative of ENERGIA International Network, Chief Executive Officer, GRATIS Foundation, Distinguished participants, Members of the Press, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen. The aim of the Gender and Energy Network of Ghana is to build greater awareness among governments and the international community about the importance of gender issues in energy planning and policies and secondly to have that awareness reflected in new, concrete commitments and actions by Governments and other development actors to mainstream gender considerations into energy decision making. It is our objective to:

• Train and organize women to become energy technicians as well as operate and maintain equipment.

• Use developed technologies to create sustainable rural industries. • Create avenues for outreach and policy advocacy, awareness creation, training

and networking • Link women with international agencies to improve themselves economically

and technically • Encourage the implementation of pilot demonstration units and develop

marketable and appropriate energy efficient technologies to be gender sensitive.

• Help women entrepreneurs build confidence and improve their marketing strategies through relevant training.

Membership is opened to committed professionals of at least three years working experience in the fields of energy/development/gender planning and project management

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and policy making from governments, NGOs, academia etc. ENERGIA, the international network on gender and sustainable energy is organizing this workshop in collaboration with the GRATIS Foundation and the gender and energy network in Ghana is proud to be associated with this program. On behalf of the GEDA-GHANA, we appreciate the efforts of ENERGIA in extending this program to Ghana. We are also grateful to the GRATIS Foundation for fruitful collaboration in organizing this workshop. It is our hope that the five days that we will spend here would prepare us to tackle gender and energy issues in a sustainable manner. The work ahead of us is enormous and we would encourage more professionals to join the network to enhance gender and energy networking in Ghana. THANK YOU APPENDIX IV: FIELD TRIP REPORTS A. REPORT ON HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AT TONGOR DZEMENI 1. Introduction The group visited two households – one male headed and the other female headed. In both cases, none of them had their children in school. They all complained of financial difficulties. 2. Objective The objective of this visit in each case was to find out about the following;

a) The energy levels, needs and the technologies used in these settings b) Control, access and maintenance of the various sources mentioned

3. Methodology The focus group method was employed and in addition, an elderly man was interviewed to fill us in with what we felt may be gaps. 4. Interpretation and analysis of data In both situations (Tables 1 A and B) , it was realized that the main form of energy source used was fuel wood which is used for cooking purposes only. In the case where electricity was found, it was used mainly for lightening purposes in the night not for commercial purposes. Again when asked about their priority, they mentioned that the source should be anything different from electricity. They preferred using lantern for the night. 5. Lessons learnt

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Despite the number of commercial activities found in the area, most of the children were out of school. Parents complained of financial constraints. Instead, some parents preferred giving out their children to nearby herdsmen for a period of four years in return for a cow. In spite of the presence of electricity in the community, it is not the priority energy source of the members. They would rather make use of the available raw materials (firewood) which is cheaper and easily available. The difference in gender has no influence on the type of energy form used. Both male and female are comfortable with the traditional forms of energy. The control, access and maintenance of the energy type used, was done by women. 6. Conclusion The energy levels, needs and technologies of the community were down the energy ladder. That is access; control and maintenance were in purview of women.

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Table 1. Survey on Strengthening Gender and Energy Networks in Relation to Households

A. Low income

I. Energy technology in current and future activities What energy sources and technologies are involved in the activities people presently undertake and what are the energy requirements of any new activities which they plan to undertake in the future? Activities in which energy is used

Men Women Form of energy How much energy

Cost Where energy is obtained from

Energy technology used

Productive activities Fishing Transport Metabolic Stay 5-11

hours on lake Food

Agriculture Transport Metabolic Walk 2 miles

to farm Food Manual

Processing Mechanical (cassava)

Diesel Diesel engine

Harvesting (cassava & maize)

Metabolic Manual

Preservation Solar (maize) Sun Non-agricultural production Products made for sale, (carpenter - canoes)

Metabolic ¢300,000 monthly

Food Manual

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Reproductive activities Food preparation Obtaining water Metabolic Fetched from

lake Food

Obtaining fuel Metabolic and fuel wood

Walk 2 miles to farm

Food & Firewood

Cooking Fuel wood Firewood Traditional Storing food Fuel wood Firewood Heating Other Heating Fuel wood Firewood Lighting (lantern) Liquid A bottle per

day ¢1,000 Kerosene

Household maintenance Metabolic Food Leisure activities Entertaining (story telling) Liquid A bottle per

day ¢1,000 Kerosene

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II. The role of energy technologies in changing tasks In what way can energy technology play a part in improving the tasks that people (men/women) have prioritized and why? Women Main task identified for improving Possible energy solutions Why Cooking Charcoal To reduce the effect of smoke and heat from the

firewood Men Main task identified for improving Possible energy solutions Why Employment (carpentry shop) Electricity To be able to work in the evening

B. Use and control over energy technology Who (men/women) uses and who controls energy sources and technology used? Use of energy technologies and services in households User Men Women Who uses the technology or services? Firewood Lantern (traditional) non- improved For what purposed is it used? Cooking Lightening Where is it located? In the house

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Control Men Women Acquisition

• Who decided to purchase the energy technology/appliances? • Who paid/is paying for the energy/technology/appliances (or were they a gift from relatives)? • What energy technologies were available, and why was this one chosen? Electricity and charcoal

were available but firewood and kerosene were chosen because of lower cost

Access and benefits • Who decides who uses it and for what purpose? • Are there any negative aspects? Smoke & heat from

firewood • Who decides on where it is located?

Supply • Who purchases/collects the energy source used? • Who decides how much, when and where to collect/purchase the fuel (kerosene etc)? • Who pays?

Maintenance • Who is responsible for maintenance? • Who has access to resources necessary for maintenance?

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B. Middle Income Household

I. Energy technology in current and future activities What energy sources and technologies are involved in the activities people presently undertake and what are the energy requirements of any new activities which they plan to undertake in the future? Activities in which energy is used

Men Women Form of energy How much energy

Cost Where energy is obtained from

Energy technology used

Productive activities Fishing Processing Metabolic & fuel

wood ¢18,000

per week

Food & firewood

Traditional (Chorkor smoker)

Other commercial activities Production of charcoal for Sale

Fuel wood ¢9,000 per day

Traditional

Micro-enterprises e.g. Cooking (chop bar)

Metabolic & fuel wood

¢9,000 per day

Food & firewood

Traditional

Reproductive activities Food preparation Obtaining water Metabolic 20 minutes Food Obtaining fuel Metabolic & fuel

wood ¢10,000 Food &

firewood

Cooking Metabolic 2 hours Food Traditional Storing food Fuel wood Heating

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Other Heating Fuel wood ¢3,000

per week

Firewood Traditional

Lighting Liquid ¢3,000 per week

Kerosene Lantern

Household maintenance Metabolic Food Leisure activities Entertaining (church) Metabolic 4 hours Food Community activities Community committees Metabolic 2 hours Food Labour on communal Projects

Metabolic 2 hours Food

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II. The role of energy technologies in changing tasks In what way can energy technology play a part in improving the tasks that people (men/women) have prioritized and why? Women Main task identified for improving Possible energy solutions Why Light & deep freezer Charcoal, gas and electricity To help them in their fish processing business III. Use and control over energy technology Who (men/women) uses and who controls energy sources and technology used? Use of energy technologies and services in households User Men Women Who uses the technology or services? Chorkor smoker For what purposed is it used? Fish processing Where is it located? Processing workshop in community

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Control Men Women Acquisition

• Who decided to purchase the energy technology/appliances? • Who paid/is paying for the energy/technology/appliances (or were they a gift from relatives)? • What energy technologies were available, and why was this one chosen? Electricity, but firewood is

chosen because of lower cost & easily available

Access and benefits • Who decides who uses it and for what purpose? • What benefits does it bring and for whom? Household • Who keeps the profit? • Are there any negative aspects? Smoke and heat not healthy

Supply • Who purchases/collects the energy source used? • Who decides how much, when and where to collect/purchase the fuel (kerosene etc)? • Who pays?

Maintenance • Who is responsible for maintenance? • Who has access to resources necessary for maintenance?

B. IMPROVED ENERGY TECHNOLOGY - A CASE STUDY OF TON GOR

DZEMENI FISH SMOKING PROJECT

Use and control over energy technology Use of energy technology and services in productive activities

User Men women Who uses the technology or services 10% 90% For what purpose is it used For powering motor for fishing For smoking fish Where is it located In a facility for fish

smoking near the river

Control Acquisition Who decided to purchase the energy application

5% 95%

Who paid/is paying for energy technology

Women with support from GRATIS and MPs common fund and CIDA

What energy technology was available and why was this one chosen

Gas Fuel wood Electricity (this is appropriate for the fish smoking and processing

Gas Fuel wood Electricity

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Access and benefits Men Women

Who decides who uses it and for what purpose

Use and pay for facility Association of women./individual women

What benefit does it bring to the women

Improved their reproductive, productive and community roles

Are there any negative aspects Emission of smoke Emission of smoke Who decides on where it is located Women as a group Who is responsible for maintenance Women trained to

maintain the facility Control acquisition Who was the driving force being the facility e.g. Community members, NGO and the government

Women, government MP common fund with support from GRATIS/ CIDA

Access and benefits Who owns the facility. Private, community or government

Men pay to use the facility when necessary

Community/women association of fish mongers

What benefit does it bring and for whom

Mainly women, men and community as a whole

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C. STUDY OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF SMOKING FISH IN THE AGORDEKE COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH DAYI DISTRICT OF TH E VOLTA REGION GHANA, JULY 6, 2006.

INTRODUCTION

Fish smoking is one of the main occupations of the people of the Agordeke fishing community in the South Dayi district. The Agordeke community has electricity supply from the national grid, regular supply of pre-mix petrol and some community members own deep freezers, television sets, radios and other electrical gadgets. However most fish smokers use the traditional method of smoking where firewood is the main source of fuel. AIMS / OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to use the ENERGIA Gender Planning framework to study the traditional method of smoking fish. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

• Types and sources of energy used • Processes involved in fish smoking • Acquisition of inputs- supply of fish, etc • Technology used • Constraints to production • Improvements needed

METHODOLOGY Men Focus group discussion

Women In-depth interview Observation

Checklist used ASSUMPTIONS

Resting days on Sundays Only men go fishing Few men smoke fish Use of bamboo traps for fishing is illegal All traditional women fish smokers / Retailers-Large, Medium, Small scale smokers Fishermen / Men fish smokers

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Consumers

RESULTS STAKEHOLDERS

All traditional women fish smokers / Retailers-Large, Medium, Small scale smokers

Fishermen / Men fish smokers

Consumers Use of mainly firewood Long hours of smoking the fish Inhalation of smoke which results in health problems Purchase fish on credit Fishermen use bamboo sticks, basket traps, nets and hooks for fishing Fishermen use paddles and outboard motors

GENDER GOALS

Productivity Welfare

Stakeholders Productivity Welfare

All traditional women fish smokers / Retailers Large scale smokers Medium scale smokers Small scale smokers

Need for capital for fish and firewood (buy on credit currently) More smoking racks, Skills acquisition Need shed for improved security and shelter

Improved health Need shed over their head for improved security, Reduce drudgery

Fishermen Need for regular supply of fuel New and bigger canoes More capital

Reduce drudgery

CONCLUSIONS

Study showed women undergo lot of drudgery and endured health risks from acquisition and processing of fish during fish smoking

Provision of capital and credit to both men and women would lead to increase in fish acquisition.

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Provision of improved technology could reduce health risks for increased productivity.

RESULTS-PROBLEM ANALYSIS Stakeholders Daily Tasks to be improved Priority

All traditional women fish smokers / Retailers Large scale smokers Medium scale smokers Small scale smokers

• The availability of racks increased

• Cost of transporting fish • Hours used in smoking and

acquiring fish reduced. • Availability of capital

because of buying on credit

• Smoking fish in the oven. • A shed to be constructed to

provide security

• Capital to purchase fish and fuel wood

• Improved stoves

• Shed for security and safety

• Deep freezer

Fishermen • Availability of outboard motor

• Regular supply of fuel

• Availability of new and bigger canoes

• Availability of canoes • Availability of outboard

motors • Regular supply of fuel

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APPENDIX V: PARTICIPANTS ACTION PLANS A. Name: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research

Institute (CSIR-ARI)/ Crop Research Institute Title: Mainstreaming Gender in research project implementation Topic: Sensitizing research staff in Gender mainstreaming in research. Target Group: Research Staff of CSIR-ARI and Crops Department, University of Ghana, Legon and other research staff of the Ghana Society of Animal Production.

Knowledge and skills acquired:

Knowledge Acquired Skills acquired

1. Gender and Gender concepts 1. Gender Analytical Tools

2. Gender roles in energy projects 2. Tools for Participatory data gathering

3. Gender needs and goals in Energy planning

4. Mainstreaming Gender in Energy Projects

Problems identified in my organization that necessitate the training: 1. Gender and gender concepts need to be better understood in order to incorporate them

in research projects 2. Energy needs of target group is hardly considered in research project planning

How the skills and knowledge acquired would be used to do the training: 1. The research staff would be introduced to gender and gender concepts and how to integrate the concepts in planning and execution of research projects they undertake. 2. They would also be exposed to identification of energy needs with the view to incorporating that in the needs assessment stage of project planning 3. Researchers would be exposed to various participatory tools for data gathering

Factors that may hinder the execution of the training: 1. Availability of research staff for the training may result in difficulty in fixing date

and holding the training. 2. Availability of funds for the training - Such funds not incorporated in the institute's budget. Need to do external sourcing

Number of people to be sensitized: Twenty five (25) Form and duration of training: Three day sensitization workshop to be held by end of year

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Funding: 9,000,000 cedis-approx one thousand US Dollars to be sourced externally Resources Needed: 1. LCD projector and laptop - Hiring cost - 1,000,000 2. Handouts for participants- 1,500,000 3. Stationery for participants 500,000 4. Snacks 600,000 5. Lunch 1,500,000 6. Facilitators (2) 1,000,000 7. Transport@300,000 per head 1,000,000 8. Secretarial services 500,000 9. Miscellaneous 1,000,000 Total: 9,500,000 approx. 1000 dollars Patricia Aboe (CSlR-ARI) and Prof Ofori (U of Ghana) B. Name of organization -Christian Mother's Association of Ghana Title: TOT Workshop for Diocesan Leaders Target

i) Diocesan presidents ii) Diocesan Secretaries iii) Diocesan Organizers

Knowledge acquired: Concepts of gender and sex Gender roles in different Environments or culture Gender Analytic tools Skills acquired

I) Participatory approach methods ii) Role play Problem identified Distruction of the bush and household energy use as burning causes desertification. How the knowledge and skills acquired will help the organization.

(NACO)

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(i) The knowledge and skills acquired shall be used to train our

women groups on the negatives effects of destroying the forest household energy use.

(ii) Alternative source of energy for household use shall be suggested to them. (iii) Awareness shall be created to our women about gender mainstreaming and

basic concepts. Factors that will hinder the training work shop. (a) Funding for the workshop (b) Logistics such as teaching learning materials/tools. (c) Cultural values and beliefs How many participants you intend to train sixty women (60) What form will it take? A workshop - 3 days Sources for the workshop We intend to solicit support from (a) Ministry for Local Governments and Rural Developments (b) Ministry for women and children Affairs (c) Ministry of energy Schedule time frame October - November, 2006 Resources needed / budget estimate Computer - (1) @ 4, 170,000 = 4,170,000.00 Projector - (1) @ 421,000 = 421,000.00 Pen drive (3) @ 413,000 = 43,900,000.00 Teaching/L earning Tools (materials (Manuals) = 4,500,000.00 Stationery = 420,000.00

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Accommodation (60 participants) @$80,000 a day x 4 day = 19,200,000 Feeding (60 participants) = @ $80,000 per a day x4 days = 419,200,000 T & T @ an average of $3550, 000 per participants = $21,000,000 Local/ Association Contribution = Honoraria for 2 Resource person @ $200 day x 3 = $600 x 2 = $1,200 GRAND TOTAL ESIMATE in $@$9,200.00 = $11, 7177,391 $1,200 = $12, 9917,391 Complied by C M Participants; (1) Mrs. Elizabeth Addai - Boating (2) Adriana Kawuo (3) Monica Akanyani C. Name of organization: Environmental Protection Agency - Esther Anku: Title of workshop: Gender mainstreaming in environmental/Energy Issues Topic: Capacity building workshop on gender sensitization and mainstreaming in environmental/energy issues Target Group: All Departmental heads of EPA (including regional and district heads) Number of people: 25 Knowledge and skills acquired: -Gender and gender needs in energy projects -Gender needs identification -mainstreaming Gender in energy projects -Gender analytical tools including the framework

-Various techniques in presentations and data gathering e.g. Interviews, role play, participatory data gathering

How skills/knowledge will be used: -to prepare materials/modules for the work shop -to sensitize and train participants on the need to integrate gender in tackling environmental issues with emphasis on energy related issues Factors which will hinder implementation: -funds (availability/release of funds from management) -bureaucracy involved

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Resources needed: Training school facilities at Amasaman LCD Stationery Flip charts, markers etc Budget: Accommodation (for 13 persons x 2 days) 13 million cedis Meals and refreshment 20 million cedis Communication 1 million Stationery (A4 sheets, toner) 5 million Secretariat support 2 million Honorarium 12.5 million T & T 5 million Total 58.5 million D. Name of Organization: Ministry of Energy Title : Sensitizing Gender and Energy needs into Energy policies Topic: Workshop for management staff of Ministry of Energy on Gender and Energy Target Group: All the management staff of Ministry of Energy Knowledge acquired: management staff would be taken through the following

- Gender and Gender Concepts. - Gender roles in Energy projects - Gender analytical tools - Gender and Energy planning - Gender indicators

Skills acquired: Training could be done by either using the participatory methods and/or by lecturing Hindering factors:

External Getting funding support from donor agencies (Financial constraints) Internal Bureaucratic measures in our setup Seeking approval form top management

Participants to train : 15 members of management team How to run the workshop:

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-The head of Renewal Energy Unit and the Human –Resource Director would be entrusted to invite the top management for the training -It would be run at the Ministry Conference room at MOE during our monthly management meeting where all our directors and policy makers meet - The training would be held on three consecutive meetings

Source of Support: From Energy Fund and Government of Ghana Resources for training: Funds Provision of manuals Resource persons Time Frame: August- October 2006 on there consecutive management meetings Problems Identified:

Lack of policies on Gender and Energy (policies have not been made on that aspect).

Identification of productive uses of energy for economic activities Solutions to problems identified: Use of concepts on Gender and terminology tools to sensitize management staff on the correlation in Gender and Energy so as to make policies to that effect The management staff would be educated on the importance of looking out for gender needs and how energy installed would positively affect them. Budget: For 15 participants, the following would be taken into consideration Manuals Flip charts

Stationery Resource person Refreshment

Total estimate: 20 million cedis E. Organization: Ministry of Women and Children Aff airs Marian A-Tackie- Director MOWAC Purpose: To sensitize Ministries, Departments and Agencies on the need to mainstream Gender-Energy needs into policies, programs and activities Title of workshop: sensitization workshop to strengthen capacity for mainstreaming gender needs in energy services.

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Topic: Sensitization workshop for senior staff of MOWAC and gender desk officers and focal points of Ministry, Departments and Agencies on mainstreaming gender needs in energy services. Target Group: Senior staff of MOWAC Gender focal points/desk in MDA Chief Directors/Directors of MDA Collaborators: Ministry of Energy and Energy Commission Gender and Energy Network of Ghana Outline of knowledge and skills acquired: Participatory data gathering skills such as: Priority ranking Pebble ranking

Focus group discussions Interview techniques Gender needs in Energy planning

What problem relates to gender-energy you want to address in terms of your work: To bring out clearly the link between gender-energy needs and poverty reduction

How to address energy needs of women to help them shift from the bottom of the energy ladder

How do you intend to use skills gained? The skill is going to enhance my work as the director responsible for international desk of women within the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs- in reporting on implementation of international inventions, treaties, resolutions and declarations especially the link between meeting the MDGs, twelve critical area of concern of the Beijing Declaration and platform for action especially in areas dealing with Women and Environment and Implementation Agenda 21. I will brief my Minister and also submit a report and Action Plan for implementation. I will impact knowledge gained to other senior staff and Gender Desk officers/Focal Points in MDAs. Factors that might hinder implementation of action plan: Financial constraints Willingness of collaborating agencies to support financially How the training intend to run: Two-day sensitization workshop Briefing sessions Circulation of repot of the workshop Source of support:

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MOWAC (To be factored into 2007 budget) Other development partners: UNDP Resources needed for training: Financial, human and logistics Computer Flip chart LCD Resource personnel/facilitator Financial resource Organizational cost Fuel running cost Refreshment Honorarium for participants (T & T) Budget: Two-day sensitization workshop (Residential) for 50 participants at $85 per person 50 x 85 x 2= $8500. Two-day non-residential workshop for 50 participants at $17 per person: 50 x 17 x 2= $1700 Cost for use of secretariat services=$200 Cost for production/printing training materials/photocopy=$300 Stationery- A4 papers/notepads/pens= $400 Honorarium for two resource persons/facilitators (2)=$50 x 4= $200 Total estimated budget for two-day residential workshop = $10600 Total estimated cost for non-residential workshop=$3800 Time frame Activities Target group Action by MOWAC

collaborators Time frame

Briefing of Minister on out come of training program and submission of memo on policy and gender issues to be addressed through advocacy

Hon Minister (MOWAC)

MOWAC Energy Commission GRATIS CSIR

30th July 2006

Training of senior staff and gender focal points to build capacity on mainstreaming gender needs in Energy services

Senior staff-MOWAC Gender Focal Points MDA

MOWAC Ministry of Energy Energy Commission

15th September 2006

Dissemination of report of capacity workshop

- MOWAC 30 September 2006

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Implementation is subject to availability of funds F. Organization: GRATIS Foundation - Caroline Tsikata: Marketing Manager Title of Action Plan: Mainstreaming Gender and Energy into the Design and manufacture of Agro- processing equipment. Topic: Gender considerations in product design and manufacture. Type of training: two workshops: Design engineers (10) Fabricators (30) Target: GRATIS Design Engineers,

Fabrication and Product staff Knowledge acquired: Definition of Gender concepts and roles Gender mainstreaming in project implementation Gender needs assessment Skills acquired: Gender needs prioritization Use of Gender analytical tools Problems to be addressed at work:

Non-adherence to incorporation of gender considerations /issues in equipment design

How knowledge acquired can be used to address that problem: Sensitize design engineers and fabricators on the need to incorporate gender issues in product design and manufacture

Factors that night hinder action plan: Time (fabricators and design engineers) - internal Overcoming problem: Communicating ahead of time

Incorporating into work plan Resources needed: Resource person Funds Stationery and teaching aids Transport Source of resources: GRATIS training budget

GRATIS product development budget

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Time Frame: October 1st –December 1st 2006 Budget estimates: Training materials: 2million cedis Transport and fuel: 2.4 million cedis Meals and Snacks: 9 million cedis Accommodation: 2.6 million cedis Incidentals: 5 million Total: 21 million Cedis APPENDIX VI: PARTICIPANTS’ EVALUATION Evaluation of workshop by participants Excellent Very good Satisfactory Poor Opening ceremony 17 11 2 0 Gender and gender concepts 3 26 1 0 Gender mainstreaming in “women only” project

7 19 4 0

Gender in energy project planning 5 20 5 0 Gender needs and goals in energy project planning

8 14 8 0

Gender analytic tools 12 15 3 0 Framework for gender analytic tools 5 18 7 0 Using the worked examples- the Sudan case

3 17 10 0

Using the framework 5 18 7 0 Participatory Data gathering 6 20 4 0 Field trip 10 12 3 0 Participants involvement 10 7 13 0 Duration of workshop 12 5 13 0 Venue for the workshop 17 11 2 0 General workshop organization 15 8 6 0 APPENDIX VII: CLASS CAPTAIN’S REMARKS Honorable chairperson Organizers of this program Facilitators Fellow Participants Ladies and Gentlemen

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I deem it highly honored as the class representative for this workshop to stand here this day on behalf of the participants to give a summary report on activities which we have gone through for the past 5 days. First of all I will like to thank God and Organizers for making it possible for us to have such an opportunity to be trained in Gender and Energy. Colleagues, you will agree with me that we have had a very fruitful time with our facilitators. They have really enlightened and exposed us to some Gender Issues We have also had the chance to go through Gender and Energy planning issues, the use of Gender Analytic tools, identifying Gender needs to mention a few, We also remember the role plays we have had that have brought to light the various problems in our dear country ant to buttress our knowledge acquire on the various topic. Colleagues, in all we have crowned it with a field trip. This has helped us to put ourselves in the positions of our sisters who are into fish processing and the problems associated with their work. It is also an eye opener for all of us to help our fellow women and sisters mothers and wives to come on board to lift them out of their predicaments so they have live healthier lives given the necessary assistance. Lastly we thank ENERGIA, GEDA and GRATIS for making today possible. APPENDIX VIII: WORKSHOP PROGRAM OPENING CEREMONY 08:30 Arrival and Registration 09.00 Opening Prayer Mrs. Dede Bedu-Addo, SNV-Ghana Introduction of Chairperson Mrs. Caroline Tsikata, GRATIS Foundation Chairman’s Response Prof. (Mrs). Aba Andam Dean, Institute of Science and Technology for Africa (ISTA) Welcome Address Mrs. Sabina Anokye Mensah

Energia Contact Person-Ghana/ Gender and Dev. Coordinator (GRATIS FOUNDATION)

Outline of National Paper on Gender & Energy Situation in Ghana Key Note Address by the Hon. Minister of Women & Children Affairs

Guest Speaker’s Address by the Hon. Senior Minister Remarks by Prof. Joy Clancy-ENERGIA Representative

Remarks by Mr. John Eluerkeh – Chief Executive Officer,GRATIS Foundation

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Remarks by Mr. Kwame Asamoah Topen- GEDA-GHANA-Rep Remarks by Mr. Nsenkyire – Ministry of local gov’t, Rural dev. & Environment Remarks by Mr. Barnor –Ministry of Energy Chairman’s Remarks & Opening of Workshop Prof (Mrs) Aba Andam Vote of Thanks Mrs. Edith Abruquah, Eastern Reg. Director, Forest Services Commission Closing Prayer Mr. Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, GEDA-Ghana, Accra

Group Photograph 10.30 Refreshment PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES: DAY ONE - MONDAY 3 JULY, 2006 Session 1 09.00 - 10.30 h - Arrival & Registration - Official Opening Ceremony

- Group Photo - Introductions - Course Objectives - Participants Expectations

10 .30 - 11.00 h - Tea Break Session 2 11.00 - 13.00 h - Gender & Gender Concepts 13.00 – 14.15 h - Lunch Break Session 3 14.15 – 16.15 h - Gender Roles in Energy

Projects Session 3 14.15 – 16.15 h - Gender and Energy Planning 16.15 – 16.30 h - Tea Break Session 4 16.30 - 17.30 h - Gender and Energy Planning

Contd.

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DAY TWO - TUESDAY 4 JULY 2006 Session 1 08.30 – 10.30 h - Gender Needs in Energy Projects 10.30 – 10.45 h - Tea Break Session 2 10.45 – 13.00 h - Gender Needs Identification 13.00- 14.15 h - Lunch Break Session 3 14.15 -16.15 h - Identifying Gender Needs and

Goals 16.15- 16.30 h - Tea Break Session 4 16.30 – 17.30 h - Identifying Gender Needs DAY THREE - WEDNESDAY 5 JULY 2006 Session 1 08.30- 09.30 h - Mainstreaming and Mainstreaming

Gender in Energy Projects Session 2 09.30 – 10.30 h - Case studies in groups 10.30 – 10.45 h - Tea Break Session 3 10.45 - 11.45 h - Gender Analytical Tools 11 .45 - 13.00 h - Framework for Gender

Analytical Tools 13.00 - 14.15 h - Lunch 14.15 - 17.30 h - Action Planning Guidelines 14.15 - 17.30 h - Preparation of Action Plan DAY FOUR - THURSDAY 6 JULY 2006 Session 1 08.30 – 09.30 h - Review of Previous day Activities

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09.30 – 10.00 h - Planning for the Field Trip

Session 2 10.00 – 13.00 h - Field Trip 13.00 – 14. 15 h - Lunch Break Session 3 14.15 – 16. 15 h - Analysis of Field Information 16.15 – 16.30 h - Tea Break Session 4 16.30 – 17. 30 h - Writing of Group Field Reports DAY FIVE - FRIDAY 7 JULY 2006 Session 1 09.30 – 10.30 h - Group Presentations and

Discussions of Field Reports 10.30 – 10.45 h - Tea Break Session 2 10.45 – 11.30 h - Group Presentations and

Discussions of Field Reports 13.00- 14.15 h - Lunch Break Session 3 14.15 - 16.15 h - Action Plan Presentations - Back to Office Reports - Follow- Up

16.15 – 16.30 h - Tea Break Session 4 16.30 – 17. 30 h - Monitoring and Evaluation of

Training - Presentation of Certificates - Closure

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APPENDIX IX: TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT NATIONAL GENDER AND ENERGY TRAINING WORKSHOP ACCRA, GHANA Background Turning Information into Empowerment: Strengthening Gender and Energy Networking in Africa (TIE-ENERGIA) Programme in collaboration with ITDG-EA Practical Action and The East African Energy Technology Development Network (EAETDN) under the Capacity Building Programme undertook a Training of Trainers programme to strengthen capacity of 12 professional trainers from 6 countries of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana and Nigeria in order to build a critical mass of self confident women leaders and gender sensitive men to change policies, programmes and practices that affect women’s energy choices within the context of poverty. The training covered two themes: Gender and Energy concepts and Gender and Energy Project Planning. It was organized and hosted by Practical Action – Eastern Africa. As a result of the above training the participants were expected to:

a. Develop long term goals and work plans for national level training based on national needs and include plans for follow up.

b. Prepare training materials including adopting existing modules/ gender tools for use in the national training workshop.

To prepare for the National Gender and Energy Training Workshop in Ghana, a training needs assessment was carried out to;

i. identify the target group; ii. identify the training needs of the target group; iii. help develop the appropriate training materials for the workshop.

This assessment targeted officials at policy and planning level from the Ministries of Local Government, Women’s and Children Affairs, and Energy. Others included the Private Sector and other Governmental, Non-governmental Organizations and Academia. The assessment covered 4 areas namely: personal, employment and education details and participants’ experience, skills and knowledge in gender and energy planning. Practitioners at the community level and religious bodies were included to ensure

engendering of the energy choices at this level.

Justification: Ghana’s economy is based primarily on agriculture with industry, imports and exports, and tourism serving as support sectors. The energy sector like other sectors of the economy is largely formal and underdeveloped, with very little attention given to gender concerns and their impacts on the population. It is characterized by very low levels consumption of modern energy technologies, making it over-dependence on low-grade forms of energy especially biomass-based fuels, which account for more than 90% of the total energy consumption. Even though there is high level of electrification across the country with about 70% of the population connected to the national grid, only about 1% of the households use the grid power as their source of energy apart from lighting, while

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the majority of their energy use comes from biomass, diesel generators, batteries and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. To avert this problem, the Ghana Government has adopted a number of appropriate policies and strategies for interventions across the country to overcome the inherent adverse impacts of over dependence on biomass fuels. These interventions are in line with the overall energy policy goal of ensuring adequate, modern and sustainable energy supplies nationwide. Furthermore, the policies seek to harness energy supply systems that are cost effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly so as to meet the current and future demands of the economy. Even though the present Energy Policy Document makes particular reference to renewable energy sources, the importance of gender in addressing the Millennium Goals that seek to promote gender equality and empowerment of women is not very much highlighted during energy policy planning and project implementation. It is therefore important that policy makers, planners, governmental and non-governmental organizations and academia be brought together to sensitize them on Gender mainstreaming in Energy project planning and implementation to facilitate the attainment of sustainable development in the energy sector in Ghana. Summary of the findings Personal data: The respondents were all degree holders occupying senior positions at their respective places of work and able to influence the energy policy after the training. Of the total number of 45 interviewed 32 were selected to participate in the workshop.

There were 8 Males and 24 Females distributed as follows: 13 from government

ministries, 12 from the Private sector and NGOs, 3 from UNIDO, 3 from community

based women’s organization and one from a religious organization.

Participants’ experience The respondents are involved in policy related issues with regards to planning, design, promotion, energy auditing and monitoring, project implementation and organization of women at the community and religious levels.. The respondents identified the following gender and energy needs.

i. need for alternative sources of affordable energy for household use ii. Gender Mainstreaming iii. appropriate technologies for women household and community energy needs iv. low affordability, lack of sustainability of energy sources v. Policy issues and advocacy vi. Monitoring and Evaluation

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vii. project implementation and planning viii. Fund raising skills and opportunities, change management, reporting skills

and information, land tenure issues and practices. ix. need to have gender in energy planning x. participatory facilitation, traditional and cultural issues xi. promote economic empowerment of women xii. need to achieve the MDGs through energy policies xiii. Performance measurement, research skills, environmental issues and project

management. With the relevance of the course to the respondent institutional needs, the participants indicated that after the training they would be able to:

i. become gender sensitive and aware themselves ii. use participatory data gathering tools in projects iii. engender the design of appropriate energy technologies iv. mainstream gender into their energy planning and projects v. acquire knowledge on how to mainstream gender in projects vi. learn various ways of empowering women vii. know how to monitor and evaluate energy projects viii. enhance the use of renewable power by all gender ix. engender the planning and implementation of rural electrification

projects x. acquire fund raising skills and opportunities xi. enhance their capacity on gender and energy issues.

The following were noted for the respondents’ expectations for the training workshop:

1. to learn how to integrate gender into energy project planning and implementation

2. knowledge acquisition on how to enhance involvement and participation of women in policy making

3. to understand and be able to use participatory data gathering tools in energy research

4. to incorporate skills and knowledge acquired in energy policy formulation

5. to be ale to explain energy and gender issues to their communities 6. to promote gender sensitive energy policies in their organizations 7. how to create gender awareness in energy utilization and sustainability

especially at the community level. The participants would also acquire the following skills during the training:

i. Management and communication skills ii. Knowledge of other energy sources that can be exploited by rural women and

communities iii. Knowledge and dissemination of information on alternative household stoves

in Ghana iv. interpersonal skills in project implementation

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v. Case studies from the Household Energy Project in Ghana vi. Case studies on the Gbimsi Womens’ Integrated Project in Northern Ghana vii. Role playing skills

Conclusion: The needs assessment highlighted the need to educate and sensitize policy-makers, planners, energy practitioners, governmental and non-governmental organizations and academics to be gender aware and to appreciate the need to mainstream gender in their energy planning projects and other activities. Other needs expressed were to acquire skills that would enable them engender their energy policies, plans and actions. Way Forward: The data acquired from this assessment helped us to prepare for the training workshop that was scheduled for July 3rd - 7th 2006. Topics to be discussed included the following:

• Gender concepts in Energy Planning • Gender Roles and Relations • Gender and Energy Needs and Goals in Project Planning • Mainstreaming Gender in Energy Projects • Participatory Data Gathering tools • Gender Analytical Tools for Energy Project Planning • Stakeholder analysis • Problem analysis and project formulation • Identifying assumptions and summing up • Field Trips • Individual Institutional Action planning