Grasping the English Grammar

Contents 1

C O N T E N T SC O N T E N T SC O N T E N T SC O N T E N T S 1. The English Alphabet ..........................................................................................1 2. The Indefinite Article ...........................................................................................2 3. The Definite Article ..............................................................................................3 4. Plural Number .....................................................................................................5 5. The Sentence .....................................................................................................7 6. Numbers .............................................................................................................8 7. Personal Pronouns ...........................................................................................10 8. Introduction To Verbs //// ..................................................................................11 9. The Verb TO BE Simple Present Tense .........................................................11 10. The Verb HAVE GOT / TO HAVE Simple Present Tense .............................12 11. The Verb TO BE Simple Past Tense ..............................................................15 12. The Verb TO BE Simple Future Tense 13. The Verb TO BE Simple Present Perfect Tense 14. The Verb TO BE Simple Past Perfect Tense 15. The Verb TO HAVE Simple Past Tense 16. Demonstrative Pronouns This-That 17. Possessives 18. Uncountable Nouns 19. There is-There are 20. A lot (of)-Much-Many-Plenty (of)-A great deal 21. Interrogative Pronouns-Adjectives-Adverbs 22. Relative Pronouns-Adverbs-Clauses 23. Little-A little-Few-A few 24. Some-Any-No 25. One-Ones 26. Reflexive Pronouns 27. Verbs Active Voice 28. Present Continuous Tense 29. Simple Present Tense 30.

The English Alphabet 2

The English AlphabetThe English AlphabetThe English AlphabetThe English Alphabet ( )

A a () B b () C c () D d () E e () F f () G g () H h () I i () J j () K k () L l () M m () N n () O o () P p () Q q () R r () S s () T t () U u () V v () W w () X x () Y y () Z z ()

The Indefinite Article 3

The Indefinite ArticleThe Indefinite ArticleThe Indefinite ArticleThe Indefinite Article ( ) :

AAAA - - , , . .

e.g. a box - - a unit - - a horse - -

a uniform - - a hen - -

AnAnAnAn - - , , . . a, e, i, o, (u), (h). Note:

- uuuu e.g. an umbrella - -

an usher - () - , an unsociable person - - an unforgettable event - -

- uuuu . e.g. a useful notebook - -

a universal language - - a unique experience - -

-To hhhh . e.g. a house - -

a hotel - - - hhhh (silent letter)

e.g. an hour - () - an honest boy - -

Be careful: aaaa////anananan . e.g. He is a dentist. ( .)

Exercise 1: Put aaaa or anananan in the spaces. 1. ____ hat 2. ____ useful pencil 3. ____ hour 4. ____ clever student 5. ____ hotel 6. ____ big yard 7. ____ apple tree 8. ____ uniform 9. ____ English - Greek dictionary

10. ____ alarm-clock 11. ____ silly question 12. ____ good idea 13. ____ orange T-shirt 14. ____ word 15. ____ friendly letter 16. ____ excellent composition 17. ____ umbrella 18. ____ naughty girl

The Indefinite Article 4

19. ____ exercise 20. ____ black watch 21. ____ honest person 22. ____ church

23. _____ beautiful baby 24. _____ island 25. _____ amazing photo

Useful Vocabulary amazing: , -, - church: clever: , -, - composition: dictionary: hat: honest: , -, - hotel: island: letter:

naughty: , -, - pencil: photo: silly: , -, - student: , T-shirt: umbrella: uniform: useful: , -, - yard: ,

The Definite Article 5

The Definite ArticleThe Definite ArticleThe Definite ArticleThe Definite Article ( )

thethethethe (, , , , ). (, , ), .

thethethethe : - / .

e.g. The book is on my desk. The tall girl over there is my cousin.

- .

e.g. the sky the sun the moon the earth

the sea the Parthenon the Pyramids the Prime Minister

the West the East the U.S.A.

- languagelanguagelanguagelanguage (- - ).

e.g. I speak English fluently. [: I speak thethethethe English language quite well.] - thethethethe .

e.g. Mr. Jones - Jones Julie - Julie Athens is the capital of Greece.

- :

( ), e.g. the Alps , e.g. the Nile, the Thames , e.g. the Argosaronikos (gulf) , e.g. the Mediterranean Sea , e.g. the Canary Islands, the Dodecanese , e.g. the Pacific Ocean , e.g. the Greeks are hospitable/ the British are reserved , e.g. the Smiths ( Smith) , e.g. the Titanic, the Queen Mary , e.g. the W.W.F., the United Nations , e.g. the Neos Agon, the Daily News , e.g. the Kierion Hotel, the Hilton Hotel , e.g. the movie-theatre, the Radio City , e.g. the Goody s Restaurant


cinemacinemacinemacinema, theatretheatretheatretheatre, moviesmoviesmoviesmovies. e.g. How long has it been since you last went to the theatre? The last time I went to the theatre was last summer.

Be careful!: thethethethe, e.g. Plastiras lake. Note:

- church, hospital, home, market, prison (- - jail), school, court (), bed, college the .

e.g. Jim is in hospital (, he is seriously ill) [but I went to the hospital to visit Jim.] - the . e.g. the rich, the old, the young, the brave, the sick.

- the . e.g. Jim is the best student of all in the class.

Exercise 2a: Put the Definite ArticleDefinite ArticleDefinite ArticleDefinite Article only if it is necessary. 1. My mother goes to ____ church every Sunday. 2. ____ Olympus is the highest mountain in ____ Greece. 3. ____ Sun is not shining today. There are dark clouds in ____ sky. 4. ____ December is ____ month children like more. 5. ____ English language is easier than ____ German one. 6. Do you think ____ French is more difficult than ____ English? 7. ____ Acropolis, which is an impressive ancient monument is in ____ Athens. 8. ____ food we had at _____ Marys last night was delicious. 9. ____ Greeks are said to be very friendly. 10. ____ policeman arrested the thief and he took him to ____ prison. 11. Anne really loves reading ____ history because ____ Greek history is full of glorious battles. 12. ____ Seine is ____ river that crosses ____ Paris. 13. Why did you eat all ____ ice-cream I bought this morning? 14. ____ clothes which are imported from ____ Italy are ____ most fashionable. 15. ____ Man is responsible for the pollution of ____ planet Earth and for ____ destruction of ____ Nature.

Exercise 2b: Translate into English. 1. ;

2. .

3. . .

..


4. .

5. .

6. .

7. Plazza.

8. .

9. .

10. .

.. 11. ; .

12. .

13. ;

14. .

15. Times .

Useful Vocabulary advertisement: ancient monument: apartment: arrest: battle: beautiful: , -, - clothes: cloud: college: come from: company: cross: decide: delicious: , -, - destruction: director: Earth: fashionable: , -, -

fire: flat: fluently: fridge: glorious: , -, - grow up: ice-cream: import: important: , -, - impressive: , -, - intend: mountain: nature: necessary: , -, - planet: policeman: pollution: prison:


responsible: , -, - river: room:

school: staff: thief:

Plural Number 9

PluralPluralPluralPlural NumberNumberNumberNumber ( )

-ssss . e.g. book bookssss ()

toy toyssss [ ( )] girl girlssss ()

present presentssss () game gamessss ( )

:

yyyy, yyyy , yyyy -iesiesiesies.

e.g. baby babiesiesiesies () city citiesiesiesies ()

family familiesiesiesies ()

-ssss, -ssssssss, -chchchch, -shshshsh, -oooo, -xxxx -zzzz -eseseses. e.g. glass glasseseseses () box boxeseseses ()

-ffff -fefefefe, -ffff -fefefefe -vesvesvesves. : calfcalfcalfcalf () halfhalfhalfhalf () knifeknifeknifeknife ()

leafleafleafleaf () lifelifelifelife () loafloafloafloaf (, )

selfselfselfself () sheafsheafsheafsheaf () shelfshelfshelfshelf ()

thiefthiefthiefthief () wifewifewifewife () wolfwolfwolfwolf ()

e.g. wolf wolvesvesvesves () myself ourselvesvesvesves ( ) -ffff -fefefefe -ssss. e.g. handkerchiefhandkerchiefssss()

cliff cliffssss () proof proofssss () roof roofssss ()

Advanced LevelAdvanced LevelAdvanced LevelAdvanced Level: :

e.g. basis basesbasesbasesbases () criterion criteriacriteriacriteriacriteria ()

-ssss e.g. photo photossss ()

piano pianossss () radio radiossss ()

Plural Number 10

. :

man () menmenmenmen woman () womenwomenwomenwomen foot () feetfeetfeetfeet mouse () micemicemicemice louse () licelicelicelice goose () geesegeesegeesegeese tooth () teethteethteethteeth child () childrenchildrenchildrenchildren

penny () pencepencepencepence fish () fishfishfishfish sheep () sheepsheepsheepsheep deer () deerdeerdeerdeer trout () trouttrouttrouttrout person () peoplepeoplepeoplepeople ox () oxenoxenoxenoxen

Exercise 3: Put the following nouns into the plural form and translate them. 1. kiss .. = 2. day .. = 3. aunt .. = 4. dancer .. = 5. child .. = 6. country .. = 7. foot .. = 8. roof .. = 9. play .. = 10. life .. = 11. lady .. = 12. dress .. = 13. sheep .. = 14. window .. = 15. person .. =

16. photo .. = 17. watch .. = 18. story .. = 19. radio .. = 20. church .. = 21. man ..... = 22. key .. = 23. hobby .. = 24. loaf .. = 25. tooth .. = 26. thief .. = 27. uncle .. = 28. life .. = 29. mouse .. = 30. box .. =

Useful Vocabulary aunt: country: dancer: , dress: key:

kiss: lady: , uncle: window:

The Sentence 11

The SentenceThe SentenceThe SentenceThe Sentence ( ) : 1. .

(A sentence must begin with a capital letter.)

2. . (A sentence must end with a fullstop.)

- . (If the sentence is a question, is must end with a question mark.)

3. . (A sentence must have a subject and a verb.)

Note: , , . Examples: (Subject) (Verb)

My little brother is crying. Birds fly. Some men (people) are singing. Who is speaking?

4. . (A sentence must have meaning.)

- , My sister opened , .

My sister opened the door.

- , (word order):

1. I 2. cleaned 3. my shoes 4. this morning.

- . () ()

(totototo forforforfor), .

e.g. She gave me the book. She gave the book to me. Be careful!: , .

e.g. I think I can come. I thought I could come.

The Sentence 12

Exercise 4: Distinguish the Subject, the Verb, the Object and the Qualifiers to the following sentences.

1. You must sweep your room.

2. I am meeting John tomorrow.

3. My mother bought a new bicycle for me.

4. He likes ice-creams.

5. July comes after June.

6. Have you got any money? Useful Vocabulary buy: meet:

sweep:

Numbers 13

NumbersNumbersNumbersNumbers ( ) Cardinal Numbers ( )

1 - one () 2 - two () 3 - three () 4 - four () 5 - five () 6 - six () 7 - seven () 8 - eight () 9 - nine () 10 - ten () 11 - eleven () 12 - twelve () 13 - thirteen () 14 - fourteen () 15 - fifteen () 16 - sixteen () 17 - seventeen ()

18 - eighteen () 19 - nineteen () 20 - twenty () 21 - twenty-one (-) 30 - thirty () 31 - thirty-one (-) 40 - forty () 50 - fifty () 60 - sixty () 70 - seventy () 80 - eighty () 90 - ninety () 100 - one hundred ( ) 1.000 - one thousand ( ) 1.000.000 - one million ( ) 1.000.000.000 - one billion ( ) 0 - zero ()

Notes:

- andandandand. e.g. 356 = three hundred and fifty-six.

1.300.479 = one million, three hundred thousand, four hundred and seventy-nine. - - . 0000 zerozerozerozero . - hundredhundredhundredhundred, thousandthousandthousandthousand, millionmillionmillionmillion billionbillionbillionbillion ----ssss . , ----ssss.

e.g. Were there many people? There were hundreds.

Exercise 5: Write the following numbers. a) 3.678 ...... b) 267.874 .. c) 1.579.342 .. d) 219 . e) 989.313 .

Numbers 14

AdvancedAdvancedAdvancedAdvanced LevelLevelLevelLevel: , , , .

e.g. a two----hour lesson ( ) a ten----minute break ( ) a five----floor block of flats ( )

Ordinal Number ( )

1st - first () 2nd - second () 3rd - third () 4th - fourth () 5th - fifth () 6th - sixth () 7th - seventh () 8th - eighth () 9th - ninth () 10th - tenth () 11th - eleventh () 12th - twelfth () 13th - thirteenth () 14th - fourteenth () 15th - fifteenth ()

16th - sixteenth () 17th - seventeenth () 18th - eighteenth () 19th - nineteenth () 20th - twentieth () 21st - twenty-first (-) 30th - thirtieth () 40th - fortieth () 50th - fiftieth () 60th - sixtieth () 70th - seventieth () 80th - eightieth () 90th - ninetieth () 100th - (one) hundredth ( ) etc.

Note: . .

e.g. 13th January On the thirteenth of January.

YearsYearsYearsYears [ ( inininin)] - . e.g. 1999 19-99 In nineteen ninety-one

1678 16-78 In sixteen seventy-eight

Numbers 15

FractionsFractionsFractionsFractions () 1 2

1 3

1 10

2 3

10 100

3 4

Useful Expressions: once - - twice - - three times - -

four times - - exc

= one half = ten hundredth

= three quarters = two thirds = one third

= one tenth

Personal Pronouns 16

PersonalPersonalPersonalPersonal PronounsPronounsPronounsPronouns ( ) 1.

1 I

2 You

3 He ( )

3 She ( )

3 It ( )

1 We

2 You

3 They

, .

, .

, I am running (now) () , () , : It is cold today, It is hot today, It is raining cats and dogs. It is very important to think in English as well as to sound natural.

.

2.

1 Me /

2 You /

3 Him / ( )

3 Her / ( )

3 It / ( )

1 Us /

2 You /

3 Them , -, - / , ,

, .

.

e.g. He gave me the money ( ) He gave the money to me ( ) Meet me at the Fast Food Restaurant ( ) I like her/him ( /)

Personal Pronouns 17

I told them to wait ( ) I bought it for me, not for him ( , )

Exercise 6: Translate into English. 1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

INTRODUCTION TO VERBS

Simple Present 18

Verb to beVerb to beVerb to beVerb to be [Simple Present Tense ( )]

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative I am - Im

( )

You are - Youre He is - Hes She is - Shes It is - Its We are - Were

( )

You are - Youre They are - Theyre

InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative Am I ?

( ;)

Are you? Is he?

Is she ? Is it ?

Are we ? ( ;)

Are you? Are they?

NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I am not - Im not

( )

You are not - Youre not He is not - Hes not She is not - Shes not It is not - Its not We are not - Were not

( )

You are not - Youre not They are not - Theyre not

.

e.g. Are you a good pupil/student? Is she a lawyer? No, she is not. She is a dentist.

notnotnotnot . e.g. They are not at home. They have gone to the shops.

Exercise 7a: Fill the blanks with the correct form of the verb to beto beto beto be. 1. Helen ____a very kind girl. 2. ____ he a good student? 3. They ____ not at home now. 4. Mary ____ in the classroom for the time being. 5. I ____ an English teacher. 6. We ____ still in England. 7. Irene and Bessie ____ close friends. 8. It ____ freezing cold today. 9. The weather today ____ too hot. 10. Mrs. Fish ____ a really good French teacher. Exercise 7b: Change the following sentences into question and negative ones. 1. You are a doctor.

2. It is a new notebook.

3. We are in Europe now.


Verb to be (Simple Present) 19

4. It is a difficult question.

5. John is absent form class.

Exercise 7c: Translate into English. 1. . .

2. ; .

3. .

4. .

5. . .

6. .

7. .

8.

9. ;

10. .


Verb to have & have got 20

The The The The Verb tVerb tVerb tVerb to o o o have & have ghave & have ghave & have ghave & have gotototot Simple Present Tense ( )

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I have got - Ive got Have I got? I have not got - I havent got

( ) ( ;) ( )

You have got - Youve got Have you got? You have not got - You havent got He has got - Hes got Has he got? He has not got - He hasnt got She has got - Shes got Has she got? She has not got - She hasnt got It has got - Its got Has it got? It has not got - It hasnt got We have got - Weve got Have we got? We have not got - We havent got

( ) ( ;) ( )

You have got - Youve got Have you got? You have not got - You havent got They have got - Theyve got Have they got? They have not got - They havent got

, :

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I have - Ive Do I have I do not have - I dont have

( ) ( ;) ( )

You have - Youve Do you have? You do not have - You dont have He has - Hes Does he have? He does not have - He doesnt have She has - Shes Does she have? She does not have - She doesnt have It has - Its Does it have? It does not have - It doesnt have We have - Weve Do we have? We do not have - We dont have

( ) ( ;) ( )

You have - Youve Do you have? You do not have - You dont have They have - Theyve Do they have? They do not have - They dont have

AdvancedAdvancedAdvancedAdvanced LevelLevelLevelLevel::::

havehavehavehave havehavehavehave . :

I have breakfast ( ) Do I have breakfast? I do not have breakfast

You have a meal ( ) Do you have a meal? You do not have a meal

He has lunch ( ) Does he have lunch? He does not have lunch

She has dinner ( ) Does she have dinner? She does not have dinner


The Verb to have & have got 21

It has a rest ( ) Does it have a rest? It does not have a rest

We have supper ( () ) Do we have supper? We do not have supper

You have a bath ( ) Do you have a bath? You do not have a bath

They have a shower ( ) Do they have a shower? They do not have a shower

I have a good time ( ( )) Do I have a good time? I do not have a good time

You have a party ( ) Do you have a party? You do not have a party

He has a lesson ( ) Does he have a lesson? He does not have a lesson

, totototo havehavehavehave .

: ) (Past Participle) (Simple Present Perfect).

e.g. I have worked hard so far. ( )

) havehavehavehave hadhadhadhad (Simple Past Perfect).

e.g. I had worked in Germany before 1999. ( 1999)

) havehavehavehave (Simple Future Perfect).

e.g. I will have finished this Grammar Book by the end of 2009. ( 2009)

) . )

mustmustmustmust. e.g. I have to go ( ) = I must go

Do I have to go? = Must I go? I do not have to go = I must not go



- hadhadhadhad totototo () , mustmustmustmust (), .

e.g. I had to go ( ) Did I have to go? I did not have to go I had to buy a new pair of shoes last week.

totototo havehavehavehave , . e.g. I have my own car ( )

- : taketaketaketake (), have a mealhave a mealhave a mealhave a meal, have breakfasthave breakfasthave breakfasthave breakfast----lunchlunchlunchlunch----dinnerdinnerdinnerdinner, have a have a have a have a drinkdrinkdrinkdrink ( ), I am having a lesson at the momentI am having a lesson at the momentI am having a lesson at the momentI am having a lesson at the moment ( ), have a bathhave a bathhave a bathhave a bath ( ), have a partyhave a partyhave a partyhave a party ( ) = hold a partyhold a partyhold a partyhold a party ( ), have a resthave a resthave a resthave a rest ().

e.g. We usually have lunch at two. They are having a party tomorrow. I cant answer the phone, I am having a shower. Would you like to have some orange juice? Yes, please.

- . .

e.g. Do you have any free time? = Have you got any free time? ( .)

Exercise 8a: Put the correct form of havehavehavehave or have gothave gothave gothave got in the following sentences. 1. I ____ a lot of friends in Great Britain. 2. Alice ____ a cute puppy. Look at it. 3. The Johnson family ____ a big house in the countryside. 4. This cottage ____ a large yard with plenty of flowers and trees in front of it. 5. This block of flats ____ five floors. 6. ___ you ____ any brothers? 7. He ____ an old bicycle. 8. I _______ a pen. Can you lend me one? 9. My father ____ blue eyes. 10. George ____ a flat in Athens.



Exercise 8b: Translate into English. 1. ; , .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. . !

8. .

9. .

10. .

Useful Vocabulary block of flats: cottage: country: , countryside: cute: , -, - flat:

floor: , have a great time: lend: motorbike: watch: , yard:


Verb to be (Simple Past & Simple Future) 24

Verb Verb Verb Verb to beto beto beto be Simple Past Tense ( )

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I was Was I? I was not

( ) ( ;) ( )

You were Were you? You were not He was Was he? He was not She was Was she? She was not It was Was it? It was not We were Were we? We were not

( ) ( ;) ( )

You were Were you? You were not They were Were they? They were not

Simple Future ( )

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NeNeNeNegativegativegativegative I shall/will be Shall/Will I be? I shall/will not be

( / ) ( ; / ;) ( / )

You will be Will you be? You will not be He will be Will he be? He will not be She will be Will she be? She will not be It will be Will it be? It will not be We shall/will be Shall/Will we be? We shall/will not be

( / ) ( ;/ ;) ( / )

You will be Will you be? You will not be They will be Will they be? They will not be

willwillwillwill notnotnotnot wonwonwonwontttt, shallshallshallshall notnotnotnot shanshanshanshantttt. shallshallshallshall 1 1 , I we. willwillwillwill (), .


Verb to be (Simple Present Perfect) 25

Verb Verb Verb Verb to beto beto beto be Simple Present Perfect ( )

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I have been Have I been? I have not been

(/ ) (;/ ;) ( / )

You have been Have you been? You have not been He has been Has he been? He has not been She has been Has she been? She has not been It has been Has it been? It has not been We have been Have we been? We have not been

(/ ) (;/ ;) ( / )

You have been Have you been? You have not been They have been Have they been? They have not been

Advanced Level:Advanced Level:Advanced Level:Advanced Level: Attention!:

e.g. I have been to a place [ ( )] He has been to Italy twice ( )

Have you ever been to Switzerland? No, I havent. ( ; , .)

BUTBUTBUTBUT: He has gone to France. [ ( )]

Where is your mother? She has gone to the market. [ ; ( )]


Verb to be (Simple Past Perfect) 26

VerbVerbVerbVerb to beto beto beto be Simple Past Perfect ( )

AffirmativAffirmativAffirmativAffirmativeeee InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I had been Had I been? I had not been

() (;) ( )

You had been Had you been? You had not been He had been Had he been? He had not been She had been Had she been? She had not been It had been Had it been? It had not been We had been Had we been? We had not been

() (;) ( )

You had been Had you been? You had not been They had been Had they been? They had not been

totototo bebebebe. bebebebe [ totototo ()] beingbeingbeingbeing. totototo bebebebe bebebebe - waswaswaswas - beenbeenbeenbeen totototo bebebebe , .

: Be quiet. ( .) : Be here at two oclock sharp. ( .)

Be here in time. ( .) : Dont be late. ( .)

Dont be silly. ( .)

Exercise 9: Put the verb to beto beto beto be in the correct form. 1. Johns father ____ a dentist. 2. She ____ driving a car. 3. Dinos ____ not ill yesterday. 4. There ____ not many cars. 5. Nikolaos Plastiras ____ a great man. 6. Carol and oe ____ good friends. 7. The question in the last examination ____ not easy. 8. How long have you ____ student in this school?


Verb to be (Simple Past Perfect) 27

9. My father ____ in Italy from 1990 to 1997. 10. ____ you at school yesterday? 11. John ____ ill last week. 12. Have you ever ____ to England? 13. I have never ____ to France. I have heard that it ____ a wonderful country. 14. I will ____ at home tonight. 15. Most of the boys want ____ pilots when they grow up.


The Verb to have (Simple Past) 28

The Verb The Verb The Verb The Verb tttto o o o hhhhaveaveaveave Simple Past Tense ( )

.

e.g. I had had a motorbike before I bought a car. :

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I had Had I? I had not

() (;) ( )

You had Had you? You had not He had Had he? He had not She had Had she? She had not It had Had it? It had not We had Had we? We had not

() (;) ( )

You had Had you? You had not They had Had they? They had not

(havehavehavehave - hadhadhadhad - hadhadhadhad) .

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I had Did I have? I did not have - I didnt have

() (;) ( )

You had Did you have? You did not have - You didnt have He had Did he have? He did not have - He didnt have She had Did she have? She did not have - She didnt have It had Did it have? It did not have - It didnt have We had Did we have? We did not have - We didnt have

() (;) ( )

You had Did you have? You did not have - You didnt have They had Did they have? They did not have - They didnt have


The Verb to have (Simple Past) 29

Exercise 10: Supply the correct form of the verb to haveto haveto haveto have in the spaces bellow. 1. He ____ a lot of hair when he was young. Now he is bald. 2. I ____ not ____ any juice for breakfast this morning. 3. ____ you ____ a good time last night? 4. She ____ a lot of money when she was young. Now she is poor. 5. Michael ____ a shower an hour ago. 6. I ____ a postcard from Julie this morning. 7. They ____ a rest last night. 8. ____ you ____ any trouble with your car yesterday? 9. She ____ an accident last month. 10. John ____ a headache this morning. Useful Vocabulary: accident: bald: have a good time: have a headache: have a rest:

have trouble with sth: / last night: poor: , -, - this morning:

Demonstrative Pronouns 30

Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative PronounsDemonstrative PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns ( ) :

: thisthisthisthis (, -, -) : thesethesethesethese (, -, -) - .

e.g. This is my wife Mary. ( .) These flowers are for your nameday. Happy Nameday! ( . !)

: thatthatthatthat (, -, -) : thosethosethosethose (, -, -) - ( ).

e.g. That man over there is Helens husband. ( ).

Those shops across the street are very expensive. ( .)

AdvancedAdvancedAdvancedAdvanced LevelLevelLevelLevel::::

T thatthatthatthat thosethosethosethose . e.g. That (It) was an unforgettable event. ( .)

Exercise 11a: Change the following sentences from singular to plural. 1. This is a police car. .. 2. That tall boy at the corner is my son. ... 3. Is this an easy exercise? ... 4. This T-shirt is really cheap. ... 5. That English book on the table is mine. ... 6. This child is very quiet. ... 7. This man works hard. ... 8. That is the teacher who teaches French. ... 9. That is a serious mistake to make. ... 10. This lesson is very interesting. ...

Exercise 11b: Translate into English. 1. .

2. .

Demonstrative Pronouns 31

3. . ..................

4. . . .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. ;

9. .

10. .

Useful Vocabulary: at the corner: busy: / , -, - cheap: , -, - French: , , husband: lets buy them:

make a mistake: pen case: pencil case: school of English: wife: work hard:

Possessives 32

PossessivesPossessivesPossessivesPossessives ()

1. Possessive AdjectivesPossessive AdjectivesPossessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives ( ) My () Your () His () Her () Its () Our () Your () Their ()

.

e.g. This is mymymymy book. Where is youryouryouryour book? , ownownownown .

e.g. My ownMy ownMy ownMy own car. ( () .)

2. PossessivePossessivePossessivePossessive PronounsPronounsPronounsPronouns ( ) Mine , -, - Yours , -, - His , -, - Hers , -, - Its , -, - Ours , -, - Yours , -, - Theirs , -, -

.

. This is my book. Where is your book? . Where is yours? ( ;). yoursyoursyoursyours youryouryouryour bookbookbookbook.

Possessives 33

3. PossessivePossessivePossessivePossessive CaseCaseCaseCase ( - ) ()

ofofofof thethethethe (, , ). e.g. The legs of theof theof theof the table. ( ( ) .)

The hair of theof theof theof the doll is long. ( .) () ( ), (Saxon Genitive),

() ssss ( ) . e.g. This boyssss hair is too long. ( .)

Helenssss mother is very attractive. ( .) () ----ssss, ----ssss.

e.g. The girls pencils are in their bags. ( .)

Apostolis car is expensive. ( .)

AdvancedAdvancedAdvancedAdvanced LevelLevelLevelLevel: : : : , .

e.g. My father-in-laws dog is fierce. ( .)

:

a days work ( ) a two weeks holiday = a two-week holiday ( ) todays lesson ( ). .

e.g. John is one of my students. ( .) or: John is a student of mine. ( .)

A friend of mine = One of my friends ( , - ) :

She is at the grocers (shop) ( .) She is at the green grocers [ ( )] She is at the butchers [ ( )] She is at the bakers = She is at the bakery ( .)

Possessives 34

Exercise 12a: Choose the right possessives. 1. This is (her, hers) desk and that is (your, yours). 2. John lives in (his, her) own apartment. 3. She has (her, hers) boyfriend. 4. (My, Mine) English teacher is Athena. What is (your, yours)? 5. Mary is one of (my, mine) friends. 6. What is (your, yours) fathers name? 7. The red bicycle is (my, mine). 8. Give me (your, yours) book, please. 9. What is (her, hers) address? 10. Some friends of (our, ours) are in England now.


2. .

3. ;

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. () .

8. .

9. .

10. .

.................................................................................................................................. Useful Vocabulary address: apartment: cousin: ,

flat: made of wood:

Uncountable Nouns 35

UNCOUNTABLEUNCOUNTABLEUNCOUNTABLEUNCOUNTABLE NOUNSNOUNSNOUNSNOUNS ( )

1. . , .

e.g. His hair ishair ishair ishair is fair. ( .)

.

e.g. There isisisis a lot of foodfoodfoodfood in the fridge. ( .) There isisisis plenty of good newsnewsnewsnews today. ( .) The furniturefurniturefurniturefurniture in this shop isisisis two expensive for me to buy. ( .)

somesomesomesome (, -, -, -) anyanyanyany (, ) .

e.g. The isisisis not any oiloiloiloil for the salad. ( .) There isisisis some moneymoneymoneymoney on the table. ( .)

littlelittlelittlelittle () aaaa littlelittlelittlelittle (, ).

e.g. I have little timetimetimetime. I am too busy. ( . .) There isisisis a little winewinewinewine. Lets have it. ( . .)

aaaa lotlotlotlot ofofofof (, , -, -) plentyplentyplentyplenty ofofofof (, -, -, -). muchmuchmuchmuch ().

muchmuchmuchmuch (). e.g. There isisisis a lot of traffictraffictraffictraffic today. ( .)

There isisisis not much milkmilkmilkmilk. We need some more. ( . .)

.

e.g. two kilos of bread ( ) one loaf of bread ( )

two packets of sugar ( ) a bottle of water ( )

:

a piece of furniture ( ) a piece of information ( ) a piece of advice ( )

three pieces of baggage ( ) an item of information ( )

Uncountable Nouns 36

aaaa anananan

:

accommodationaccommodationaccommodationaccommodation () adviceadviceadviceadvice (, -) baggagebaggagebaggagebaggage (, -) breadbreadbreadbread () butterbutterbutterbutter () cheesecheesecheesecheese () coffeecoffeecoffeecoffee () damagedamagedamagedamage () dirtdirtdirtdirt () flourflourflourflour () foodfoodfoodfood (, -) furniturefurniturefurniturefurniture (, -) hairhairhairhair () homeworkhomeworkhomeworkhomework ( )

houseworkhouseworkhouseworkhousework ( )

informationinformationinformationinformation (, -)

jewllerryjewllerryjewllerryjewllerry () juicejuicejuicejuice () knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge (, -) lightninglightninglightninglightning () litterlitterlitterlitter () luggageluggageluggageluggage (, -) milkmilkmilkmilk () moneymoneymoneymoney () newsnewsnewsnews (, ) noisenoisenoisenoise () nonsensenonsensenonsensenonsense ()

oiloiloiloil (, ) pepperpepperpepperpepper () rainrainrainrain () rubbishrubbishrubbishrubbish () saltsaltsaltsalt () snowsnowsnowsnow () sugarsugarsugarsugar () teateateatea () thunderthunderthunderthunder () timetimetimetime () traffictraffictraffictraffic () waterwaterwaterwater () winewinewinewine () workworkworkwork (, -)

e.g. This information is really of great importance. ( .)

Doing the housework on a daily basis is definitely hard work. Apart from that, it is too boring.

( . , .)

.

e.g. English isEnglish isEnglish isEnglish is an International language. ( .)

timetimetimetime . e.g. According to an old saying Time is money. (

.

timetimetimetime . once ( ) twice ( ) three times ( )

four times ( ) and so on ( ...)

Plural Nouns 37

PluralPluralPluralPlural NounsNounsNounsNouns ( )

.

.

e.g. These jeansjeansjeansjeans areareareare not tight enough for me to wear. ( .)

aaaa lotlotlotlot ofofofof (, -, -) plentyplentyplentyplenty ofofofof (), manymanymanymany. ( mamamamanynynyny .)

e.g. Were thereWere thereWere thereWere there many peoplepeoplepeoplepeople at the stadium yesterday? Yes, there were a lot. ( ; , .)

How much areareareare these trousers/pants? ( ;) I like your new shortsshortsshortsshorts. TheyTheyTheyThey look nice on you. ( . .)

:

jeansjeansjeansjeans () knickersknickersknickersknickers ( ())

pantspantspantspants ()

pincerspincerspincerspincers () pyjapyjapyjapyjamasmasmasmas () scissorsscissorsscissorsscissors () tightstightstightstights ()

trouserstrouserstrouserstrousers () underpantsunderpantsunderpantsunderpants (, )

aaaa pairpairpairpair ofofofof ( ()). .

aaaa pairpairpairpair ofofofof, twotwotwotwo pairspairspairspairs oooof, etc., .

e.g. How much is this pair of stone-washed jeans? ( ;)

:

barracksbarracksbarracksbarracks () billiardsbilliardsbilliardsbilliards () cattlecattlecattlecattle ()

clothesclothesclothesclothes () compassescompassescompassescompasses (, ) policepolicepolicepolice ()

richesrichesrichesriches () scalesscalesscalesscales () wageswageswageswages ()

e.g. Riches are not for ever. ( .)

Plural Nouns 38

teamteamteamteam () familyfamilyfamilyfamily (), , , .

e.g. The National Greek football team isisisis the best. ( .)

The football team areareareare training at the moment. ( .)

Exercise 13a: Choose the right words. 1. Your advice (is, are) very useful. 2. Joans luggage (was, were) too heavy for her to carry. 3. You had better lengthen your trousers. (It is, They are) too short. 4. The police (is, are) looking for the criminal. 5. Where (is, are) the scissors? 6. I would like you to give me some (information, informations). 7. There (is, are) enough money for both of us to go to the cinema tonight. 8. A pair of shorts (is, are) always necessary when you go on holiday. 9. Where (is, are) my pyjamas? 10. There (was, were) too much rubbish on the pavement. It was too dirty.

Exercise 13b: Translate into English. 1. . .

2. .

3. ;

4. . .

5. ; .

6. .

7. ; .

8. . .

9. . ;

10. .

Plural Nouns 39

Useful Vocabulary carry: criminal: fortunately: in this day and age: lengthen: look for: necessary: nowadays:

pavement: pick sth up: precious: , -, - shorten: thats shame!: ! unfortunately: useful: , -, - washing machine:

There is - There are 40

There is There is There is There is There are There are There are There are , , .

: There is () Is there? (;) There is not ( ) theretheretherethere isisisis ( ).

e.g. There is a strange man at the crossroads. ( )

There is a lot of unemployment in my country. ( .)

Is there any flour? ( ;) Unfortunately, there is not any cheese left for you. ( .)

: There are () Are there? (;) There are not ( ) theretheretherethere areareareare .

e.g. There are a lot of cars on the street. ( .) There are two letters on the table for you. ( .)

There are not any vegetables in the fridge. ( .)

:

: There was () Was there? (;) There was not ( )

: There were () Were there? (;) There were not ( )

: - :

There will be ( - / - ) Will there be? ( ; - ; / ;- ;) There will not be ( / ) e.g. There was someone in your office this morning.

( .)

There will not be any hungry children in the future. ( .)

There will be a three-floor mall center in two years. .)

There is - There are 41

Exercise 14a: Complete the following sentences with there isthere isthere isthere is, there arethere arethere arethere are, theretheretherethere waswaswaswas, there werethere werethere werethere were and there will bethere will bethere will bethere will be. 1. __________ a history book on the floor. Whose is it? 2. __________ a lot of stray dogs on the streets. 3. __________ many classrooms in your school. 4. __________ three English teachers in our school. 5. __________ a parade on the 28th October. 6. __________ five absent students from my class this morning. 7. __________ plenty of hard work to do yesterday. 8. __________ no traffic jams in the future. 9. __________ many trees in your garden? 10. __________ a lot of tourists in my country last year.

Exercise 14b: Translate into English. 1. . .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. . .

8. .

9. () ;

10. . .

Useful Vocabulary absent: , delicious food: fan: football ground: guest: , heat wave: in the future: it is freezing cold:

name-day: parade: plenty (of): , -, , -, -, -, - pollution: rainbow: stray dog: traffic jam:

A lot of - Plenty of - A great deal of - Much - Many 42

A lot of A lot of A lot of A lot of ---- Plenty of Plenty of Plenty of Plenty of ---- A great deal of A great deal of A great deal of A great deal of ---- Much Much Much Much ---- Many Many Many Many

AAAA lotlotlotlot ( ( ( (ofofofof)))) (, , -, -)

( ).

e.g. I have got a lot of CDs. ( CDs.) I love listening to music. ( .) There is a lot of expensive jewllery in this jewllery shop. ( .)

LotsLotsLotsLots ( ( ( (ofofofof)))) (, , -, -) PlentyPlentyPlentyPlenty ( ( ( (ofofofof)))) (, -, -)

( ).

e.g. There is lots of old furniture in the attic. ( .)

He has got plenty of literature books. ( .) He is an avid reader. ( (: - .)

A great deal (of)A great deal (of)A great deal (of)A great deal (of) () .

e.g. It took him a great deal of time to finish all that work. ( .)

You will need a great deal of money to buy that mansion. ( .)

Note: ofofofof .

e.g. Do you drink much milk? Yes, I always drink a lot. ( ; , .)

MuchMuchMuchMuch ()

.

e.g. There is not much coffee left. ( .) She does not eat much bread. She wants to lose weight. ( . .)

ManyManyManyMany (, -, -)

.

e.g. There are not many children in the playground.


( .)

Are there many interesting books in this Public library? ( ;)

Advanced Level:Advanced Level:Advanced Level:Advanced Level:

Useful expressions with muchmuchmuchmuch: very muchvery muchvery muchvery much ( )

e.g. I like that girl very much. ( .) I love you very much. ( .)

sosososo muchmuchmuchmuch ( ) e.g. I love you so much! ( !)

Thank you so much for offering to give me a lift home. ( .)

asasasas muchmuchmuchmuch asasasas ( , ) e.g. When you are on a diet, you should drink as much water as you can.

( .)

howhowhowhow muchmuchmuchmuch ( , -, ) e.g. How much is this jumper? ( ;)

How much are these trousers? ( ;) I am surprised at how much Michael has sprouted up in the past year. ( () .)

tootootootoo muchmuchmuchmuch ( ( )) e.g. He eats too much. ( .)

Some more useful expressions

Those two dresses are much the same. ( .) Do you see much of each other in the office? ( ;) Do you eat out much? ( ;)

muchmuchmuchmuch . e.g. Much is rumoured about her. ( .)

Much of what was revealed at the courtroom about the defendant was shocking.

( .)

Useful expressions with manymanymanymany tootootootoo manymanymanymany ( , -, - ( ))


e.g. There are too many drug-addicts in this area, that is why it is too dangerous to go out late at night.

( , .)

asasasas manymanymanymany asasasas ( , ) e.g. Have as many biscuits as you want. (, .)

[Be careful!: Take as many pens as you want ( )

As many as one hundred employees took part in the strike. ( .)

notnotnotnot manymanymanymany ( , ) e.g. Not many of his friends are working. ( .)

Exercise 15a: Fill in the blanks with a lot (a lot (a lot (a lot (of)of)of)of), plenty (of)plenty (of)plenty (of)plenty (of), a great deal (of)a great deal (of)a great deal (of)a great deal (of), muchmuchmuchmuch, manymanymanymany, lots oflots oflots oflots of. 1. I started collecting stamps but I havent got ________ yet. 2. Do you spend ________ money on buying clothes? Yes, I spend ________. 3. Does he eat ________ sugar? No, he doesnt. 4. You should not make ________ noise in the school corridors. 5. How ________ salt do you want me to put in the salad? 6. How ________ girls are there in your class? 7. He doesnt drink ________ coffee, but he drinks ________ tea. 8. How ________ are these jeans? 9. Do you have ________ friends at school? Yes, I have ________. 10. There are ________ nice clothes in this shop.


2. .

3. .

4. ;

5. .

6. ;

7. ;

8. ;


9. ; , .

10. .

Useful Vocabulary at your age: bracelet: collect stamps: corridor: do homework: foreign languages: how many seconds are there is a minute?: ; I love traveling: ,

minute: of your age: one thousand euros: second: , spend time on doing sth: spend time/money (on) + ( + -ing) team games:

Interrogative Pronouns - Adjectives - Adverbs 46

InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative PronounsPronounsPronounsPronouns, , , , AdjectivesAdjectivesAdjectivesAdjectives andandandand AAAAdverbsdverbsdverbsdverbs ( , )

:

WhoWhoWhoWho (, -, -) ( ). .

e.g. Who are you? ( -;) WhomWhomWhomWhom (, -, -) ( )

.

e.g. Whom did you meet last night? ( ;) WhoseWhoseWhoseWhose () ( )

.

e.g. Whose is this car? ( ;) WhatWhatWhatWhat ()

.

e.g. What is that? ( ;) What does your father do? ( ;) What is your nationality? ( ;) What is your name? ( ;) What time is it? = What is the time? ( ;)

WhichWhichWhichWhich (, -, -) ,

.

e.g. Which car is yours? ( ;) Which of the boys is the tallest in here? ( ;)

HowHowHowHow () e.g. How do toy go to school? On foot or by bus?

( ; ;)

WhereWhereWhereWhere () .

e.g. Where are the pincers? They are in the drawer. ( ; .)

Note: ,

whowhowhowho whomwhomwhomwhom .


WhoWhoWhoWho totototo? ( ;) e.g. Who are you listening to? ( ;) OXI: To whom are you listening?

WhoWhoWhoWho withwithwithwith? ( ;) e.g. Who are you speaking with? ( ;)

WhoWhoWhoWho forforforfor? ( ;) e.g. Who were you waiting for? ( ;)

Who are you talking about? ( ;) WhatWhatWhatWhat forforforfor? ( ;)

e.g. What are you looking for? ( ;)

- whowhowhowho, whichwhichwhichwhich whatwhatwhatwhat dodododo, doesdoesdoesdoes diddiddiddid.

e.g. Who went to Italy? ( ;) Who helped you with your work? ( ;) Which of those boys scored the goal? ( ;) What made you come with me? ( ;)

- .

e.g. Who doesnt want to pass his exams? ( ;) Who didnt know his lesson? ( ;)

Exercise 16a: Fill in the spaces with whowhowhowho, whomwhomwhomwhom, whosewhosewhosewhose, whichwhichwhichwhich or whatwhatwhatwhat. 1. _____ is this car at the corner? 2. _____ were you talking about? 3. _____ do you enjoy doing in your spare time? 4. _____ are your ambitions for the future? 5. _____ is Marys pen-case? The red one or the yellow one? 6. _____ do you want to be when you grow up? 7. _____ is the author of this book? 8. _____ did you speak with? 9. _____ dictionary is the best? 10. _____ time does the last bus to Athens leave?

Exercise 16b: Translate into English. 1. ;

2. ;

3. ;


4. ;

5. ;

6. ;

7. ;

8. ;

9. ;

10. ;

Useful Vocabulary a solution to a problem: author: dictionary: favourite: , -, - grow up: help sbdy with sth: I come from Greece:

in my free time: in my spare time: kind of music: pen-case: , think about: think of: where do you come from?: ;

Relative Pronouns - Adverbs - Clauses 49

RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative PronounsPronounsPronounsPronouns ---- AdverbsAdverbsAdverbsAdverbs ---- CCCClauseslauseslauseslauses ( - - )

RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative PronounsPronounsPronounsPronouns ( ) whowhowhowho ( , -, -) ( )

.

e.g. The elderly couple who were here yesterday are my grandparents. ( .)

whomwhomwhomwhom ( , -, -) .

e.g. The boy (whom) I invited to my party is Peter. ( .)

The teacher (whom) I respect most is Mr. Jones. ( Jones.)

The lady to whom I spoke is my English teacher. The lady (whom) I spoke to is my English teacher. ( .)

Note: .

whosewhosewhosewhose ( ) ( ) , .

e.g. The girl whose name I always forget is Marys sister. ( .)

thatthatthatthat ( , -, -, ) ( - ) .

e.g. The man that (or: who) robbed the bank was arrested this morning. ( .)

The chair that (or: which) my dad bought for me is made of leather. ( () .)

Note: thatthatthatthat . e.g. This is the bank in which I worked.

This is the bank that I worked in.

This is the bank where I worked. ( .)

whichwhichwhichwhich ( , -, -) ( - ) .

e.g. The book which (that) you want to borrow is on my desk. ( .)


ofofofof whichwhichwhichwhich ( ) ( ) .

e.g. The article in the local paper, the title of which was Pollution in my area, was fascinating. = The article in the local paper with the title Pollution in my area was fascinating. = The article in the local paper whose title was Pollution in my area was fascinating.

( , .)

RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative AdverbsAdverbsAdverbsAdverbs ( ) whenwhenwhenwhen ()

e.g. I will never forget the day when I first saw you. ( .)

wherewherewherewhere () e.g. The field where we had a picnic is next to a forest.

( picnic .)

whywhywhywhy () (the reason: ) e.g. I ve got no idea why he got angry. ( .)

RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative ClausesClausesClausesClauses ( ) .

1. DefiningDefiningDefiningDefining RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative ClausesClausesClausesClauses ( ) ,

.

e.g. People who pollute the environment should be punished. ( .)

2. NonNonNonNon----definingdefiningdefiningdefining RelativeRelativeRelativeRelative ClausesClausesClausesClauses ( ) ,

. .

e.g. My son, who is an English teacher, is called Dinos. ( , , .)


Exercise 17a: Fill in the gaps with the correct RRRRelative Pronounelative Pronounelative Pronounelative Pronoun. 1. That is the man _____ house was broken into last night. 2. I look up to teachers _____ teaching is interesting. 3. The film _____ we was last night was amazing. 4. This is the house _____ we bought last week. 5. The man _____ is standing at the entrance of the building is my father. 6. The woman _____ you met in my office is Johns fiance. 7. The girl _____ hurt his feelings is called Jane. 8. Peter, _____ is an excellent student, is very handsome. 9. Karditsa is a town _____ is known for Plastiras lake. 10. This is the dentist about _____ I spoke to you the other day.

Exercise 17b: Fill in the gaps with the correct Relative ARelative ARelative ARelative Adverbdverbdverbdverb. 1. This is the house _____ Shakespeare was born. 2. I dont understand the reason _____ he lied to me. 3. This is the shop _____ I worked as a shop-assistant. 4. This is the hotel _____ I stayed two years ago. 5. I dont understand _____ he left in such a hurry. 6. I will always remember the day _____ I drove car for the first time. 7. Girls usually remember the place _____ they had their first date. 8. I would like to visit the place _____ most actors live, Hollywood. 9. I would like to visit the village _____ my grandparents live. 10. There are times _____ everyone wants to cry.

Exercise 17c: Translate into English. 1. .

2. , , .

3. .

.. 4. .

5. , , .

6. Suzan .

7. .

8. .


9. .

10. .

Useful Vocabulary a worth visiting place: accept: accident: amazing: , -, - break into: date: entrance: () fascinating: , -, - fiance: I was born:

in a hurry: invitation: it is worth + gerund: + lend: look up to sbdy: president of a company: respect sbdy: the year before last:

Little - A little - Few - A few 53

Little Little Little Little ---- A little A little A little A little ---- Few Few Few Few ---- A few A few A few A few Little [, -, - ( , )]. .

e.g. I have little time. ( .) [I cant talk to you.] I have little sugar. ( .) [I can hardly make one cup of coffee. ( .)]

A little [, -, - ()]. .

e.g. I have a little money with me, so I will treat you to an ice-cream. ( , .)

- little a little . a little (, -, -) some. little (, -, -) not much. Few [, -, - ( , )]. . e.g. There were few people at the stadium yesterday because it was raining cats and dogs. [ ().] Few people went to his party since people dislike him. [ ( ).] A few [, -, - (, -, -)]. . e.g. A few people went to his party. [ ( ).] I have got a few eggs, so I am going to make a cake. ( , .) - few a few . Exercise 18a: Complete the following sentences with little, a little, few, a few. 1. He has a lot of friends but ______ of them are really good. 2. Very ______weak students pass the Proficiency exam. Its too difficult for those who do not study hard. 3. There is ______ milk in the fridge. We have to buy some. 4. Mary knows ______ English, so she can speak to English people. 5. I have ______ money. Ill buy a new CD. 6. ______ people come this way. Its too dark. 7. I have ______ time. Lets meet later. 8. I have ______ time to spend. Come in. 9. Jane is always too busy she has so ______ little free time for herself. 10. We have ______ bread. We dont need any more. Exercise 18b: Translate into English. 1. .

Little - A little-Few - A few 54

2. . .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. .

9. , ;

10. .

Useful Vocabulary pass an exam: too difficult: , -, - spend time (on) doing sth: I am on a diet: trust:

orphanage: local: , the poor: show interest in: / at Christmas:

Notes: * too , . . ** at, day on ( day). e.g. At Easter ( ). BUT: On Easter day ( ). On Christmas Eve ( )

Some - Any - No - None 55

SomeSomeSomeSome----AnyAnyAnyAny----NoNoNoNo----NoneNoneNoneNone Some (, -, -). . . e.g. There is a little cold water in the fridge. ( .) . e.g. I have some friends who visit me on Sundays = I have a few friends who visit me on Sundays. ( .) : - some . e.g. Would you like some (more) coffee? Yes, please.

[ () ; , .] - some ( ) . e.g. Constantine does not like some of his classmates. ( .) some :

someone (, -, -) somebody (, -, -) something () somewhere () some some .

e.g. Somebody robbed Alice of her purse yesterday. ( .)

There was someone with you yesterday. ( .) There is something I would like to talk about. (

.) some any . Any (, -, -, ). some. . e.g. : I have some good friends in Karditsa. ( .) : Do I have any good friends in Karditsa? : I do not have any good friends in Karditsa. : There was someone with you yesterday.


: Was there anyone with you yesterday? : There was not anyone with you yesterday. any : anybody (, ) anyone (, ) anything (, ) anywhere (, ) No (). not any . e.g. I do not have any good friends in Karditsa = I have no good friends in Karditsa ( .) : noone (, , ) nobody (, , ) nothing () nowhere () no . e.g. There was not anyone with you yesterday = There was noone with you yesterday. - no. e.g. Nobody offered to help me with my work. ( .) no e.g. No girls are available to do the project. [ ( ) . Useful expressions with no it makes no difference to me = it does not make any difference to me ( .) Ive got no idea about it ( ) Ive got no money/time to spend ( / ) noone nobody , none (, ) , . e.g. Nobody is coming out with me tonight. ( .) None of my friends is/are coming out with me tonight. ( ) = Not one of my friends is /are coming out with me tonight ( ) - any , :


any () anybody () anyone () anything () anywhere () e.g. Take any book you want. ( .) Anyone can join this club. ( .) If you need anything to buy there is a mini-market at the corner. ( , / .) Exercise 19a: Turn the following sentences into questions and negative ones. 1. She knows some people here.

2. Those people are asking for some information.

3. There is someone for you in the waiting room.

4. There are plenty of pots on that veranda.

5. Somebody wants to visit me this afternoon.

6. He will lend me some money.

7. Someone has left the door open.

8. He needs something to drink.

9. I am meeting someone later.

10. Ive got something for you.

Exercise 19b: Complete the following sentences with some, any, no or their derivatives.


1. We dont need ______ to eat, we arent hungry. 2. I want to go ______. 3. There was ______ here yesterday. 4. There is ______ pocket money on the table for you. 5. I have just found out ______ very important information. 6. I came across ______ old photos in the attic this morning. 7. We need to buy ______ more vegetables in case ______ is on a diet. 8. My mother wants to tell you ______. 9. Is there ______ wrong with the TV? 10. Would you like ______ more milk in your coffee? Exercise 19c: Translate into English. 1. .

2. . .

3. . .

4. .

5. .

6. () .

7. .

8. , . .

9. , .

.. 10. . .

Useful Vocabulary: ask for: waiting room: veranda: lend money: pocket money: find out: come across: , attic: in case:


there is something wrong with: , I am broke: have trouble: , have serious trouble: matter:

One - Ones 60

OneOneOneOne----OnesOnesOnesOnes one (, ) ones (, -, -) . e.g. Ive got a red note book. Johns got a blue one. ( a blue book, ) Which pens do you prefer? The blue ones or the red ones? ( ; ;)

Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns 61

Reflexive and Emphasizing PronounsReflexive and Emphasizing PronounsReflexive and Emphasizing PronounsReflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns

myself ( , ) yourself ( , ) himself ( , ) herself ( , ) itself ( , ) ourselves ( , ) yourselves ( , ) themselves ( , ) , . e.g. I wash ( ) I wash myself ( ) I cut the steak with sharp knife ( ) I cut myself ( ) Soldiers save themselves every morning ( .) , . . e.g. She made that delicious cake herself = She herself made that delicious cake ( ) , by. e.g. She made that delicious cake by herself. The boy went to the dentists by himself. ( .) . . e.g. I saw the President himself. [ ().] Exercise 20a: Fill in the missing reflexive or emphatic pronouns. 1. I hurt ______ while I was cleaning the house. 2. My mother has bought a new bike for ______. 3. You wont believe it! My sister learns English ______. 4. The policeman ______ shot the thieves. 5. My daughter wanted to make the salad ______. 6. At last, I managed to speak to Professor Smith ______.


7. I have to make this important decision ______. You should not try to influence me. 8. You should have faith in ______. 9. Young girls love looking at ______ in the mirror. 10. Dogs are said to be so loyal that they may sacrifice their lives ______ for their masters. Exercise 20b: Translate into English. 1. .

2. . .

.. 3. ;

4. .

5. .

........... 6. .

7. . .

8. , .

9. .

10. .

Useful Vocabulary: shoot - shot - shot: at last: manage to do sth: make a decision: important: , -, -, , -, - influence: , have faith in myself: mirror: loyal: , -, - sacrifice: master:

blame sbdy for doing sth: put the blame on sbdy: / bracelet: Railway Station: hunter: shot gun: teenagers: adolescent: weigh: on a daily basis: by mistake:


by accident: , toy: ()

Main Verbs - Active Voice 64

MMMMainainainain VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs ---- ActiveActiveActiveActive VoiceVoiceVoiceVoice ( - )

.

, , (in order to have a good command of the English language and sound natural).

, : 1. (Present Continuous), , , , ! 2. (Simple Present), .

Present Continuous 65

PresentPresentPresentPresent ContinuousContinuousContinuousContinuous TenseTenseTenseTense ( ( ( ( ) : 1. .

e.g. What are you doing? I am reading a book (now). [ ; ().]

2. ( 6) .

e.g. I am going to the cinema tonight. ( .)

I am having a party in three days time. ( .)

Advanced LevelAdvanced LevelAdvanced LevelAdvanced Level: 3. always (), constantly () continually (), (annoyance), (irritation) (irony) .

e.g. Teacher: John you are always coming late! (: )

4. ( ).

e.g. Michael usually starts work at 8 o clock in the morning, but this week he is starting work at 7.

( 8 , 7.)

to be (I am, You are, He is, She is, ) ,

-inginginging. e.g. I am I am I am I am studyinginginging. [ ()].

to be (Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? ) .

e.g. Am I Am I Am I Am I studyinginginging? ( ;)

to be (I am not, You are not, He is not, She is not, ) .

e.g. I am not I am not I am not I am not studyinginginging. ( .)


AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative I am working

()

You are working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working

InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative Am I working?

( ;)

Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working?

NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I am not working ( )

You are not working He is not working She is not working It is not working We are not working You are not working They are not working

:

this morningthis morningthis morningthis morning:::: at presentat presentat presentat present:::: at theat theat theat the/this momentthis momentthis momentthis moment:::: for the time beingfor the time beingfor the time beingfor the time being::::

looklooklooklook! (listenlistenlistenlisten!, ): ! (!, ...) nownownownow:::: stillstillstillstill::::

e.g. Listen! The bird are singing! Look! My uncle Tom is coming!

Is she still doing her homework? They are working really hard at the moment.

Present Participle ( ) ()

-inginginging. e.g. study studyinginginging ()

play playinginginging () talk talkinginginging () add addinginginging () laugh laughinginginging ()

. 1. -e, -e -ing. e.g. have a rest having a rest ()

write writing () take taking () come coming () make noise making noise ( )

2. , , -ing. e.g. hit hitting ()

stop stopping () sit sitting ()


get getting () : -x, . e.g. mix mixing ()

fix fixing (, ) 3. , . e.g. begin () beginning ()

refer () referring () : cover () covering () 4. -l, , -l -ing. e.g. travel travelling ()

propel propelling () l. e.g. travel traveling.

5. -ie, -ie y -ing. e.g. lie lying ( , )

die dying () Exercise 21a: Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous Tense. 1. The teacher (sit) __________ at his desk and he (read) __________ a book. 2. The children (not play) __________ in the park. 3. It (rain) __________ today. 4. My father (watch) __________ TV now. 5. They boys (make) __________ a lot of noise at the moment. 6. Look! A strange man (come) __________. 7. The sun (shine) __________ now. 8. My friend Helen (have) __________ a party on Saturday. 9. My brother (write) __________ a composition about the pollution of the Environment. 10. My parents (travel) __________ in Europe this week. Exercise 21b: Change the following sentences from affirmative to interrogative and negative. 1. Mary is speaking to our teacher.

2. The telephone is ringing.

3. Her husband is listening to the radio now.


4. I am studying History.

5. Mar is playing with her dolls.

6. I am doing my homework.

7. The Johnson family are having breakfast at the moment.

8. Everyone is listening to the teacher now.

9. My father is helping me with my work at the moment.

10. They are taking their examinations now.

Exercise 21c: Translate into English. 1. ;

2. .

3. ; .

4. .

5. ! .

6. .

7. .

8. ; .

9. . .

10. ; . .

Useful Vocabulary


lie: tell lies: begin: , start: work hard: knock on/at the door: do homework: look for: Railway Station:

leaf - leaves: - fall: Autumn: think of/about: have a shower: take examinations/exams: help sbdy with sth: pollution of the Environment:

Simple Present 70

Simple Present TenseSimple Present TenseSimple Present TenseSimple Present Tense ( ) : 1. , . e.g. He goes to school on foot every morning. ( .) 2. . e.g. She does not like cheese. ( .) 3. ( ). e.g. The sun rises in the East. ( ) Birds fly. ( .) Advanced Level 4. , (, , ..) e.g. The last bus to Athens leaves at 1.00 a.m. after midnight. ( 1.00 .. .) 5. . e.g. Rivaldo takes the ball, crosses to Castigio who scores the first goal for Olympiakos. ( , .) 6. . e.g. The knight picks up the wounded girl and takes her to her mother. ( .) - (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) ( to). (he, she it) -s. e.g. I speak English fluently. ( .) He/She speaks English fluently too. (/ .) - -o, -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x -z -es. e.g. I kiss ( ) He kisses I do ( ) He does I rush ( ) He rushes I watch ( ) He watches I mix ( ) He mixes

Simple Present 71

- -y , -y -ies. e.g. I study ( ) He studies. I try ( ) He tries I cry ( ) He cries -y , -s . e.g. I say ( ) He says I play ( ) He plays - do , does .

AffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmativeAffirmative I work

()

You work He works She works It works We work You work They work

InterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogativeInterrogative Do I work?

( ;)

Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work?

NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative I do not work ( )

You do not work He does not work She does not work It does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work

: , :

everyeveryeveryevery daydaydayday:::: everyeveryeveryevery weekweekweekweek////monthmonthmonthmonth////yearyearyearyear::::

// everyeveryeveryevery MondayMondayMondayMonday:::: on Mondayson Mondayson Mondayson Mondays:::: onceonceonceonce aaaa daydaydayday:

twicetwicetwicetwice aaaa weekweekweekweek////monthmonthmonthmonth:::: /

day after dayday after dayday after dayday after day:::: ( )

every other dayevery other dayevery other dayevery other day::::

, :

alwaysalwaysalwaysalways:::: (* ) usuallyusuallyusuallyusually:::: oftenoftenoftenoften:::: frequently:frequently:frequently:frequently: generalgeneralgeneralgenerallylylyly::::

sometimessometimessometimessometimes:::: rarelyrarelyrarelyrarely////seldomseldomseldomseldom: now and then:now and then:now and then:now and then: occasionally:occasionally:occasionally:occasionally: everevereverever////nevernevernevernever::::

Simple Present 72

. , . ever () .

e.g. Does he ever smoke cigarettes? ( ;).

never () .

e.g. He never smokes. ( .)

: , -Simple Present when, as soon as, before after. will going to.

e.g. Im going to be very wealthy before Im 30. Ill call you as soon as they arrive. When I see him tomorrow I will talk to him. After I have finished the book I will lend it to you.

Exercise 22a: Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Present. 1. He (have) ______ some good friends in Karditsa. 2. My mother (put) ______ a lot of sugar in her coffee. 3. They (not visit) ______ us very often. 4. His mother-in-law (go) ______ to the church every Sunday. 5. Constantine (enjoy) ______ going to parties a lot. 6. It often (rain) ______ in London. 7. People usually (brush) ______ their teeth twice a day. 8. Peter (study) ______ his lessons every afternoon. 9. She always (do) ______ her homework before going to bed. 10. Teenagers often (wear) ______ torn jeans. Exercise 22b: Change the following sentences from affirmative to interrogative and negative. 1. He wants to be a pilot when he grows up.

2. The boys usually play football on Sundays.

3. My daughter watches TV every afternoon.

Simple Present 73

4. Helen likes bananas.

5. Some adolescents always enter the class late.

6. My mother and father often go to the theatre.

7. You enjoy swimming.

8. His sister loves listening to music very much.

9. Mary eats a lot of fruits every day.

10. John goes on holiday to the Greek islands every summer.

Exercise 22c: Translate into English. 1. ;

2. .

3. .

4. . .

5. .

6. ; , .

7. !

8. Rock .

9. ; .

10. . .

Simple Present 74

Useful Vocabulary mother-in-law: law: brush my teeth: before + ( + -ing) go to bed: ( ) enjoy + ( + -ing): like + ( + -ing): love + ( + -ing): do homework: tear-tore-torn: torn jeans: grow up:

enter: go on holiday: train: hard: , -, -, -, , -, -, - local newspaper: uncle: come from: listen to music: by bus: not at all: the old: elderly people: Julie:

Non-Conclusive Verbs 75

NonNonNonNon----ConclusiveConclusiveConclusiveConclusive VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs ( )

. , , , . 1. :

feelfeelfeelfeel: seeseeseesee: smellsmellsmellsmell: , tastetastetastetaste: , hearhearhearhear: recognizerecognizerecognizerecognize: 2. , , , ..

wantwantwantwant: desiredesiredesiredesire: refuserefuserefuserefuse: forgiveforgiveforgiveforgive: wishwishwishwish: carecarecarecare: hatehatehatehate: likelikelikelike: dislikedislikedislikedislike: needneedneedneed: 3. :

thinkthinkthinkthink: understandunderstandunderstandunderstand: supposesupposesupposesuppose: believebelievebelievebelieve: rememberrememberrememberremember: forgetforgetforgetforget: 4. :

belongbelongbelongbelong (to): possesspossesspossesspossess: containcontaincontaincontain: , to be .

Non-Conclusive Verbs 76

e.g. Do you understand me? [ ();]

I see John is standing at the door. ( .)

I feel good now. ( .) : - see . e.g. I am seeing grandmother tonight. ( .) - think of/about ( ). e.g. I am thinking about going on an excursion up to the mountains tomorrow. ( .) - have have breakfast, have a meal, have supper, have a shower, have a bath, have a rest, have a lesson, etc. . e.g. He is having breakfast now. ( .) We are having a rest. ( .)

Revision: Present Continuous versus Simple Present Tense 77

REVISIONREVISIONREVISIONREVISION: Present Co: Present Co: Present Co: Present Continuous versus Simple Present Tense.ntinuous versus Simple Present Tense.ntinuous versus Simple Present Tense.ntinuous versus Simple Present Tense. Exercise 23a: Put the verbs in brackets either in the Present Continuous Tense or in the Simple Present. Remember that: a)The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual actions and b)The Present Continuous is used for actions that are in progress now.

1. Listen! I (hear) ________ someone in the next room. 2. The children (make) ________ a lot of noise at the moment. They (argue) ________. 3. Mary still (do) ________ her homework. 4. That car over there (belong) ________ to my father-in-law. 5. Businessmen (work) ________ hard every day. 6. I (not think) ________ he is crazy. 7. My parents always (buy) ________ things in cash. They never (use) ________ credit cards. 8. I (love) ________ you very much. 9. I (not remember) ________ what his name is. 10. My daughter (attend) ________ French classes three times a week. Exercise 23b: Translate into English. 1. ! .

2. .

3. ! .

4. .

5. . .

6. ; , .

7. (); .

8. ().

9. !

10. ().

Useful Vocabulary: argue: , father-in-law: businessman:

Revision: Present Continuous versus Simple Present Tense 78

crazy: in cash: credit card: attend classes: the news on television: suit: you look great: , set the table: on foot: little dog: puppy: rubber = eraser:

Simple Past 79

Simple Past TenseSimple Past TenseSimple Past TenseSimple Past Tense ( ) : 1. . . e.g. I studied hard yesterday. ( .) I met Sara last night. ( .) Advanced Level 2. . e.g. When did you go to London? ( ;) Who was with you in your house last night? ( ;) 3. . e.g. Last summer I went to Ithaki. I went there with a friend of mine. We stayed at a wonderful hotel by the sea. We swam in the sea every day. We had a great time at night. ( . . . . .) - : 1. , ed. e.g. I work () I worked () 2. , . e.g. I go () I went (). , , , . - . (I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They) ed. e.g. I helped ( .) : * e d. I love ( ) I loved ( ) I smoke ( ) I smoked ( ) * y, y ied.

Simple Past 80

e.g. I carry [ ()] I carried ( ) I try ( ) I tried ( ) * , , ed. e.g. I stop ( ) I stopped ( ) x, ed. e.g. I fix ( ) I fixed ( ) * , , , ed. e.g. I prefer () [ ] I preferred ( ) I admit () [ ] I admitted ( ) * l , ed. e.g. I travel ( ) I travelled ( ) - ( , ) . e.g. I meet () I met () I buy () I bought () - , : ^ do did. Did I?, Did you?, Did he?, etc., . e.g. Did I stop? (;) Did I meet? (;) ^ do (I did not, You did not, He did not, etc.) . e.g. I did not stop ( ) I did not go ( ) I did not meet ( ) . .. the rest in the book!!!!!!!!!!!

Grasping the English Grammar

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