Graphite in Turkey
description
Transcript of Graphite in Turkey
GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN
EUROPE
Sait UYSAL, Spil Mining Ltd.
www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012
Graphite At a Glance
The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon.
Allotropes of carbon are;
- Graphite
- Diamond
- Coal
Graphite is;
- Excellent HEAT conductor
- Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor
- Heat resistant
- Corrosion resistant
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GRAPHITE TYPES
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Applications by Graphite Type Type of Graphite Application
Synthetic Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Thread
Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Rubber and Polymer
Composites, Packings & Seals.
Natural Graphite
Amorphous Grap. Lubricant Additives, Friction Materials, Pencils, Refractories,
Paints, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Metal Covers, Thread
Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives.
Flake Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Insulation,
Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Packings & Seals.
Vein Graphite Energy Materials, Lubricants, Grinding Wheels, Powder
Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Friction Materials, Plastics,
Carbon Brushes and Parts
Source : Mackie Research Capital
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New Graphite’s Applications
Lithium-ion batteries
Fuel cells
Nuclear technology
Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner)
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Graphite in Turkey
Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type.
A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline
structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite
mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities.
Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite.
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Reserves in Turkey
Place/City
Reserve
Quantity
(Tonnes)
Average
C%
Yozgat > 100 000 45
Kastamonu Unknown 60
Aydin 150 000 10
İzmir - Tire – Karamersin 150 000 8
İzmir - Tire – Çeşme 200 000 6
İzmir - Tire – Başköy 150 000 10
Istanbul 150 000 30
Mersin 500 000 35
Adiyaman Unknown 45
Mugla 510 000 40-70
Kutahya-Oysu 130 000 20
Source : MTA reports
(MTA = General Directorate of Minerals Research and
Exploration)
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Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey
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Production in Turkey 1985-1999
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Year Production (tonnes)
Consumption (tonnes)
1985 - 4.100,00
1986 3.586,00 4.000,00
1987 8.900,00 3.400,00
1988 12.911,00 13.000,00
1989 11.000,00 12.000,00
1990 18.712,00 18.712,00
1991 26.763,00 26.763,00
1994 5.000,00 25.000*
1995 5.000,00 25.000*
1996 5.000,00 25.000*
1997 5.000,00 25.000*
1998 5.000,00 25.000*
1999 5.000,00 25.000*
Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially
Development Plan, 2001
* = Rounded roughly
0,00
5.000,00
10.000,00
15.000,00
20.000,00
25.000,00
30.000,00
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
1990
19
91
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
1998
Production (tonnes) -
Production(tonnes) -
Production in Turkey 2003-2009
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Year
Production (tonnes)
2003 0,00
2004 28,00
2005 0,00
2006 0,00
2007 0,00
2008 3.236,00
2009 2.400,00
Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht
Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs
0,00
500,00
1.000,00
1.500,00
2.000,00
2.500,00
3.000,00
3.500,00
Production (tonnes)
Production(tonnes)
Producers in Turkey
- Bilginer Mining Ltd
- Mine in Mugla city
- Underground mine.
- After 1992 they were the only graphite producers in Turkey. Annual Production was
5,000 mt.
- Production stop after 2001
Karabacak Mining LTD (Now Oysu Graphite).
- Mine in Kutahya City
- Underground and Open Pit mine
- Installed a flotation plant in 1992
- In 1992 graphite market was collapsed and they stop production.
- Occasionally try to run the facility after 2007
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Turkey Import of Graphite
Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner
HS Code
(Natural
Graphite
Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes)
2000 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.467.855,00 6.087,66
2001 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.526.441,00 6.430,61
2002 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.635.532,00 7.010,38
2003 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.725.770,00 7.429,34
2004 Import Turkey World 2504 $3.903.755,00 10.212,25
2005 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.255.075,00 11.956,33
2006 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.498.559,00 9.687,78
2007 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.531.200,00 11.920,36
2008 Import Turkey World 2504 $9.109.963,00 13.230,36
2009 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.863.912,00 6.792,96
2010 Import Turkey World 2504 $8.360.945,00 11.191,00
Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
(http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006
.2007.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute
(http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25¶m2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)
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Turkey Export of Graphite
Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner
HS Code
(Natural
Graphite
Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes)
2000 Export Turkey World 2504 $9.171,00 20,87
2001 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.547,00 44,71
2002 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.018,00 41,03
2003 Export Turkey World 2504 $5.514,00 40,92
2004 Export Turkey World 2504 $6.885,00 6,12
2005 Export Turkey World 2504 $45.633,00 73,82
2006 Export Turkey World 2504 $107.541,00 292,25
2007 Export Turkey World 2504 $180.928,00 471,68
2008 Export Turkey World 2504 $198.479,00 390,30
2009 Export Turkey World 2504 $188.218,00 256,94
2010 Export Turkey World 2504 $182.214,00 220,43
Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
(http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006.200
7.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)
Source : Turkish Statistical Institute
(http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25¶m2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)
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EUROPE
- EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China
- recycling is very limited
- EU determined graphite as one of the critical raw material
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Main Production
Countries Main EU Import
Sources Import Dependence
(2006)
Graphite
2008: China 72% India 13% Brazil 7%
2007: China 75% Brazil 8%
Madagascar 3% Canada 3%
95%
Source : European Union Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials
Critical raw materials at EU level
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Europe Export of Natural Graphite
Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value NetWeight
(tonnes)
2007 Export EU-27 World $11,355,239 5,104.84
2008 Export EU-27 World $11,088,802 4,414.25
2009 Export EU-27 World $8,112,888 4,732.48
2010 Export EU-27 World $9,515,029 4,440.32
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Europe Import of Natural Graphite
Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value NetWeight
(tonnes)
2007 Import EU-27 World $70,385,114 122,663.50
2008 Import EU-27 World $102,595,611 158,653.82
2009 Import EU-27 World $47,715,833 55,339.15
2010 Import EU-27 World $87,186,397 103,187.26
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Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Code Trade Value NetWeight
(tonnes)
2007 Import Germany World 2504 $25,577,000 54,629.43
2008 Import Germany World 2504 $40,142,000 62,186.71
2009 Import Germany World 2504 $26,364,000 33,303.13
2010 Import Germany World 2504 $47,369,064 56,332.80
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Conclusions
Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped graphite potential
Some of the graphite potential areas is promising
New applications also create new graphite demand (extra 500,000 mt by 2020)
Europe depend on Import for graphite, very limited graphite potential in Europe, and graphite
along with REE and PGM was declared as critical raw material for EU.
China is the main supplier of Europe (75%) and China has now implemented a 20% export
duty on graphite, along with a 17% VAT and an export licensing system, and this creates
supply risks. Europe has to develop new alternative suppliers
Because of its position and closeness to Europe, low operating costs, and promising
potentials of undeveloped graphite reserves, Turkey could be an alternative supplier for
Europe
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Thank You!
Sait UYSAL
Manisa/TURKEY
www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012
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