Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main...
Transcript of Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main...
![Page 1: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Graphics in RSTAT 133
Gaston Sanchez
Department of Statistics, UC–Berkeley
gastonsanchez.com
github.com/gastonstat/stat133
Course web: gastonsanchez.com/stat133
![Page 2: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
R Graphics
2
![Page 3: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Understanding Graphics in R
2 main graphics systems
"graphics" & "grid"
3
![Page 4: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Basics of Graphics in R
Graphics Systems
I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphicssystems in R
I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to asbase graphics
I "grid" prodives low-level functions for programmingplotting functions
4
![Page 5: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Basics of Graphics in R
Graphics Engine
I Underneath "graphics" and "grid" there is the package"grDevices"
I "grDevices" is the graphics engine in R
I It provides the graphics devices and support for colors andfonts
5
![Page 6: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
grid
graphics
grDevices
maps diagram plotrix
ggplot2
lattice
tikzDevice
JavaGD
Cairo
6
![Page 7: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Basics of Graphics in R
Package "graphics"
The package "graphics" is the traditional system; it providesfunctions for complete plots, as well as low-level facilities.
Many other graphics packages are built on top of graphics like"maps", "diagram", "pixmap", and many more.
7
![Page 8: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Understanding Graphics in R
Package "grid"
The "grid" package does not provide functions for drawingcomplete plots.
"grid" is not used directly to produce statistical plots. Instead,it is used to build other graphics packages like "lattice" or"ggplot2".
8
![Page 9: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In this course
I In this course we’ll focus on the packages "graphics" and"ggplot2"
I "graphics" is the traditional plotting system in R, andmany functions and packages are built on top of it.
I "ggplot2" excels at providing graphics for visualizingmultivariate data sets —in data.frame format—, whiletaking care of many issues for superior visual displays.
9
![Page 10: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
R Graphics by Paul Murrell
10
![Page 11: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Some Resources
I R Graphics by Paul Murrellbook and webpage
I R Graphics Cookbook by Winston Changhttp://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/
I ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis byHadley Wickham
I R Graphs Cookbook by Hrishi Mittal
I Graphics for Statistics and Data Analysis with R byKevin Keen
11
![Page 12: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Traditional (Base) Graphics
12
![Page 13: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Base Graphics in R
Types of graphics functionsGraphics functions can be divided into two main types:
I high-level functions produce complete plots, e.g.barplot(), boxplot(), dotchart()
I low-level functions add further output to an existing plot,e.g. text(), points(), legend()
13
![Page 14: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The plot() function
I plot() is the most important high-level function intraditional graphics
I The first argument to plot() provides the data to plot
I The provided data can take different forms: e.g. vectors,factors, matrices, data frames.
I To be more precise, plot() is a generic function
I You can create your own plot() method function
14
![Page 15: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Basic Plots with plot()
In its basic form, we can use plot() to make graphics of:
I one single variable
I two variables
I multiple variables
15
![Page 16: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plots of One Variable
16
![Page 17: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
High-level graphics of a single variable
Function Data Descriptionplot() numeric scatterplotplot() factor barplotplot() 1-D table barplot
numeric can be either a vector or a 1-D array (e.g. row orcolumn from a matrix)
17
![Page 18: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
One variable objects
Vector / Factor
row (data.frame)
row (matrix)
1-D table
column (data.frame)
column (matrix)
18
![Page 19: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
plot() of one variable
# plot numeric vector
num_vec <- (c(1:10))^2
plot(num_vec)
# plot factor
set.seed(4)
abc <- factor(sample(c('A', 'B', 'C'), 20, replace = TRUE))
plot(abc)
# plot 1D-table
abc_table <- table(abc)
plot(abc_table)
19
![Page 20: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
plot() of one variable
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
2 4 6 8 10
02
04
06
08
01
00
Index
nu
m_
ve
c
A B C
02
46
8
02
46
8
abc
ab
c_
table
A B C
20
![Page 21: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
More high-level graphics of a single variable
Function Data Descriptionbarplot() numeric barplotpie() numeric pie chartdotchart() numeric dotplot
boxplot() numeric boxplothist() numeric histogramstripchart() numeric 1-D scatterplotstem() numeric stem-and-leaf plot
21
![Page 22: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plots of one variable
# barplot numeric vector
barplot(num_vec)
# pie chart
pie(1:3)
# dot plot
dotchart(num_vec)
22
![Page 23: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Plots of one variable
02
04
06
08
01
00
1
2
3●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
0 20 40 60 80 100
23
![Page 24: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plots of one variable
# barplot numeric vector
boxplot(num_vec)
# pie chart
hist(num_vec)
# dot plot
stripchart(num_vec)
# stem-and-leaf
stem(num_vec)
24
![Page 25: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
boxplot()
# boxplot
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length)
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
25
![Page 26: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
hist()
# histogram
hist(iris$Sepal.Length)
Histogram of iris$Sepal.Length
iris$Sepal.Length
Fre
quen
cy
4 5 6 7 8
05
1015
2025
30
26
![Page 27: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Test your knowledge
What option does not apply to histograms:
A) adjacent bars (no gaps)
B) area of bars indicate proportions
C) bins of equal length
D) bars can be reordered
27
![Page 28: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
stripchart()
# strip-chart (1-D scatter plot)
# (for small sample sizes)
stripchart(num_vec)
0 20 40 60 80 100
28
![Page 29: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
stem()
# stem-and-leaf plot
# (for small sample sizes)
stem(num_vec)
##
## The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |
##
## 0 | 1496
## 2 | 56
## 4 | 9
## 6 | 4
## 8 | 1
## 10 | 0
29
![Page 30: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Kernel Density Curve
I Surprisingly, R does not have a specific function to plotdensity curves
I R does have the density() function which computes akernel density estimate
I We can pass a "density" object to plot() in order toget a density curve.
30
![Page 31: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Kernel Density Curve
# kernel density curve
dens <- density(num_vec)
plot(dens)
−50 0 50 100 150
0.00
00.
004
0.00
8
density.default(x = num_vec)
N = 10 Bandwidth = 19.41
Den
sity
31
![Page 32: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Test your knowledge
What type of plot is based on the five-numbersummary
A) bar chart
B) box plot
C) histogram
D) scatterplot
32
![Page 33: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Plots of Two Variables
33
![Page 34: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
High-level graphics of two variables
Function Data Descriptionplot() numeric, numeric scatterplotplot() numeric, factor stripchartsplot() factor, numeric boxplotsplot() factor, factor spineplotplot() 2-column numeric matrix scatterplotplot() 2-column numeric data.frame scatterplotplot() 2-D table mosaicplot
34
![Page 35: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Two variable objects
2-D table(frequency orcrosstable)
2-column (numeric data.frame)
2-column (numeric matrix)
2 numeric vectorsnum vector, factorfactor, num vector2 factors
35
![Page 36: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot numeric, numeric
plot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Sepal.Length)
# plot numeric, factor
plot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Species)
# plot factor, numeric
plot(iris$Species, iris$Petal.Length)
# plot factor, factor
plot(iris$Species, iris$Species)
36
![Page 37: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot numeric, numeric
plot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Sepal.Length)
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
iris$Petal.Length
iris
$S
ep
al.L
en
gth
37
![Page 38: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot numeric, factor
plot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Species)
●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●●●
●● ●● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●
●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
iris$Petal.Length
iris
$S
pe
cie
s
38
![Page 39: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot factor, numeric
plot(iris$Species, iris$Petal.Length)
●
●
setosa versicolor virginica
12
34
56
7
39
![Page 40: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot factor, factor
plot(iris$Species, iris$Species)
x
y
setosa versicolor virginica
seto
save
rsic
olor
virg
inic
a
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
40
![Page 41: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# some fake data
set.seed(1)
# hair color
hair <- factor(
sample(c('blond', 'black', 'brown'), 100, replace = TRUE))
# eye color
eye <- factor(
sample(c('blue', 'brown', 'green'), 100, replace = TRUE))
41
![Page 42: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# plot factor, factor
plot(hair, eye)
x
y
black blond brown
blue
brow
ngr
een
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
42
![Page 43: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
More high-level graphics of two variables
Function Data Descriptionsunflowerplot() numeric, numeric sunflower scatterplotsmoothScatter() numeric, numeric smooth scatterplot
boxplot() list of numeric boxplotsbarplot() matrix stacked / side-by-side barplotdotchart() matrix dotplot
stripchart() list of numeric stripchartsspineplot() numeric, factor spinogramcdplot() numeric, factor conditional density plot
fourfoldplot() 2x2 table fourfold displayassocplot() 2-D table association plotmosaicplot() 2-D table mosaic plot
43
![Page 44: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# sunflower plot (numeric, numeric)
sunflowerplot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Sepal.Length)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
iris$Petal.Length
iris
$S
ep
al.L
en
gth
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
● ●
●● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
44
![Page 45: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# smooth scatter plot (numeric, numeric)
smoothScatter(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Sepal.Length)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
iris$Petal.Length
iris
$S
ep
al.L
en
gth
45
![Page 46: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# boxplots (numeric, numeric)
boxplot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Sepal.Length)
1 2
12
34
56
78
46
![Page 47: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Plots of two variables
m <- matrix(1:8, 4, 2)
# barplot (numeric matrix)
barplot(m)
05
10
15
20
25
47
![Page 48: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Plots of two variables
m <- matrix(1:8, 4, 2)
# barplot (numeric matrix)
barplot(m, beside = TRUE)
02
46
8
48
![Page 49: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Plots of two variables
# conditional density plot (numeric, factor)
cdplot(iris$Petal.Length, iris$Species)
iris$Petal.Length
iris
$S
pe
cie
s
2 3 4 5 6
seto
savi
rgin
ica
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
49
![Page 50: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Two categorical variables: frequency table
# 2-D table (HairEyeColor data)
x <- margin.table(HairEyeColor, c(1, 2))
x
## Eye
## Hair Brown Blue Hazel Green
## Black 68 20 15 5
## Brown 119 84 54 29
## Red 26 17 14 14
## Blond 7 94 10 16
50
![Page 51: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Plots of two categorical variables
# mosaic plot (2-D table)
mosaicplot(x, main = "Relation between hair and eye color")
Relation between hair and eye color
Hair
Eye
Black Brown Red BlondB
row
nB
lue
Ha
zel
Gre
en
51
![Page 52: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Plots of two categorical variables
# association plot (2-D table)
assocplot(x, main = "Relation between hair and eye color")
Black Brown Red Blond
Gre
en
Blu
eB
row
nRelation between hair and eye color
Hair
Eye
52
![Page 53: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Plots of Multiple Variables
53
![Page 54: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
High-level graphics of multiple variables
Function Data Descriptionplot() data frame scatterplot matrixpairs() matrix scatterplot matrixmatplot() matrix scatterplotstars() matrix star plots
image() numeric, numeric, numeric image plotcontour() numeric, numeric, numeric contour plotfilled.contour() numeric, numeric, numeric filled contour plotpersp() numeric, numeric, numeric 3-D surfacesymbols() numeric, numeric, numeric symbols scatterplot
mosaicplot() N-D table mosaic plot
54
![Page 55: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# scatter plot matrix (data frame)
plot(iris[ , 1:4])
## Warning: closing unused connection 5
(http://gastonsanchez.com/education.csv)
Sepal.Length
2.0 3.0 4.0
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
● ●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●
● ●
●●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●
0.5 1.5 2.5
4.5
6.0
7.5
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●● ●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●● ●
●●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
2.0
3.0
4.0
●
●●●
●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●Sepal.Width
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ● ●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●● ●●
● ●● ● ●●●● ●
●●●●● ●●
●
●●●●●●●● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●
● ●● ●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●●●●
●●●
●●● ●
●● ● ●
●●●
● ●●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
● ●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●●●●
●
●● ●● ●●
●●● ● ●●●● ●
●●●●●● ●
●
●●● ●●●●● ● ●●●
● ●●● ●●● ●●
●● ●● ●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
● ●●●
● ●●
●●● ●
●● ●●
●●●
● ●●
●
● ●●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●● ●● ● ●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●● ● ●●
Petal.Length
13
57
●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●● ●
●
●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●●●●● ●●
●●● ●
●●●●
●●●
● ●●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●● ●● ●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●● ●
●●
● ●●●● ●
●
4.5 6.0 7.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
●●●● ●●●
●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●●●●
● ●●● ●●● ●●●
●
●●●●● ●●
●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●
●●● ●●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
● ●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●● ●● ●●●
●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●●●●●●
●
●●●● ●●● ●●●
●
●●●●● ●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
● ●●●●
●●
● ●●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
● ●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●● ●
●
●
● ●●
●●
● ●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
● ●
●
●
1 3 5 7
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●
●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●
●●
●●●●●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●
●●●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
Petal.Width
55
![Page 56: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# scatter plot matrix (data frame)
pairs(iris[ , 1:4])
Sepal.Length
2.0 3.0 4.0
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
● ●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●
● ●
●●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●
0.5 1.5 2.5
4.5
6.0
7.5
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●● ●●●
●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●●●● ●
●●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
2.0
3.0
4.0
●
●●●
●
●
● ●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●Sepal.Width
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●●
●
●●●●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●
●●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●● ● ●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●● ●●
● ●● ● ●●●● ●
●●●●● ●●
●
●●●●●●●● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●
● ●● ●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●●●●
●●●
●●● ●
●● ● ●
●●●
● ●●
●
●●● ●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
● ●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●●●●
●
●● ●● ●●
●●● ● ●●●● ●
●●●●●● ●
●
●●● ●●●●● ● ●●●
● ●●● ●●● ●●
●● ●● ●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
● ●●●
● ●●
●●● ●
●● ●●
●●●
● ●●
●
● ●●●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●●
●
●● ●● ● ●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●● ● ●●
Petal.Length
13
57
●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●● ●
●
●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●●●●
●●●
●●● ●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●●●●● ●●
●●● ●
●●●●
●●●
● ●●
●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●●
●
●● ●● ●●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●● ●
●●
● ●●●● ●
●
4.5 6.0 7.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
●●●● ●●●
●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●●
●●●●●
● ●●● ●●● ●●●
●
●●●●● ●●
●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●
●●● ●●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
● ●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●●●
●●
●
●
●● ●● ●●●
●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●
●●
●
●
●●●●●●●
●
●●●● ●●● ●●●
●
●●●●● ●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
● ●●●●
●●
● ●●●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
● ●
●
●●
●
●
●●●
●
●● ●
●
●
● ●●
●●
● ●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
● ●
●
●
1 3 5 7
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●
●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●● ●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●
●●
●●●●●
●
●
●●
●
● ●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
● ●●
●
●●●
●
●
●●●
● ●
●●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
Petal.Width
56
![Page 57: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# scatter plot matrix (data frame)
matplot(iris[ , 1:4])
111111
11111111
1111111111111
111111111111
1111111
11
11
111
1
1
11
1
1
11
1111
1
111111111111
1111
1111
11
11111
1111
1
1111
1
11
1
1
111
111
1111
11
1
1
1
1
111
111
111
111
1
111
111
1
111111
1
0 50 100 150
02
46
8
iris
[, 1
:4]
2222
2222222222
22222222222222222
2
22
2222222
2
222
2
2222222
2222
222
2
2
2
2222222
222222222222
22222
2
2222222222
22222222
222
22222222
2
22
2222
2222222
2
2222222222
2222
2222
3333333333333
33333
33333
33333333333333333333
3333333
333
3333
3
3
33
33
3
3
33333
3
3
3333333
3333
33333
33333
3
3333
3
3
3
3
333
3
3
333
3333333
33
3
3
3
3
3
33
33
3333
333333
33333
33333
33
44444444444444444444444
44444444444444444444
4444444
44444444444444444
444
4444444
444444
44444444444444444
4444
44444
44444
44444
4
4444
4444
44444
44
44444444444
4444
57
![Page 58: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# star plot (data frame)
stars(iris[ , 1:4])
58
![Page 59: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# color image (matrix)
image(t(volcano)[ncol(volcano):1, ])
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
59
![Page 60: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
# display of Maunga Whau volcano
x <- 10*(1:nrow(volcano))
y <- 10*(1:ncol(volcano))
image(x, y, volcano, col = terrain.colors(100), axes = FALSE)
contour(x, y, volcano, levels = seq(90, 200, by = 5),
add = TRUE, col = "peru")
axis(1, at = seq(100, 800, by = 100))
axis(2, at = seq(100, 600, by = 100))
box()
title(main = "Maunga Whau Volcano", font.main = 4)
60
![Page 61: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables
x
y
95
100
100
100
105
105 105
110
110
110
110
115
115 115
120 125
130
135
140 145
150
155
155
160
160
165
165
170
170 175
180
185
190
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
10
02
00
30
04
00
50
06
00
Maunga Whau Volcano
61
![Page 62: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables# mosaic plot of N-D tables
mosaicplot(HairEyeColor)
HairEyeColor
Hair
Eye
Black Brown Red BlondB
row
nB
lue
Ha
zel
Gre
en
MaleFemale Male Female MaleFemale Male Female
62
![Page 63: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Plots of multiple variables# symbols scatter plots
symbols(iris[, 1], iris[, 2], circles = iris[, 3]/100,
inches = FALSE)
4 5 6 7 8
2.0
3.0
4.0
iris[, 1]
iris
[, 2] ●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●● ●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●● ●
●
●●
●
●
●
●
●
63
![Page 64: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Graphics Parameters
Graphics Functions and ArgumentsI Plot functions usually come with various arguments
I Typically, the first argument(s) is the data object(s) to beplotted
I Most of the other arguments have default options
I Graphic arguments have a consisting naming convention,but there will always be some exception
64
![Page 65: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Graphical Parameters
Graphical ArgumentsI Some arguments are specific to a function (e.g. horiz orbeside in barplot())
I Other arguments are more general (e.g. col, xlab, ylab)
I General graphical parameters are listed in thedocumentation of the function par()
I See ?par for more information
65
![Page 66: Graphics in R · Basics of Graphics in R Graphics Systems I "graphics" and "grid" are the two main graphics systems in R I "graphics" is the traditional system, also referred to as](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042312/5eda6f97b3745412b5715633/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Graphics in R
How to choose a graphics approach?I look first for an existing function that does what you want
—or something similar to what you want (don’t reivent thewheel!)
I Existing plotting functions can be combined andcustomized by using optional arguments or graphicalparameters
I For exploratory data analysis (quick and dirty) the plottingfunctions in "graphics" is a good option
66