Graphical 3D Modeling of Molecules and Nanostructures in Sub-nanometer Scale with the BSM-SG Atomic...

Graphical 3D Modeling of Molecules and Nanostructures with the BSM-SG models

STOYAN SARG 2013 3rd International Conference Nanotek & Expo 1

Graphical 3D Modeling of Molecules and Nanostructures in Sub-nanometer Scale with the BSM-SG Atomic Models

Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev, York University,Toronto, Canada

www.helical-structures.org



Abstract: The Basic Structures of Matter – Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) reveals non-spherical shapes of the stable elementary particles, composed of two types of helical structures with opposite twisting. Proton and neutron have one and the same toroidal sub-structure, but the shape of proton is a twisted torus like the figure 8, while the neutron is a double folded. The shape of proton permits modulation of the space fabrics creating a positive E-field. At neutron such modulation is locked in the near field, so it is not detectable, but when in motion it creates a magnetic field. Due to it’s near E-field the neutron is stable over the proton, forming a deuteron. The electron is a different three body system with two intrinsic frequencies. Its structure and dynamic properties provide classical explanations of: Compton frequency, anomalous magnetic moment, spin and relativistic effect of mass increase. The near Coulomb field of the proton defines the trace of orbiting electron. The atomic nuclei are 3D compositions of protons and neutrons, kept by the attractive supergravitational forces, while balancing the repulsive forces between protons. The increase of number of protons reveals the build-up trend of the atomic nuclei showing a perfect match with the pattern of the Periodic Table. The features defining the valences and the angular restrictions of the chemical bonds are apparent. The rotational freedom of neutrons over protons is behind the nuclear magnetic moment. The BSM-SG atomic models are convenient for 3D graphical modeling of complex molecules and nanostructures with sub-nanometer resolution.Proceedings of 3rd International conference on Nanotek &Expo, December 2-4, 2013, Hampton Inn Tropicana, Las Vegas, NV, USA



• Nanostructures exhibits physical properties which are not predicted by Quantum mechanics (QM). Do QM models of the atoms and elementary particles correspond to physical reality or they are only mathematical? • QM atomic models are based on the Rutherford-Bohr planetary model of hydrogen that has unsolved problems from the time of its adoption:

- What is the size of the exited atoms before ionization (Rydberg state)? For quantum number approaching infinity, the size grows to infinity (boundary definition problem)- Why the orbiting electron does not radiate?- Is there a classical explanation of the constant electrical charge?- What does define the spin of elementary particles, while they are assumed spherical? - How to explain the nuclear spin and spin number if the nucleus is spherical?- Why the Periodic table of elements has such a shape with separated rows of Lantandes and Actanides?- Why some isotopes are stable and others not?- What physical condition defines the length and angular direction of the chemical bonds in molecules?- Why the neutron has a magnetic moment and the electron exhibits an anomalous magnetic moment?

• Quantum mechanics avoids the discussion on the above-mentioned problems. The rescue argument is that the human logic fails in QM explanation. Such imposed belief is an obstacle for logical understanding of many phenomena in microscale, including some observed effects in nuclear transmutations and nanotechnology.• The Basic Structures of Matter – Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) is based on alternative concept of the physical vacuum. At microscale range the SG forces play a role of nuclear forces and they are able also to modify the Coulomb field. The revealed material shapes of elementary particles and atomic nuclei are not spherical. Their features permit classical explanation of all above-mentioned problems.



Scattering experiments: Deviation from Rutherford scattering theory at alpha particles with energy above 25 MeV

The problem first detected by E. S. Bieler (1924), then investigated by Farwell & Wegner (1954) and other researchers

Scattering by alpha particles Scattering by Li nuclei

Scattering by neutrons



Discussion and conclusions from the analysis of scattering experiments• The scattering cross-sections from different target elements by alpha particles and positive

atomic nuclei above 25 MeV exhibit comb-like structures that is a signature of channeling feature. It is well fitted by optical models with up to 12 adjustable parameters and the assumption of existence of attractive forces (Eisberg & Porter, Rev. Mod. Phys. 33, 2, 190-230 (1961)

• The channeling feature in scattering data is not from the metal lattice• The neutron scattering data does not exhibit the same channeling feature • High resolution electron microscopy also shows a strong channeling structure

Conclusion: The positive charge of protons in a metal lattice form a combined Coulomb field that is extended beyond the boundary of the lattice. For the scattering experiments the combined Coulomb field provides a channeling effect with a feature of diffraction grating. This is possible if the electrical charge of the individual proton at very near field is not spherical but extended.



All elementary particles according to the BSM-SG possess helical substructures with a properties to create a charge by specific modulation of the space fabrics (physical vacuum)

• Proton and neutron possess one and a same superdens substructure. The proton is twisted torus, while the neutron is double folded. The charge of the neutron is locked in the near field by the SG (nuclear ) forces and not detectable, but when in motion it creates a magnetic field. Dimensions are derived by analysis of the particle physics data and experiments, the molecular spectra and the revealed structure of electron. They are verified by experimentally known data of chemical bonds.

Electron is a small 3-body oscillating system exhibiting a screw-like motion with preferred quantum velocities (13.6 eV, 3,4 eV, 1.51 eV…) due to phase matching with oscillating features of the space fabrics.

S. Sarg, Physics Essays, Vol. 16, No 2, 180-195, (2003).



Orbitals for optical spectra Rydberg state no boundary

From theoretical model of H2 spectrum the intrinsic constant product of the nuclear force and SG masses of proton (neutron) is found as CSG = GSG mo

2 = 5.2651x10-33 [Nm3] (§9.7 of BSM-SG) Using this constant, the binding energy between proton and deuteron estimated by simplified approximate method is: 2.158 (MeV).The experimental value is: 2.2246 (MeV).

BSM-SG models of atomic nuclei as 3D fractal formations and boundary size of the atoms

Nuclear binding by SG (nuclear) forces and orbitals

Mock-up of Argon atom



Atomic nuclei of second and third rows of the Periodic Table

Note: The principal chemical valence increases with z-number until the deuterons (protons) from the two poles are at different planes passing through the polar axis. In further z increase the deuterons (protons) are bound at equatorial region and excluded from principal valence. At noble gases all deuterons are bound at equatorial region by SG forces and excluded from any chemical valence.



Graphical modeling of some successful nuclear transmutations and cold fusion reactionsPd + D Ag

Ni + H Cu Cr + H Mn

In the book STRUCTURAL PHYSICS OF NUCLEAR FUSION a method is shown for identification the position of the fused proton (deuteron) by estimation the change of the center of mass of the recipient nucleus. The method uses the derived constant CSG and the dimensions of proton and neutron.

(Exp. Verified)

(Exp. Verified)(Experimentaly Verified)

(Predicted by Sarg)



Understanding of nuclear transmutations reported by Yasuhiro Iwamura (2012)

244 4820 22

DCa Ti

488 9638 42

DSr Mo

6137 14956 62

DBa Sm



3D configurations of simple molecules (2D images are shown)

Understanding angular bond restrictions and why some molecules are bent and others - not



The energy eigenvalues of hydrogen (one electron) atom are strongly determined by the principle quantum number, n, and less by the angular momentum, l. For many-electron atoms, however, some energy levels depends stronger on l, than on, n. This means that the magnetic interactions play a strong role.

Energy properties of circular molecules

Conclusion: A molecular structure containing one ore more atomic rings of atoms with more than one principal valence should possess an energy saving feature

Magnetic fields of the quantum electron orbits of ozone molecule are confined. Consequently, a proper quantum state will rotate in the ring until disturbed by some external interaction



Molecules possessing an energy saving feature

Conclusion: DNA and proteins containing an enormous number of atomic rings possess an energy saving feature. At particular moment, the energy of the DNA atomic rings is released as an EM radiation carrying the DNA code. A synchronized release of such radiation from the DNA in the neibouring cells will appear as an EM avalanche process possessing a strong penetration property – intercellular communication.



a. Single wall Carbon sheet with TEAM microscope (www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2010-01/graphene-breakthrough-could-usher-

future-electronics)b. Processed image showing a signature of 2 parallel planes

BSM-SG atomic models and nanotechnologyExample of analysis of Single sheet graphene

Note:

The plane of P1 & P2 is perpendicular to the plane of P3 &P4. This provides a slight displacement of the locations of the electronic orbits. This feature is detectable by the TEAM microscope.



3D topology of the single sheet graphene using BSM-SG models

Note:

The plane of P1 & P2 is perpendicular to the plane of P3 &P4. This provides a slight displacement of the locations of the electronic orbits. This feature is detectable by the TEAM microscope.



Hypothesis: Colloidal silver water solution (lowest fractal level)



Hypothesis: Colloidal silver solution (upper fractal level) and electron microscope image

www.silvermedicine.org/newtosilver2.php

This high resolution TEM image shows an angular signature of the spots of weak bound electrons.

In all levels of fractal compositions the chemical valence is 3, so the average lost electrons are 2, which

agrees with the experimental data.



Hypothesis: Colloidal silver nanoprisms as fractal structures

Silver nanoparticles. Courtesy of R. Jin et al.

Nature 2003 Oct 2;425(6957):487-90.

The trend continues in the upper level fractal formations in XY plane and in Z axes as stacks. This leads to formation of triangular prisms in the nanoscale range.



Potential application of the BSM-SG atomic models for modeling in nanotechnology

• BSM-SG models provide 3D geometry of the atomic nuclei and atoms with dimensional features. They are distinguishable from the QM models that provide only energy levels.

• BSM-SG models permits classical explanations of the boundary size of excited states, nuclear spin, angular restriction of chemical bonds and mutual magnetic interactions between orbitals.

• The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) provides the arrangements of the protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei for the elements from Hydrogen to Dubnium 1<Z<105, using symbolic shapes for protons and neutrons. The derived ANS models perfectly match the shape of Periodic table.

• BSM-SG models could be used for 3D graphical modeling in chemistry and nanotechnology with a sub-angstrom resolution

http://vixra.org/author/stoyan_sarg

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