GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS...
Transcript of GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS...
GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS
WRITING
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Bachelor Degree (S1)
SYANTI SORAYA PULUNGAN
1113026000055
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
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ABSTRACT
Syanti Soraya Pulungan, Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing.
Thesis: English Letters Department. Adab and Humanities Faculty. UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
This research is aimed to analyze the grammatical deviation on English
Letters Department students on their theses abstracts. The essential purpose of this
research is to investigate the deviation of noun and verb and the most frequent
mistakes on English Letters Department students‟ theses abstracts. The theories
used by the researcher are the grammatical deviation, error and mistakes, abstract,
and grammar theory. In this research, the researcher collected 12 theses abstracts
and found 17 sentences that contain of the mistaken use of noun and verb.
According to the 17 data, Subject-verb agreement is the most frequent mistakes
made by English Letters Department students as many as seven sentences.
Keywords: Grammatical Deviation, Mistake, Error, Grammar, Thesis, Abstract.
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APPROVEMENT
GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS WRITING
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirement for Bachelor Degree (S1)
Syanti Soraya Pulungan
1113026000055
Approved by:
Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL.
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
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LEGALIZATION
Name : Syanti Soraya Pulungan
NIM : 1113026000055
Title : Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing
The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and
Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on October 30th
, 2017. It has
already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
strata one.
Jakarta, October 30th
, 2017
Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd.
NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006 (Chair Person)
2. ElveOktafiyani, M.Hum.
NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002 (Secretary)
3. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL. (Advisor)
4. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd
NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002 (Examiner I)
5. SholikatusSa‟diyahM.Hum
NIP. 19750417 200501 2007 (Examiner II)
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, September 18th
2017
Syanti Soraya Pulungan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrohim
All praises be to Allah, the king of the king, the Lord of the world, the
creator of everything in this universe, who has given knowledge, healthiness, and
ease to the researcher in accomplishing this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon to
our beloved prophet Muhammad Sallallahu „AlaihiWasallam who has changed
the world from ignorance to cleverness.
The researcher would like to express the deepest thanks to her parents
Chalifah Riastuti Rahayu and Sofyan Pulungan who always give their love until
now and always pray for their daughter‟s success. They are the biggest motivator
in her life, so she can finish her final task of this study. Thanks to her brother
Agung Prasojo and all her family Lucy Yulianti, Hendro Sasongko, and Retno
Wati who always support and give her some advice in order to be good, strong
and smart girl until she can complete this thesis.
The researcher also wants to give her greatest gratitude to Mr. Abdurrosyid,
S.S., M.EIL as her thesis advisor who has given support, guidance, instructions,
time, and beautiful scratches on the thesis sheets that make her able to finish this
thesis.
The appreciation is also dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA as the
Rector of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Hum, the
Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Drs, Saefudin M.Pd, the Head of English
Letters Department, Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters
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Department, and all the lecturer of English Letters Department who had taught the
researcher during her study at UIN Jakarta.
Furthermore, the writer would like to deliver her gratitude to the following
persons:
1. Alfadly Muhammad, who always reminds, supports, prays and even
accompanies the researcher until finish this research.
2. UNO squads: Ana, Nay, Ranny, Yoyi, Febi, Tahier the researcher‟s closest
friend since the first semester, Hap-Hap: Isma, Zhafira, Ranie, Desi, Dwi,
Jeanni, Ika, Aphril, Sekar and Lili, B Brave and Linguistics class: Ratu
Ana, Alizza and others.. There are too many memories have been created.
3. Tri Wulan Damayanti and HOYEK (Suci, Ate, Imam, Milah, Macrun,
Icha, Dyah, Botles, Ncek, Jawir, Syifa, Andre, Athfan, Bang Agus, Irvan,
Nia, Ifaz, Lia, Zaky, Farih) the researcher struggle mate in English Letters
Department, HMJ, DEMA-F, DEMA-U and KOFAH.
4. Ka Twon, Ka Labib, Ka Bong-bong, ka Joe, Ka Naufan, ka Hatem, ka
Danty, who entertain and teach many life lesson to the researcher.
May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them. Moreover, this research
is expected to be useful for the researcher herself and all people who read it.
Suggestion and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.
Jakarta, September 18th
2017
The Researcher
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION .................................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
A. Research Background ................................................................................. 1
B. Research Focus ............................................................................................ 3
C. Research Questions ..................................................................................... 3
D. Research Objective...................................................................................... 3
E. Research Significance.................................................................................. 4
F. Research Methodology ................................................................................ 4
1. Research Method. ................................................................................. 4
2. The Technique of Collecting and Analysis Data .................................... 5
3. Research Instrument ..................................................................................... 5
4. The Unit of Analysis .................................................................................... 5
5. Research Place and Time ............................................................................. 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................. 6
A. Previous Research ....................................................................................... 6
B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 7
1. Abstracts ........................................................................................................ 7
2. Grammatical Deviation .............................................................................. 10
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3. Error and Mistakes. .................................................................................... 11
4. Grammar ........................................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ............... 19
A. Data Description ....................................................................................... 19
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 20
C. The Most Frequent Mistakes ..................................................................... 41
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 40
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 41
B. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 41
WORK CITED .................................................................................................... 43
APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 45
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: The Total of Students‟ Mistakes ............................................................. 21
Table 2 :The Table of the Most Frequent Mistakes .............................................. 41
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
A language is a tool for communication used by the human being for
interacting and exchanging ideas. There are two ways in making an interaction,
namely speaking and writing. In writing a language, there are some rules that
must be concerned by the writer, it is called grammar. All languages employ
grammar. English as an International language also has a grammar. According to
Homer and Harman (11), grammar is defined as the study of words and its
functions. In general, grammar means how sentence were structured properly so
that it can convey clearly what you want to deliver. (AlHamdan 182).
Writing an academic work cannot be separated from grammatical rules.
However, it cannot be denied by an Indonesian who is not a native speaker of
English could make grammatical mistake in writing the foreign language for
example English.
English Letters Department of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta requires their students to use English in their theses writing. The thesis is
one of academic writing that should be written with a proper grammar. However,
writing a thesis using full English with a correct grammar is not an easy thing. In
fact, the English letters students who are commonly master the English language
cannot avoid grammatical mistake in writing a thesis, including structure mistakes
in abstract thesis introduction.
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The abstract of the thesis is a brief summary of the overall content within
the thesis which is the original work of the authors without citing other works.
Abstract is one of the most important part because of its position on the front page
and that will have been seen by the readers. It is a key point whether the reader
wants to know the content. That is why the abstract should be written using the
words in a good structure according to the grammatical rules.
For example, there are some mistakes made by Suci Apriani (the student of
English Letters Department) State Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah University Jakarta
on her thesis:
“There is 2 inaccurately translation of idiomatic expressions and 15
accurately.”
Because of t he plural subjects “2 inaccurately” in sentence above, should
use the plural auxiliary are and end by –s or –es. To be auxiliary shall “are” and
the clause “inaccurately translation” shall use “s”.
Then, the correct writing is supposed to be:
“There are 2 inaccurately translations of idiomatic expressions and 15
accurately”.
After examining the grammatical deviation on abstract above, the researcher
would like to do her thesis research on students‟ mistakes of thesis abstracts
writing with the title: Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing.
The researcher wishes this research may bring advantages to the English Letters
Department students who have interest in this topic and any readers that want to
write thesis abstract correctly.
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B. Research Focus
The research focused on the grammatical deviation made by English Letters
Department Students of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta on
their theses abstract writing. The researcher identified the mistake according to
grammatical deviation, error and mistake, abstract and grammar theory. The
researcher analyzed particularly the mistaken use of noun and verb in any
sentences and clauses taken from the abstracts of the 12 theses which are selected
from the year of 2010-2017.
C. Research Questions
1. What are the deviations of noun and verb on English letters students‟
theses abstracts?
2. What is the most frequent mistake on English letters students‟ theses
abstracts?
D. Research Objectives
1. This research is aimed to analyze the deviation of noun and verb on
English letters students‟ theses abstract
2. This research is aimed to identify the most frequent mistakes on
English letters students‟ theses abstracts
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E. Research Significance
1. Theoretical
From this research, the researcher wishes her research gives some
benefits to the English Letters Department students who want to write
theses abstract correctly according to grammar.
2. Practical
The English Letters Department students have a more concern in
grammatical rules on their theses abstracts. Hopefully, this research
will give some advantages for the readers who interested in learning
English grammar.
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
This research was qualitative. Qualitative research is defined as a
research result which depicted in the form of descriptive data consisting of
written or spoken of the object under study. Bryman explained qualitative
research using inductive approach in the form of words or images intended
to give birth to the theory of (Muhammad 30-31). The researcher examined
the selected theses and then analyzed the abstracts. Next step is defined the
mistaken use of the noun and verb errors and then correct them according to
the correct grammar. Lastly, the researcher explained the frequent mistakes
on students‟ theses abstracts.
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2. The Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher examined the selected theses, the next step is analyzed,
and revised the selected theses and lastly, classified the mistake. The data
collected will be analyzed by qualitative analysis and then combined with
grammatical deviation, abstract and grammar theory. The researcher listed
the data in the table form. After analyzed the deviation of noun and verb, the
researcher explained the frequent mistakes.
3. Research Instrument
This research used the researcher herself as the instrument of the
research. This research is done by selecting 12 theses from 506 theses of
English Letters students State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta from the year 2010-2017
4. The Unit of Analysis
The unit analysis of this research is 12 theses abstracts of English
Letters Department State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
students from the year 2010-2017.
5. The Place and Time of the Research
This research is done in the library of the State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta during the year of 2017.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
There are some studies that have been observed by the previous researcher
which contained a related data, theory analysis with this research.
The first research is a journal article entitled Grammatical Deviation in
O‟Nelll‟s Hairy Ape by Majid Muhammad Sadoon at the University of Kufa
College of Arts. This study investigated O‟Neill‟s way of handling dramatic
language, in Hairy Ape, (the use of grammar from the settled norms in play
writing). The study aims to analyze the types of grammatical deviation in
O‟Neill‟s „Hairy Ape‟. Moreover, it attempts to justify the reason behind these
deviations (and to support some critical points of view concerning O‟Neill‟s and
style in using grammatical deviations).
The second research is a dissertation entitled Linguistic Deviation in
Dickens‟ “Hard Times” by Mustapha Daddi Ouameur in 2013. Linguistic
deviation is the main concern of this study. This research discussed about the
types of linguistic deviation in literature and attempt to stress the importance of
the two main elements as far as Leech‟s classification is concerned.
A research can give some advantages only if it can be a new study that has
not been discussed before in order to complete the previous research, terra
incognita (Sayogie 8). The things that distinguish this research to the previous
research are, this research discussed on the deviation of nouns and verbs on
English Letters Department students‟ theses abstracts using the theory of
grammatical deviation, abstract, error and mistake lastly, grammar.
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B. Theoretical Framework
1. Abstracts
According to Bullock, abstract is defined as summaries written to give
readers the idea of a presentation or report. (Bullock, 107). Sometimes they
are issued in databases or conference proceedings. In some academic fields,
people may contain an abstract in a report or as a preview of a performance
you plan to contribute at professional conference or academic. Abstract is a
short report, typically 100-200 words, sometimes it can even be shorter.
There are common kind of abstracts those are informative abstracts,
descriptive abstracts, and proposal abstracts.
a. Informative Abstracts
Informative abstracts are written in one paragraph that contains
the substance of a whole paper of a research project or a study.
Informative abstract must include all the main points or parts of
the paper such as the description of the study or project, its
methods, the results lastly, the conclusions. (Bullock, 107)
Figures from the National Information Standards Organization
(3) informative abstracts are usually used for documents
concerning to experimental investigations, inquiries, or surveys.
The example of the abstract accompanying a seven-page essay
that appeared in 2002 in The Journal of Clinical Psychology:
The relationship between boredom proneness and health-
symptom reporting was examined. Undergraduate students
(N = 200) completed the Boredom Proneness Scale and the
Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A multiple analysis of
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covariance indicated that individuals with hightboredom
proness total scores reported significantly higher ratings
on all five subscales of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist
(Obsessive-Compulsive, Somatization, Anxiety,
Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Depression). The results
suggest that boredom proness may be an important element
to consider when assessing symptom reporting.
Implications for determining the effects of boredom proness
on psychological- and physical -health symptoms, as well
as the application in clinical settings are discussed.
b. Descriptive Abstracts
Descriptive abstracts are generally much shorter than
informative abstracts and deliver much less information. The
descriptive abstracts function as a brain teaser rather than
summarizing the whole paper, describe a quick overview that
invites the reader to read the entire paper and do not discuss the
conclusion of the paper. (Bullock 106) A descriptive abstract do
not put any judgment of the work. Principally, the descriptive
abstract explain the paper being abstracted. Some reader
considers it as the outline of the paper, rather than a summary.
This kind of abstract generally contain of very short words -100
words or less. (Writing Center-UNC-CH).
The example of the first and last sentence of the descriptive
abstract:
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The relationship between boredom proneness and health-
symptom reporting was examined. The findings and their
application in clinical setting are discussed.
c. Proposal Abstracts
Proposal abstracts typically contain the same basic information
as informative abstracts, but it has a different purpose. The
purpose of the proposal abstract is to encourage someone to let
you write on a topic, conduct an experiment, present a paper
scholarly conference or do a project. The Proposal abstract is
not written to introduce or explain a longer piece but rather to
stand alone and often that the abstract was written before the
paper itself. The titles and other aspects of the proposal
purposely replicate the theme of the proposed work and usually
use the future tense rather than the past tense to express the
work not yet completed.
The example of the proposal abstracts:
Undergraduate students will complete the Boredom
Proneness Scale and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A
multiple analysis of covariance will be performed to
determine the relationship between boredom-proneness
total scores and ratings on the five subscales of the
Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Obsessive-Compulsive,
Somatization, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and
Depression). (Bullockl 107-109).
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1.1 Ways of Organizing an Abstract
a. (An Informative abstract)
b. (A Descriptive Abstract)
c. (A Proposal Abstract)
2. Grammatical Deviation
In syntax there is a different illustration between the types of
deviation („our heart‟s charity‟s hearth‟s fire‟) – an utilization of potential
difficulty of repetitive structure to unusual degree – a simple „yes‟/‟no‟ case
ungrammatically, as with „I doesn‟t like him‟.
The surface structure violations are „superficial‟ not only in the
technical sense, but also in the sense they have no fundamental influence on
the way in which a sentence is understood. Into this classification fall
State nature
of study
Summarize
method of study
State implications
of study
Announce
subject of study
Summarize
discussion of results
or findings.
State
conclusions
of study
Summarize results or
findings of study
Give brief overview
of full paper
Announce subject
of study
Summarize method
to be used
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violations which could be described as „bad‟ or incorrect grammar, and also
the illustrations of syntactic rearrangement (hyperbaton) discussed in „I
doesn‟t like him‟ strikes us a poor attempt at „I don‟t like him‟: „He me
saw‟ as a strange variant of „He saw me‟. (Leech 45)
3. Error and Mistakes
3.1 Error
Making a mistake is one common thing that happens along the human
learning process. Misjudgments, mistakes, and erroneous assumptions are
kind of central aspect of learning virtually getting information or any skills.
In learning the second language it is totally unlike the learners‟ native
language. Errors are naturally produced by student who do not yet
completely command some institutionalized language system (Corder, 29).
According to Corder, errors are the indicator of the learners‟ competence.
Errors are caused by deficiency in competence and a limitation in the
knowledge of language learners. Errors happened when they have not learn
something properly.
3.2 Mistakes
Mistake is not similar with error. A mistake denotes to a performance
error that is either unsystematic or a slip of the tongue, in that it is failure to
apply a known system correctly (Brown, 165). A mistake refers to
performance errors that are a random guess or a slip in that failure. The
causes of mistakes are hesitation, slip of tongue. The student who makes
mistakes will sometime use inconsistency form. For instance:
a) If the Indonesian learners pronounce the word error
“intuction” not “inatruction”
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b) If students reduce “he must go” and “he must to go”.
4. Grammar
Grammar is the language knowledge. Grammar serves to make person
know and understand the words red and written by someone (Veit 1).
Grammar can be defined as a person‟s subconsicous language knowledge.
Grammar can serve to make people understand the words which are being
talked or written by someone. (Veit 1) Grammar has a number of distinct
meanings. Based on Analyzing English Grammar book, it can refer to the
linguistic system that presumably exists in the mind of the speaker of a
language, the knowledge to which refers when we say that someone
“knows” a language. Grammar can also mean a description of the language
system. (Klammer, Thomas. P, Muriel R. Schulz, Angela Della Volpe, 3).
An academic paper should be written in a good grammatical arrangement
and no exception for the thesis. Thus, the thesis writer must know how to
write a good thesis in accordance with grammatical. According to
Chomsky, the most important reason of the importance of learning language
is a mirror rather than a thought (Radford 1).
4.1 Noun
Noun is derived from the Latin name means Nomen. It is interpreted
as the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Position of “noun” in a
sentence matches before the verb, after the verb and after conjunctions.
(Farmer, Marjorie. Steven Zemelman, Seymour Yesner, and Elizabeth M.
Richmond 313). In English a word may define so many meaning. The
learners need clues rather than meaning to categorize what part of speech
that is used. One way to help the learner identifies a word is by considering
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the word‟s form. In identifying nouns, for example, the students may notice
that the words has the additional of an affix helped by adding an affix in
noun-making derivational morpheme (consistency, communism); the reader
will understand that are nouns by looking at that they are nouns. Some noun
also inflect, they may become plural for instance (girl/girls) or possessive
(girl‟s). This skill to inflect is very helpful to differentiate between adjective
and nouns that have similar base form. (Klammer, Schultz and Volpe 69).
Noun has subclasses. Proper nouns, common nouns, singular plural nouns,
regular and irregular nouns and possessive nouns are the subclasses of
nouns. They are as follows:
a) Proper Nouns
Proper noun is described as the name of entities or specific
individuals. (Lester, Mark and Larry Beason 4). Proper noun is a
noun that is written in capital letters though not in the beginning of
the sentence. Usually, the proper nouns are the name of person,
city, state, school, book, company name and others. For example:
Mrs. Smith took the 10th grade class of Lincoln High School to
France for a trip. (Altenberg and Vago 12-19)
b) Common Noun
Common nouns are the name of the general categories. Common
nouns are usually and routinely modified by adjective.
Consequently, if a word can be readily modified by an adjective
then the word categorized as a common noun. The examples of
common nouns are: president, caveman, cat, country, and river.
(Lester, Mark and Larry Beason 4)
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c) Singular and Plural Noun
In noun, if the noun is singular, it remained in the original form,
for example, one pen, one apple, one cup, one elephant. While
plural nouns end in -s and -es. Examples: Two pens, three apples,
babies, keys, wives, dishes, boxes, tomatoes.
d) Irregular and Regular of Nouns
Regular noun does not change the original word, but rather only
the addition -s and -es. For example, songs, classes, pens. While
irregular change the original word. Here is an example of irregular
plural nouns: Child into children, foot becomes feet, man became
men, mouse into mice, tooth into teeth, and woman became
women.
There are also irregular plural noun that does not change the shape
entirely example: fixed sheep, fish remain a fish. (Azar and Hagen
168-173)
e) Possessive Nouns
In writing the possessive noun there is the addition ('s) for singular
nouns, while for plural noun, do not end in -s. The examples of
plurals noun are: The boys' football boots; the companies'
Difficulties. The examples of singular nouns are: Philip's car, the
college's administrators. These words should be in quotes (') when
including regular plurals. Possessive noun can also be used for a
group, company, live objects, places, and times. (Hwings106)
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4.2 Verb
The traditional description of verb is “a word used to explain an
action or describe a state of being”. Defining characteristic of all verbs is
that only verbs have tenses, such as past, future and present. The examples
of the verb are: sleeping, ate, gone, try, hold, closed. (Lester, Mark and
Larry Beason 6).
a. Verb Tense
The first is simple present tense. Simple present tense explains
about the event of condition that happen always, usually, habitually;
they exist now, have existed in the past time, and possible to be exist
in the future time. The example of the simple present tense: “It snows
in Alaska” and “Tom watches TV every day”.
The second is simple past tense. Simple past tense expresses the
thing in the past time. It began and finished in the past. The verb form
that used by this tense is the past verb form. The example of the
simple past tense: “It snowed yesterday” and “Tom watched TV last
night”
The third is simple future tense. It tells about the things that
happen in future time. The verb which used by this tense is the verb
one. The example of this tense: “It will snow tomorrow” and “It is
going to snow tomorrow”
The fourth is present progressive tense. Present progressive tense
tells about the thing that happen in progress at the present time, and it
is possible to be continued. The example of present progressive: “Tom
is sleeping right now” and “It is snowing now”
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The fifth is past progressive tense. It explains about the things that
happened in the past time and was in progress at a particular time in
the past. The example of the past progressive: “Tom was sleeping
when I arrived” and “It was snowing when I arrived”
The sixth is future progressive. It expresses the thing that began
before another thing happen, and it will be in progress t particular
time in the future. The example of future progressive: “Tom will be
sleeping when we arrive” and “It will be snowing when I arrive”
The seventh, Present Perfect. Present Perfect tells an action that
finished sometime before now. The exact time is not important in this
case. The example of the present perfect: “Tom has already eaten”
and “It has already snowed”
The eighth is past perfect. Past perfect expresses an action that
ended and a later time the other thing happen. In conclusion, the thing
that was completed before another time in the past.The example of
Past Perfect: “Tom had already eaten when his friend arrived” and
“It had already snowed when I arrived”
The ninth is future perfect. Future perfect tells about the things that
will be completely finished before another time in the future.
The example of the Future Perfect: “Tom will already have eaten
when his friend arrives” and “It will already have snowed when i
arrived”.
The tenth is present perfect progressive. Present perfect
progressive used to tell the event in progress before now, up to now,
and how long. The example of the present perfect progressive: “Tom
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had been studying for two hours” and “it had been snowing for an
hour”
The eleventh is past perfect progressive. Past Perfect Progressive
expresses the event that in progress before another event in the past. It
also explains how long the event was. The example of the Past Perfect
Progressive: “Tom had been studying for two hours before his friend
came” and “It had been snowing for an hour before i came”
The twelfth is future perfect progressive. Future Perfect
Progressive tells about the event that being happen before another
event in the future. It also explains how long the event was. The verb
form that used by this tense is the past verb form. The example of
future perfect progressive: “Tom will have been studying for two
hours by the time his friend arrives” and “It will have been studying
for an hour by the time I arrive”(Azar, Betty S. And Stacy A. Hagen
2-5)
b. Subject-Verb Agreement
In order a sentence become a sentence, and a clause become a
clause, the first verb and clause in the sentence must agree in number
with the subject. Agree means the number of the verb must be match
with the amount of the subject. For example, a singular subject must
be matched with the corresponding singular form of the verb, and a
plural subject must be paired with the corresponding plural form of
the verb, as in the following (subject in bold, verbs in italics): (Lester,
Mark and Larry Bason, 123).
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For example:
Every pupil has to take a rest
Some people were waiting at the door (Eastwood 193)
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Data Description
The research data are taken from the theses abstracts of the English Letters
Department Students State Islamic University Jakarta start from the year 2005-
2017. The tables below show clearly the grammatical deviation made by the
English Letters Department students in writing their theses abstracts. The columns
show the total of students‟ theses (12 theses) while the rows display the mistakes
made by the students according to the theory on the chapter II, there are: Proper
Nouns, Plural and Singular Nouns, Regular and Irregular Nouns, Possessive
Nouns, Verb Tense, Subject-Verb Agreement. The most frequent mistakes will be
explained in the last part of the chapter III after analyzing the students‟ theses
abstracts.
Table1. The total of students‟ mistakes
Mistakes Area
(1-6)
The Students‟ Theses Abstracts (Abstract 1-12)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
1. Proper Nouns - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 2
2. Plural and
Singular Nouns
- - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 2
3. Regular and
Irregular Nouns
- - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
4. Possessive
Nouns
- - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
5. Verb Tense - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 2
6. Verb Form - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2
7. Subject
Verb
1 1 - - - 1 1 2 - - 1 - 7
20
Agreement
Total 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 17
B. Data Analysis
1. Deviation Explanation and Correction
Text 1
Thesis Title : An Analysis of Accuracy in Translating Idiomatic
Expression in Up In the Air Film.
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 1
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
From 7 types that is
explained by Mc Carthy and
O‟dell (page i)
Subject-Verb Agreement
Text 2
Thesis Title : An Analysis of Stylistics in the Advertisement Column of
the Jakarta Post
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 2
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
As the result of analysis this
study show that: first, there
are seven kinds of figure of
speech (page. i)
Subject-Verb Agreement
Text 3
Thesis Title : An Analysis of Turn-Taking in Oprah Winfrey‟s Talk
Show Interviews J. K Rowling
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 3
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
The writer collects the data
from the transcript of the
conversation and then
classification them into turn
constructional component
Verb Form
Oprah Winfrey gives an
interest topic that involves
J.K Rowling‟s experience
Verb Form
21
Text 4
Thesis Title : A Psychopath Analysis on Michael‟s Character in
Halloween Film by Rob Zombie.
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 4
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
He experiences a psychopath
influenced by the traumatic
experiences in his life since
he was children (page. i)
Plural and Singular Noun
Since he was children that he
gets from his family and
friends.
Verb Tense
Text 5
Thesis Title : Sudanese Refugees‟ Identity in the Good Lie Film
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 5
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
Using the Descriptive
analysis and qualitative
method to reveal the
findings, thus, this research
describes the identity
dynamics of three main
characters and their identity
constructions. (page. i)
Plural and Singular Noun
Text 6
Thesis Title : Conversational Implicature on ABC Interview Between
Barbara Walters and Syrian President Bahsar Al- Assad
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 6
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
Because speaker does not
want to make misleading to
other people considering he
have interview to seek some
support for it . (page. i)
Subject-Verb Agreement
22
Text 7
Thesis Title : An Analyis of Donald Trump‟s Commissive Speech Act
In USS Yorktown on December 7, 2015
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 7
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
This research focuses on the
analysis of the commissive
speech act uttered in
YouTube by Donald trump
campaign speech in the state
of USS, Yorktown. (page. i)
Proper Noun
This research focuses on the
analysis of the commissive
speech act uttered in
YouTube by Donald trump
campaign speech ini the state
of USS, Yorktown. (page. i)
Possessive Noun
Not the meaning that the
researchers bring to the
research or that writer
express in the literature
Subject-Verb Agreement
Text 8
Thesis Title : The Main Character‟s Resistance to Patriarchal Ideology
In A Golden Web Novel
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 8
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
This study concern to the
main character‟s resistance
to patriarchal ideology using
feminist approach. (page. i)
Subject-Verb Agreement
The method that the
researcher use in this paper
is qualitative method.
Subject-Verb Agreement
23
Text 9
Thesis Title : An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesion of References in
J.K Rowling‟s Speech
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 9
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
The datas are collected from
the script of the J.K
Rowling‟s speech in Harvard
University with little the
fringe benefits of failure and
the importance of
imagination . (page. i)
Regular and Irregular Nouns
Text 10
Thesis Title : A DeconstructiomCritism of Starling‟s Characteristics in
“Silence of the Lamb” Film
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 10
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
The research is aimed to
deconstruct the
characteristics of Clarice
Starling as a main character
in “silence of the lamb”
film.
Proper Noun
Text 11
Thesis Title : An analysis of FTA Strategy with Off Reord in the Script
of 17 Again Movie
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 11
Sentences Grammatical Deviation
That is the writer chooses,
selects and classify the data
Subject-Verb Agreement
24
Text 12
Thesis Title : Self Actualization the Main Character on the Into The
Wild Film
The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 12
NO Sentences Grammatical Deviation
1. He trapped by the flow of
the river until he dies in his
dream land
Verb Tense
Text 1
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph three line one “From 7 types that is explained by McCarthy and
O‟dell”
25
This sentence is categorized as a subject-verb agreement mistake. It
can be seen from the sentence above, the student used the singular verb is
for the plural subject McCarthy and O‟dell. As the theory of subject-verb
agreement in Oxford Guide to English Grammar book, the number of the
verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A plural subject or
object must be paired with corresponding plural form of verb. The student
should write plural verb are after the plural subject 7 types. The correct
sentence supposed to be: From 7 types that are explained by McCarthy
and O’dell.
Text 2
26
Based on the text above, it is found grammatical deviation on
paragraph three line one “As the result of analysis this study show that:
first, there are seven kinds of figure of speech.”
This sentence is classified as the subject-verb agreement mistake
because the student uses the plural verb show after the singular object
study in this sentence. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the
number of the verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A
singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular form of verb.
Then, the singular object study must take the singular verb shows. The
correct sentence is supposed to be: As the result of analysis this study
shows that: first, there are seven kinds of figure of speech
Text 3
27
Based on the text above, it is found two grammatical deviations on
paragraph two line four“The writer collects the data from the transcript of
the conversation and then classification them into turn constructional
component” and paragraph three line three “Oprah Winfrey gives an
interest topic that involves J.K Rowling‟s experience”
a. The writer collects the data from the transcript of the conversation and
then classification them into turn constructional component
The sentence above is categorized as a verb form mistake. This
sentence uses a noun to express an action while, based on English Grammar
and Usage book, verb means a word used to explain an action or describe a
state of being. The correct sentence should be: The writer collects the data
from the transcript of the conversation and then classifies them into
turn constructional component.
b. Oprah Winfrey gives an interest topic that involves J.K Rowling‟s
experience
The sentence above is classified as a verb form mistake. Based on
Oxford Guide to English Grammar book, when the adjective express
something is like, the effect it has on us, the adjective form must end in –
ing. The verb interest above has the effect on us then the adjective interest
it must be written in the participle form. Then the verb interest should be
written as interesting. The correct sentence supposed to be: Oprah
Winfrey gives an interesting topic that involves J.K Rowling’s
experience.
28
Text 4
Based on the text above, it is found two grammatical deviations on
paragraph three line six “He experiences a Psychopath influenced by the
traumatic experiences in his life since he was children”and “Since he was
children that he gets from his family and friends.”
a. He experiences a Psychopath influenced by the traumatic experiences in
his life since he was children
The sentence above is classified as the plural and singular noun
mistake. He is the third-person singular. Singular subject must be followed
by singular noun. Children are plural form of child. Then, the singular
29
subject he must be followed by the singular noun child. The correct
sentence is supposed to be: He experiences a psychopath influenced by
the traumatic experiences in his life since he was child.
b. Since he was children that he gets from his family and friends.
The sentence above is classified as a verb tense mistake. The
sentence above used the present tense to express the past action. According
to Understanding and Using English Grammar book, the simple present
tense explains about the event of condition that happen always while to
express the thing in the past time it should use the past tense. The correct
sentence should be: Since he was child that he got from his family and
friends.
Text 5
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph one line five “Using the Descriptive analysis and qualitative
30
method to reveal the findings, thus, this research describes the identity
dynamics of three main characters and their identity construction.”
The sample below is classified as the plural-singular noun mistake.
The word their used to figure the possessive form of the plural subject they.
They is a plural subject, and then it must followed by the plural object. The
writer used singular noun identity for plural possessive pronoun their. The
correct sentence is: Using the Descriptive analysis and qualitative
method to reveal the findings, thus, this research describes the identity
dynamics of three main characters and their identities construction
Text 6
31
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph three line six “Because speaker does not want to make
misleading to other people considering he have interview to seek some
support for it”
This sentence is considered as the subject-verb agreement mistake.
Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of the verb must
be match with the amount of the subject. A singular subject must be paired
with corresponding singular form of verb. The third-person singular he must
be followed by singular verb has. The true sentence should be: Because
speaker does not want to make misleading to other people considering
he has interview to seek some support for it
32
Text 7
Based on the text above, it is found three grammatical deviations on
paragraph one line one “This research focuses on the analysis of the
commissive speech act uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign
speech in the state of USS, Yorktown” and paragraph one line eight “Not the
meaning that the researchers bring to the research or that writer express in
the literature”
a. “This research focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act
uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign speech in the state of
USS, Yorktown”
33
The grammatical deviation of the sentence above is located in
proper noun. According to Altenberg and Vago on English Grammar:
Understanding the Basics book, the name of people should be written in a
capital. The correct sentence should be: This research focuses on the
analysis of the commissive speech act uttered in YouTube by Donald
Trump campaign speech in the state of USS, Yorktown
b. This research focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act
uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign speech in the state of
USS, Yorktown.
The sentence above express the words campaign speech which is
belongs to Donald Trump. It is classified as a possessive. According to
Hewings on Advanced Grammar in Use there should be („s) addition to
the sentence for the singular noun. The correct sentence is: This research
focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act uttered in
YouTube by Donald Trump’s campaign speech in the state of USS,
Yorktown.
c. Not the meaning that the researchers bring to the research or that
writer express in the literature.
This sentence is considered as the subject-verb agreement mistake
because in this sample, the student wrote the third-person singular writer
followed by the plural verb express. According to English Grammar and
Usage book, the number of the verb must be match with the amount of the
subject. A singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular
form of verb. The true sentence supposed to be: Not the meaning that the
34
researchers bring to the research or that writer expresses in the
literature.
Text 8
Based on the text above, it is found two grammatical deviations on
paragraph one line three “This study concern to the main character‟s
resistance to patriarchal ideology using feminist approach” and paragraph
one line four “The method that the researcher use in this paper is
qualitative method”
a. This study concern to the main character‟s resistance to patriarchal
ideology using feminist approach
The sentence above is classified as the subject-verb agreement
mistake because the student put plural verb concern for the singular
subject study. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of
35
the verb must suitable with the subject. A singular subject must pair with
corresponding singular form of verb the singular subject study must be
followed by the singular verb concerns. The correct sentence supposed to
be: This study concerns to the main character’s resistance to
patriarchal ideology using feminist approach.
b. The method that the researcher use in this paper is qualitative
method.
The sample below is categorized as the subject-verb agreement
mistake. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of the
verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A singular subject
must pair with corresponding singular form of verb. The sentence can be
correct if the third singular person followed by the singular. The third-
person singular researcher must follow singular verb uses. The true
sentence should to be: The method that the researcher uses in this
paper is qualitative method.
36
Text 9
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph one line two “The datas are collected from the script of the J.K
Rowling‟s speech in Harvard University with little the fringe benefits of
failure and the importance of imagination.”
This sentence is categorized as a regular and irregular noun
mistake. Based on Understanding and Using English Grammar book, the
37
irregular verb may change the shape of word while regular verb get
additional –s or –es. Data is the plural for datum. While, The student
wrote datas to express the plural form of datum. The plural form of datum
is data not datas. The correct sentence supposed to be: The data are
collected from the script of the J.K Rowling’s speech in Harvard
University with little the fringe benefits of failure and the importance
of imagination.
Text 10
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph one line two “The research is aimed to deconstruct the
characteristics of Clarice Starling as a main character in “silent of the
lamb” film.”
38
The example above is considered as the proper noun mistake. The
“silent of the lamb” is a title of a movie. According to Altenberg and
Vagoon on English Grammar: Understanding the basic book, the title of
the movie should be written in capital. The true sentence is: The research
is aimed to deconstruct the characteristics of Clarice Starling as a
main character in “Silent of the Lamb” film.
Text 11
Based on the text above, it is found ne grammatical deviation on
paragraph one line two “That is the writer chooses, selects and classify the
data”
This sentence is categorized as the subject-verb agreement
mistake. The sentence is not correct since the student uses plural verb
classify for the singular subject writer. Based on English Grammar and
39
Usage book, the number of the verb must match with the subject. A
singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular form of verb.
Classify for the singular subject writer should end by –es. The correct
sentence supposed to be: That is the writer chooses, selects and
classifies the data.
Text 12
Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on
paragraph two line seven “He trapped by the flow of the river until he dies
in his dream land.”
The text above, it is classified as a verb tense mistake. According
to Basic English Grammar book, the past action must be expressed by the
past tense. While, the sentence above used the base form dies to express
40
the past action. The correct sentence should be: He was trapped by the
flow of the river until he died in his dream land.
C. The Most Frequent Mistakes
After classifying and analyzing the mistakes, the researcher shows the
amount of the mistaken use of noun and verb on the table below according to the
mistakes frequency.
Table 2 The Most Frequent Mistakes
No Deviation Area Frequency
1 Subject-Verb Agreement 7
2 Plural and Singular Noun 2
3 Proper Noun 2
4 Verb Tense 2
5 Verb Form 2
6 Regular and Irregular Noun 1
7 Possessive Noun 1
Total 17
Based on the data above, subject-verb agreement on seven sentences is the
most frequent mistakes made by English Letters Department Student on their
theses abstracts.
41
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the errors made by the English letters department students on
their theses abstracts writing, the researcher would like to give some conclusions
about her research, as follows:
The first conclusion is related to the first research question. It is about the
deviation of noun and verb made by the students of English Letters Department.
The result is there are 17 mistakes found in 12 theses.
The second conclusion of this research is related to the second research
question is about the most frequent mistake made the English Letters Department
students on their theses abstracts. Based on chapter III analysis, it can be
concluded that according to the 17 data, subject-verb agreement is the most
mistake made by English Letters Department Student on their theses abstracts
B. Suggestion
1. To Linguistics Students
The researcher hopes that this research would be a reference for
English Letters Department students. Hopefully, this thesis will be useful
for the English Letters Department student who interest in learning error
analysis and grammar.
2. To Other Researchers
The researcher suggests that the next researcher uses the other corpus
to analyze for the next grammatical deviation thesis. Therefore, the
42
researcher expects that the other researchers will conduct a further study
focusing on the grammatical deviation.
43
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APPENDIXES
Text 1
46
Text 2
47
Text 3
48
Text 4
49
Text 5
50
Text 6
51
Text 7
52
Text 8
53
Text 9
54
Text 10
55
Text 11
56
Text 12
57
58