Grammar With Tamil Explanation

77
Royal Easy English Grammar Through Tamil Page 1 of 77 Your suggestions and comments are welcome. 1 st Chapter contains the following lessons. Lesson No. Contents Page No 1 The meaning of Grammar 2 2 English Letters –Classification 2 3 Some Words often used in our daily life 3 4 Sentence and Kinds of Sentence 46 5 Parts of Sentence 60 6 Parts of Speech 67 7 First Person, Second Person and Third Person 77

Transcript of Grammar With Tamil Explanation

Page 1: Grammar With Tamil Explanation

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����������������� �������

��������������

��������������

1st Chapter contains the following lessons.

Lesson No. Contents Page No

1 The meaning of Grammar 2

2 English Letters –Classification 2

3 Some Words often used in our daily life 3

4 Sentence and Kinds of Sentence 46

5 Parts of Sentence 60

6 Parts of Speech 67

7 First Person, Second Person and Third Person 77

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GRAMMAR ����What is Grammar ?

������ ���� ������ � ��

Grammar is nothing but the rules and regulations framed for speaking and

writing in any language without a mistake.

������ ���� � � ���������������������������������� �����������

��� ���������� � ������ � ���� ���� �����! ��"#�����$� ����

� ������"�%�

LETTERS �������� ���# ����� ���# ����� ���# ����� ���# �

There are twenty six letters in English. Out of these 26 letters, five letters

namely A,E,I,O,U are called Vowels. The remaining 21 letters are called

Consonants.

& ! ���������� 26 ����� ���# ��� # �# %�'����()������ ���#����5

����� ���# �� '���� � A,E,I,O,U � � ��*� ����� ���# �� � ���

'"���� � +�� � %�,�-# �#� 21 ����� ���# �� ��������� ���# �� � ���

'"���� � +�� � %��

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SOME IMPORTANT WORDS ����-��������*��"��# ��

We have to know some important words used often in the Sentence.

Knowing meaning and usage of the word in the sentence will help us to

use these words in sentences in future . ����

����

�������������� ' .���.� � � ���/ .�� ��� -������ ��*��"��"#� ������������������� ' .���.� � � ���/ .�� ��� -������ ��*��"��"#� ������������������� ' .���.� � � ���/ .�� ��� -������ ��*��"��"#� ������������������� ' .���.� � � ���/ .�� ��� -������ ��*��"��"#� �����

'���� ���# �#� ��� �.�������� %������������ # �#� '���� ��*��"��� ��'���� ���# �#� ��� �.�������� %������������ # �#� '���� ��*��"��� ��'���� ���# �#� ��� �.�������� %������������ # �#� '���� ��*��"��� ��'���� ���# �#� ��� �.�������� %������������ # �#� '���� ��*��"��� ��

� � �+� '*������ ���"��� ������� � ���# ��� � ��! ����������� � � �+� '*������ ���"��� ������� � ���# ��� � ��! ����������� � � �+� '*������ ���"��� ������� � ���# ��� � ��! ����������� � � �+� '*������ ���"��� ������� � ���# ��� � ��! �����������

�������������������� ����� ��*��"��"# �� � � +���� ����0 � � ������������������� ����� ��*��"��"# �� � � +���� ����0 � � ������������������� ����� ��*��"��"# �� � � +���� ����0 � � ������������������� ����� ��*��"��"# �� � � +���� ����0 � � �������

����0��%����0��%����0��%����0��%����

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1. To ---������0��0��0��0 ����

Example:

To me ���0�

To School # �#���/ ���� ��0�

To my father � ��' � ����0�

To go to school # �#���0�� ����0�

To go to school with your son ��� ����1 � �� # �#���0�� ����0�

To drive a car �����"$�2��+���0�

To see a picture ��� ���"� �� ��� � ��0�

To meet my friend in Madras � �" ������ ���� � " � ���� � ��0�

To take a book ��3������"���+ � ��0�

To go to shop to buy a book ���3������"����! ����"���0 ��� ����0 �

To speak with him & �1 � ��� ����0�

Note: Please note that always After “To”, if any verb comes, only

present verb will come. There are some exceptions which will be studied

in later stage.

����� � # �#� �+��� ������+�#������� ������ � # �#� �+��� ������+�#������� ������ � # �#� �+��� ������+�#������� ������ � # �#� �+��� ������+�#������� � To���� � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� �� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� �� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� �� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� �

����� ��" ����� ��" ����� ��" ����� ��" �� ���� ��������� ��" �� ���������� �� �������� �+��%��� ���� ��������� ��" �� ���������� �� �������� �+��%��� ���� ��������� ��" �� ���������� �� �������� �+��%��� ���� ��������� ��" �� ���������� �� �������� �+��%�

�������������0�"#� � ������� ��! ��#������� ����%�������������0�"#� � ������� ��! ��#������� ����%�������������0�"#� � ������� ��! ��#������� ����%�������������0�"#� � ������� ��! ��#������� ����%����

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2. In - ����������������

Example:

In Dubai � ������

In Madras � �" �����

In New york ���4��*�������

In my school � � # �#���/ ��������

In me � � ���������

In him '����������

In my father � ��' � �����������

In my family � �0+�� �������

In writing ��� ������

In speaking truth � � �"��� �������

In writing a letter to my friend � ���� � 1 ��0�����.������� ������

In seeing a picture ��� ���� �* � �����

In buying good things ������ �����"#���! �0������

In having written a letter ����.�������������������

In having seen a picture ��� ���� �*�������������

In having taken a book ���3��������+�������������

In having discussed the matter �������5���"����������� ��� ��������������

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Note: Please note that if any verb comes after “In”, it should be a

present participle. In the above examples, please note that after “In

having” , the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after “In

having” if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.

“In” � ����*��"���0 �'+��� ��������" �� ����� �� �� ������������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ��������" �� ����� �� �� ������������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ��������" �� ����� �� �� ������������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ��������" �� ����� �� �� ������������

��"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����6# �#� 7���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����6# �#� 7���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����6# �#� 7���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����6# �#� 7�8888��9� �#������9� �#������9� �#������9� �#���� “In

having”���� � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��" �� � ! ���#�� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��" �� � ! ���#�� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��" �� � ! ���#�� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��" �� � ! ���#�

���� # �# %� ������������ ����� # �# %� ������������ ����� # �# %� ������������ ����� # �# %� ������������ � “In”����� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ����������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ����������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ����������� ����*��"���0 �'+��� ����������

��"����"����"����"�� � -��:� � -��:� � -��:� � -��:� “In having” � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ���������

��"�� � -����$��� �+���� � "�6����� ����������# �#���%��"�� � -����$��� �+���� � "�6����� ����������# �#���%��"�� � -����$��� �+���� � "�6����� ����������# �#���%��"�� � -����$��� �+���� � "�6����� ����������# �#���%����

3.For - & �& �& �& �

Example:

For me � ������

For you � ������

For him '�1 ������

For her '�; ������

For it '������

For them '�*�; ������

For seeing �* � ������

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For writing a letter ����.������� �������

For meeting my friend � �1 "����� � " �� ���� � ������

For sending money to my father � �1 "���' � ����0 �� � ���'1 �3�������

For having written a letter ����.��������������������

For having told truth � � �"��� �����������������

For having beaten him '�" �'.��������������

For having killed a snake �� ���" ������ ������������

For having sold this house '�1 "���,��"���������������

Note: Please note that if any verb comes after “For”, it should be a

present participle. In the above examples, please note that after “For

having” , the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after “For

having” if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.

“For” � �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ��"�� � ��"�� � ��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%�������� ���7�%��9��#����������� ���������� �+��%�������� ���7�%��9��#����������� ���������� �+��%�������� ���7�%��9��#����������� ���������� �+��%�������� ���7�%��9��#����“For

having” � �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���

���� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������ # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������ # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������ # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� �� “For”���� � �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�

'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -��� “For having” � �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�� �� ��*��"���0�

'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -��� �$��� �+���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -��� �$��� �+���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -��� �$��� �+���'+��� � ��������� ��"�� � -��� �$��� �+��� � � "�� �,! ��# ��� � "�� �,! ��# ��� � "�� �,! ��# ��� � "�� �,! ��# ��

������������# �#���� �+��������������# �#���� �+��������������# �#���� �+��������������# �#���� �+������

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4. From - ��������������������

Example:

From me � � �������� �

From my father � �1 "���' � ���������� �

From our country ���-"�������.������ �

From their money '�*�; "��� � ���������� �

From the forest ����.������ �

From writing a story ����"����� ��������� �

From seeing a picture ��� ���� �* � �������� �

From learning good books �����3����! ��"# �� . � �������� �

From understanding this point �������5���"� �3����� ����# ������������ �

From having known this �"��'����������������� �

From having seen a good man ������� ��" �� �*��� �������������� ��

From having studied your lessons � �� ��! ��"# �� .���������������� �

From having cut this relationship ������ "��-����������������� �

From having gone to school # �#���0 ��� ��������������� �

From having taught this lesson ���� � ����"����� ����������������� �

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Your suggestions and comments are welcome.

Note: Please note that if any verb comes after “From”, it should be a

present participle. In the above examples, please note that after “From

having” , the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after “From

having” if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.

"From"���� � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#��8888����#��������#��������#��������#����"From

having" � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ������ ���� ��"�� � ���

���� # ����� # ����� # ����� # �#"������ ����%� � ��� � �� �� ���#"������ ����%� � ��� � �� �� ���#"������ ����%� � ��� � �� �� ���#"������ ����%� � ��� � �� �� ��� “From having”���� � ��� ��� ��� ��

��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ��� � �� �� ��� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ��� � �� �� ��� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ��� � �� �� ��� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ��� � �� �� ��� ���������

� ��$ � ������� ����������� �+��%� ��$ � ������� ����������� �+��%� ��$ � ������� ����������� �+��%� ��$ � ������� ����������� �+��%����

5. With - & ��& ��& ��& ��8888����� � ��� � ��� � ��� � ��8888����2+2+2+2+

Example:

With your help � ��� �������,�� ��� ���6� �, �� ��� ������+,

With me � �1 � ��7& ����2+9�

With you � �� �+��7& ����� � �9�

With my father � ��' � ��� ��7& ���2+9�

With money 3� �������7� � ����2+9�

With her friend '�; "����� � ��+�

With pen � ������

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6. Without -

Example

Without money � ����������

Without hard work �. �� "� � ���������

With no work ��"�����������

Without seeing �*��������

Without writing a letter ����.�������������� �.$�����

Without earning money � ��� �� �����������

Without studying books 3����! ��# �� .��������

Without having written a story ����"����������������������

Without having understood you � �" ��3$���� ������ ������������

Without having met my friend < �1 "����� � " �� ������� ����������������

Without having done any work �������"�6���� ������������������

Note: Please note that if any verb comes after “Without ”, it should be a

present participle. In the above examples, please note that after

“Without having” , the Past participle of a verb has come. So always

after “Without having” if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.

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"Without" � �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � ����� �� ��*��"���0� '+��� � �������� ��" �� ���� �����������" �� ���� �����������" �� ���� �����������" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� # �#��8888��������������������������������“Without

having” � �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���

���� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� ��������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� ��������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� ��������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� ����� "Without having"���� � ��� ��� ��� ��

��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ������� �����"�� � ������� �����"�� � ������� �����"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%������� �+��%������� �+��%������� �+��%

7.On - ����������' � �� $���������' � �� $���������' � �� $���������' � �� $���

Example

On this table �������" ������

On the wall '��� ������ �������

On me � �������

On this instruction ������� ���"�� ��� �����

On seeing this film ���� �� ���"� �� �* � � �� �����

On writing this letter

��������.���"������������� ��� �����

On having studied this matter �������5���"� �� .��������� ��� �����

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On having met him in time � �����$�������'�" �� ������������� ��� �����

On having obeyed to his words

'�1 "�����*��"��; ��0���,�� � .��������� �� �����

On having visited many places

����! ��"# ����� �� �*��������� ��� �����

On having gone to America '�����������0 ��� �������� ��� �����

On having understood this point

�������5���"� ��3����� ����� �.����� ��� �����

On having sold this house ������,��"����������� ��� �����

Note: Please note that if any verb comes after “On”, it should be a

present participle. In the above examples, please note that after “On

having” , the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after “On

having” if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.

"On" � �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����� � # �#� ���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����� � # �#� ���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����� � # �#� ���"�� � ������� �� �������� �+��%� ����� � # �#� �8888��� �������� �������� �������� ����� “On

having” � �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���� �� ��*��"���0 � '+��� � ��������� ��"�� � ���

���� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ������� # �#"���� ��� ����%� � ��� � �� �� ��� "On having"���� � �� �� �� �����

��*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� �����������*��"���0 � '+��� � ����� ��" �� ���� ���������

��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%��"�� � ������� ���������� �+��%

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8. On account of

Because of

Due to

By virtue of

By dint of

Thanks to

Owing to

By Virtue of

In consequence of

In the light of

��$� ����

Example:

a.He has passed the examination because of his hard work

'�1 "����. �� "� � � ����$� ����'� ����*����������� �� �%�

b.He did not go to school due to his illness.

'�1 "�������� ����$� ����'� �� # �#���0 ��� �������"�%�

c.By virtue of his hard efforts, he has achieved a good position in his life.

'�1 "����. �-�� �������'� ��'�1 "�������������������"�"��

'"����������� �.

d.On account of his having passed in First Class, he has got a good job. '� ��-����0 � ��������������� ����'� ���������"�"��� ���������� �%�

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e.Thanks to the development of science, we have got so many things in our

daily life.

'������ �� �#* � ��� �� ��$� ���� ����� ��� � �� ��� ���������

' ���7��5�! ��"#9�� �����"# ��� ��# ��#���%�

f.Owing to his illness, he did not go to school.

'�� ������ ����$� ����'� �� # �#���0 ��� ������"�.

g.In consequence of his failures in life, he learnt a lot of experiences.

��������� '�� � ��������#� �� ��"#���� 7��$� ���9� <$�#�� �

'1 �! ��"#�'� �� .���� �.

h.By virtue of his powers, the President ruled the country under control.

'�� � '����$! ��# �� ��$� ���� '���� = ��� ��� ����� ����"��

���+ � ���.���& � ���*%�7& �� ��� ����*9.

9.According to:- '����� ! ��'����� ! ��'����� ! ��'����� ! ��

Example;

According to the instructions given by the Employer, the workers are doing

their work.

-���#���������+��� � ������ ���"�; ����� ! ���'�������������#��# ��

'�*�#� ���"�"� ��� ��� ���� �+��������*�# �.

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10.As per:-���� .�7'� � .9 .�7'� � .9 .�7'� � .9 .�7'� � .9

Example:

As per the list attached herewith, the supplier will send the goods

���� � �� �"� ��� � ���� ��.��� � .� '���� ��� "��#*� '��� ��

� �����"#�'1 �3��*%

11.With immediate effect:- � �.���� �.���� �.���� �.�������

Example;

The fraudulent employee has been removed from service with immediate

effect.

'������ ����� 7���� � ���9� ��"���# �� � �.��� �� � ��������� �

�,��� � ��+��������*%�

12.In force: '-����'-����'-����'-����

Example:

The rules and regulations are in force since 1947.

>?@A�–������ ����� �� ���������! ��# ��' -����������� � .

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13.

Though

Although

Even though --------------

-

������ ���� ���

������ ���� ��/ ��

Example:

Though he was lazy, he was very brilliant.

'� ��� ���� ����������� ���� ���' � ����"�6# �#� ��������� �%�

Even though he is very rich, he is a very hard worker.

'� �� � ����$��� ������� ���� ��/ �� '� �� ������ �.����

� "� � �#������������ �.

14. In the Place of

In lieu of

In stead of

����� ����� ����� ���������

Example

a. Please take this book instead of that box.

'���� � ��.��0 �� ������ ���� �� 3������"�� ���� ��� � �+�

7�+��� �����# �9%�

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b.Mr.Kumar has been appointed as manager in the place of Mr.Ram.

����$�-���0 �� ����������#$�������0��*��������� � ��+��������*%�

15

15. In the event of

In case of

�� � � ��� � � ��� � � ��� � � �����

Example:

a.In the event of your passing the examination, you will get the job.

�,� 7� �1 "��9� ��*����� �B ������ � � �� �,� '���� ��"�"� ��

� �����%%�

b.In case of his going to school, he will study well.

'� ��7'�1 "��9� # �#���0 ��� ���� � � ��'� ��� ��� �� . � � �%�

16.As far as I am concerned – � �" ��� �������"$����� �" ��� �������"$����� �" ��� �������"$����� �" ��� �������"$��������

Example:

a.As far as I am concerned, I have done my work perfectly.

� �" �� � ������"$����� �� �� � �1 "��� ��"�"�� -�"���� ��

� ���������� �%�

b.As far as he is concerned, he is very good in all the ways.

'�" �� � ������"$����� ��������! ��#�� ��� ' � �� ��������

������� �%%�

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c.As far as you are concerned, you can get the prize.

� �" ��� ������"$������,�'��� �� $�" ��� -.6��%�

17. So far: �� �"$�� �"$�� �"$�� �"$����

Example:

I have not completed my work so far.

�� ���� �"$��� ���"�"��-.��� �����������"�%%�

18.Till now:- � �� �� ��"$� �� �� ��"$� �� �� ��"$� �� �� ��"$����

Example

Till now, he has not finished his work.

� �� �� �"$�'� ��'�� ���"�"��-.��� �����������"�%�

19.When ����8888� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� �� ��

Example

a.When did you come to my house ?

�,�� �� �� �� �1 "����,��+��0����������

b.When you came to my house, I was doing my home work.

�,�� �1 "����,��+��0������ �� ��� ���� ��,��+� ��"�"� ��� ��� �

���� �.����� �%�

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20.After �0 �0 �0 �0

Examples:

a.I am not after money.

�� �� � �����0 �� � � �������"��7����������"�9%�

b.I came here after you had left the office.

�,�'� �����"������+����������� �0��� ���! ��������� �.

c.After seeing my brother, I returned home by bus.

�� � ����$" �� �*���� �0�� ���������� ���,��+��0�������� �� �%

21.Before: - � ��- � ��- � ��- � ���

You should reach office before 10 A.M

��"��>C��� ���0�- � ����,�'� �����"��'"������ �+��%

You had completed your office work before you went (left for) home.

�,� �,��+��0 �� � ����0� 7� � 9- � ��� �,� � �1 "��� '� ����

��"�"��-.�����������.

Before seeing you, I had met him on my way to house.

� �" �� �* � ��0�- � ����,��+��0 �� � �0������������� ��'�" ��

������������� �.

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22.In front of :����- � �.��- � �����- �- � �.��- � �����- �- � �.��- � �����- �- � �.��- � �����- �

The coconut tree is in front of my house.

'�������� �" ��$���� �1 "����,��.�0�- ��������� .

23.Below: �,���,���,���,��

A student should not secure marks below 35 out of 100. >CC��0DE���0����,��������� � ����� �� � ��# ���+������ �����7/ ��� 9.

24.Above: ��������������������

A student should obtain marks above 35 out of 100 to pass in the

examination.

��� ��� � �� ��*����� ����� � ����0� >CC� ��0� DE8��0� �����

��� �� � ��# ���+������ �+��%.

25.With Reference to: 0� � ���+�0����0� � ���+�0����0� � ���+�0����0� � ���+�0���� ����

Example

With reference to your letter dated 25th March 2003, I do hereby bring to

your kind attention the following points.

��* �� (D� (CCD� ���������� � ! ��; "��� �.���� 0� � ���+� 70���� 9�

�,������ �������� ���"#�� ! ��#� �' �3��������0��� ���� �F����

���� �+����� �%.

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26. On the go:- ����������� � ������������� � ������������� � ������������� � ������

Example

My mother is always on the go in kitchen.

�"���"������ � �'������ �� �� ������� � ����������# �%

27. As regards

In regard to

With regard to

Regarding

��������� ��������� ��������� �������������

�� ��� � +������0���� �� ��� � +������0���� �� ��� � +������0���� �� ��� � +������0���� ����

Example

a.Regarding the advertisement in the “Hindu” news paper for the post of

Manager, I apply for the same.

����#*���"����������� ���#�������� # �#���#�� $��� �� ��������� ��

'�������1 ��� ����� �.

28. As soon as: � �� ��� �� ��� �� ��� �� ������

Example

As soon as the police arrived the spot, the thief escaped from the house.

� ��,B �� ' ���� �������0� ����� � �� ��� '������ ���� �� '����

�,��.������ �� � ������� �%�

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29. No sooner ………… than � �� ��� �� ��� �� ��� �� ������

Example

No sooner did the police arrive the spot than the thief escaped from the

house.

� ��,B �� ' ���� �������0� ����� � �� ��� '������ ���� �� '����

�,��.������ �� � ������� �%

30. If ��������������������������������

Example:

If you work hard, You will pass in the examination.

�,��.������"��� ��������,���*����������� �����.

31. Unless: ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Example

Unless you work hard, you will not pass in the examination.

�,��.����� "������������7� "�������������9��,���*����������� �

��������%�

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32. Despite

In spite of

Notwithstanding

�� � �1 ���

Example

a.Despite his having failed in the SSLC examination, he has come up in life.

'� �� ('�� )� �B �%� �B �� ���� B �� ����� ��������"������ � �1 ��� '� ��

���������- �� ��������� �.

b.In spite of his working hard, he could not get good marks in the

examination.

'�1 "��� �. � � "� �3� �� � �1 ��� '� �� ��*����� �����

��� �� � ��"# ��� �-.�������"�.

c.Notwithstanding the warning by the management to remove the workers

from service, the workers continued their strike.

� ��������� ��������#*�"#��,��0���0���*������� ����� � ����"��

�� � �1 ���'�������������#*�# ��'�*�#� ���"����������"����

����*����*�# �%�

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33.Now that:- ����� .���������� .���������� .���������� .�����,����������������������������������������

Example

Now that he had passed the Higher Secondary Examination with good

marks, he applied for the Higher studies in Medicine.

�������� �� � ��; � ��'� ��' ����"G �*�� �� �������*�����

����� �������� .�����7���������9������ ������������ . � ������

�1 �� ���� �%�

34.As :- ����������������������������������������

Example

As he had gone to Gulf Countries for a good position, he earned a lot of

money. �������"�������7��"���09��"#0�������.�0�'� ��� ������������'� ��

<$�#�� � � ��"� �� �� ������� �.

35. As long as:- ����0���"$����0���"$����0���"$����0���"$����

Example

As long as he was alive, he lived for poor people and nation.

'� ��� ���$�+�������"$�'� ��<"������; �������������.��������

�������� �.

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36.As a general rule / In general :- � ������ ������ ������ ���������

Example

As a general rule, We should respect the rules and regulations of a country

where we live in.

� �� ��������������� ������. �� ���������! ��"#�������������

��� �+��.

37.With the help of / By means of :- � ���������F����� ���������F����� ���������F����� ���������F��������

Example

Our thoughts are generally expressed by means of words.

��*��"��#� ��� ��������7F����9���� ��� �� ! ��# ��� �� ����

��#� � +��� �� +�� � .

38.By all means:- ������������� ��������������� ��������������� ��������������� �� / �� � ������ � ������ � ������ � ���� / ������������ �������������� �������������� �������������� �� / � ������

Example

By all means you will succeed in the examination.

�� � �����7������������ ��9��,���*����������� �����%�

39. a man of means: rich man - � ����$ � � ����$ � � ����$ � � ����$ �����

Example

Mr.Ramanathan is a man of means.

����$����� ����� � ����$ ��%�

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40.Beyond Measure :- Very big -�����'�������8�'#���-.����

Example:

Her joy was beyond measure.

'�#� ������ � ��'#���-.����'#���0������� %�

41.Nevertheless: �� � �1 ���� � �1 ���� � �1 ���� � �1 ��

Example

He did not study well nevertheless he hopes he can win first rank.

'� ��� ��� �� .�������"���� � �1 ���'� ��-�����$! ����� �

-.6�� �1 �'� �����3��� �%�

42. By mistake: ��������������������������������

Example

By mistake, he forgot to take his umbrella during the rainy season.

��������'�*��"��������������� � �0"�"���+ � ��0�

���� ������*%�

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43. On behalf of : �* �� �* �� �* �� �* ������

Example

He took this problem to the management on behalf of workers.

�������#��#� �� �* �����*��������0����� �� �$ � ""��'� ��

�+��� ��� �� �%�

44. In accordance with: '� � .���� ! ��'� � .���� ! ��'� � .���� ! ��'� � .���� ! ������

Example

In accordance with your instruction, they have done their work without fail. � ! ��#� ��� ���"����� ! ����������' �*�# ���! ��#� ���"�"� ��

� ����������*�# �%�

45.In order to: ��0 ���0 ���0 ���0 �–������$� �����0��$� �����0��$� �����0��$� �����0 ����

Example

He reached the Railway station in order to send off his friend in time.

'�� ��� � " �� ������$�������'1 � �"� � ��07'1 � �"���0���

��$� �����09�'� ��$�������"����"��'"����� �%�

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46. In course of : ��� �� ���������� �� ���������� �� ���������� �� �����������

Example

In course of time, he realized his mistakes.

��� �� ��������'� ��'�� �����"#�� � *���� �%�

47.Agreeably to: ������ ! ��������� ! ��������� ! ��������� ! ���

Example

Agreeably to the terms of settlement, we have paid the money in time.

�,*�� ���� ���"�; ��0������� ! ������! ��# ��� ������$�������'��� ��

� ��"� ��� � ���������������%�

48.In favour of: ������ ������ ������ ����������

Example

The money has been sent by our company in favour of M/s.Lotus Co.Ltd.

������B ������ ����������� �$����7 ������9��! ��#� ����� �������

���� �� � ���'1 � ��"���� � ��+�������� %�

49.Provided that: �� ���"�� ��� ������ ���"�� ��� ������ ���"�� ��� ������ ���"�� ��� ��������

Example

We will do the work provided that the employer should pay the salary in

advance.

-���#�� �� #��"��-������7- � �.���9�� � ������� �+���� ��

�� ���"�� ��� �������! ��# ���������"�"� ��� �������%�

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50. On the ground that:

Example

He was punished by the court on the ground that he was found guilty.

0���#��� �'� ���� �+ �.��� � ���� ��� ��'. � "��� ��� �����

'� ���,���� ���������� �.��� � ���� �%�

51. About to: ��������������������������������

Example

He was about to leave this company.

'� ������������� �"������+ ��� ��� ���������������� �%�

52.

As if

As though

�� � "� �� ����

Example

a.He talks with others as if he were rich.

'� �� � ����$���������"� ��� �������*�#������ ���� ��

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b.The office boy behaves in the manner as though he were a manager of this

manager.

'����'� ��� ��" � ������ ��� ������#"$ ��� ����������� ��

53.

On the verge of

On the brink of

��#��� ����

�; �� �

Example

The country is on the verge of disaster.

�������+�'���� ����#� � ����� # �#� �7������� 9.

She is now on the brink of shedding tears.

'�# ���� �� ,*��� #��"# �� ���� �����#��� ����7��"�����9�� # �#�# ��

7�������# �9.

54. On one’s own accord: ����� � �� � �� � �� � �5555�� � .�� � .�� � .�� � .����

Example

He has resigned his post on his own accord due to some personal problems.

����� ���� �� �$ � " �#� ����$� ������ �����7'�� �� �����

�5�� � .��9�'� ���� ���"�"��$�=������ ���� �.

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55. Far and near: ��������������������! ��# ��7��������" �# �9����! ��# ��7��������" �# �9����! ��# ��7��������" �# �9����! ��# ��7��������" �# �9

Example

People came from far and near to see this building.

����# ������������.���"� �� �* � ��0���������! ��#������� ��������*�# �.

56. In time : $��� ���$������ $��� ���$������ $��� ���$������ $��� ���$������

Example

We went to theatre in time to see this film.

���� �� ���"� �� �* � ��0 �� $��� ���$�����������������0���! ��# ��

� �����.

57. In vain : �,� ���,� ���,� ���,� ��

Example

He tried in vain to get first rank.

-�����$! ���"� ��� ����0��,� ���-�� ��� ���� �%.

58. In a moment: ���������0��������������������� ���������������0��������������������� ���������������0��������������������� ���������������0��������������������� ����������

Example

In a moment, there was an utter silence when he entered the house.

'� ���,��.�0# ��H"����� �� �'! �������� ����������-�"��� �

'"������ %.

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59. Ins and outs: -�"��� ����$! ��# �-�"��� ����$! ��# �-�"��� ����$! ��# �-�"��� ����$! ��# �����

Example

He knows the ins and outs of this subject.

'� ������ �� ������ ��-�"��� ��� $! ��"#�'���� �.

60. In the nick of the time: ��� �� $��� ���$��������"� ����$��������� �� $��� ���$��������"� ����$��������� �� $��� ���$��������"� ����$��������� �� $��� ���$��������"� ����$����������

Example

He disclosed all the facts in the nick of the time.

��� � $��� �7�"� �9���$�������'� ��������� � �"��"#6���

��#������� ��7��#� � +���� � �9.

61. Little by little: ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� ����� ����� ����� �����

Example

Little by little he earned a lot of money.

��� � ������'� ��<$�#�� � � ��"� �� �� ������� �.

62. On the whole: ������������������������������������������������

Example

On the whole he has done a very good business.

�������������' � ���������������"� ��� ���������� �.

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63.To and Fro: - �1 ��� � �1 ��- �1 ��� � �1 ��- �1 ��� � �1 ��- �1 ��� � �1 ��

Example

He walked to and fro on the platform.

���� �$�������' � ��- �1 ��� � �1 ���7'! �0��! �0��9������� �.

64. One by one : ������ ��������� ��������� ��������� ���

Example

Please read these sentences one by one.

���� ��� �������������! ��"#������� ������ �.

65. All of a sudden: ��I�$ ����I�$ ����I�$ ����I�$ ������

Example

All of a sudden the police came to the house and arrested the two persons.

��I�$ ���� ��,B ��'�����,��.�0����� ��$� �+�� * "#�"�� �� ���� ..

66.At the most: '��� � �� ���7������/ .�� �� ��9' ��� � �� ���7������/ .�� �� ��9' ��� � �� ���7������/ .�� �� ��9' ��� � �� ���7������/ .�� �� ��9����

Example

At the most I can help the poor man by giving Rs.100/=

J ����>CC����+ � �� ��F����'��� � �� ����� ��'����<"��� ��1 ��0�

� ����� ����-.6��%

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67.At any rate or At any cost : ������������� ��������������� ��������������� ��������������� �� , � � . � ������� ��� � . � ������� ��� � . � ������� ��� � . � ������� ��

Example

I can pass the examination with good marks at any cost.

� � . � ������� ����������� �� � ��; � ���� ����*����������� �

-.6��.

68.At once: � �.���� �.���� �.���� �.�������

Example

You should do the work at once.

�,�'������"�"��� �.��� ��� ������� �+��.

69. At a stretch ��$�.�������$�F � �����$�.�������$�F � �����$�.�������$�F � �����$�.�������$�F � ���

Example

At a stretch you cannot finish all the pending jobs.

��������� "���� # �#���"��"#��,���$�.����7����������9�� ����

-.��� %

70. At last �"� ������"� ������"� ������"� �����

Example

He confessed his mistakes at last.

'� ���"� ������'�� �����"#����� ������� ��� �.

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71.As well as: ���+������ �7��� ��9���+������ �7��� ��9���+������ �7��� ��9���+������ �7��� ��9

Example

Raman is a doctor as well as a very good business man.

$�� ����������*����+������ ������� �� ��������� �$��������

������� �.

72. At the top of: � �$������� �$������� �$������� �$������

Example

He is at the top of name and fame.

'� ��� ���3��� ��� � ������������� �.

73.By the way of: F����F����F����F����

Example

I told him this matter by way of joke.

�� ��'�1 ��0��������5���"���"� ��"���� ��� � �� �.

74.Day by day: ����������; ���� ��������; ���� ��������; ���� ��������; ��

Example

The Prices are increasing higher day after day.

��"��� ��# ������������; ���� �*��� ����� ���������� � .

75.For a while: ���������K � ���$���K � ���$���K � ���$���K � ���$������

Example

He took some rest for a while after doing a hard work.

����. ���"��� ��� �0�'� �����K � ��$������K � ���2����

�+���� �.

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76. From head to foot: �"��-����������"$�"��-����������"$�"��-����������"$�"��-����������"$����

Example

He looked at the stranger from head to foot.

'� ��' ����'�����"$����"��-���� ������"$�� ����������� �.

77.For want of: �����"������7�����"��� ����$� ������9�����"������7�����"��� ����$� ������9�����"������7�����"��� ����$� ������9�����"������7�����"��� ����$� ������9����

Example

For want of money, he could not continue his studies further.

3� ������"��� ����$� �������' � ��'�� � . �" ���� ���������

-.�������"�.

78.For the sake of: ��$��$��$��$� ���������7������ ���������7������ ���������7������ ���������7�����9�

Example

He died fighting for the sake of his country.

'�� �����.���� �� � �" �����+7������ ���9������ �.

79.For the purpose of: ��$� ����������$� ����������$� ����������$� ������������

Example

He went to Dubai for purpose of earning a lot of money in a short period.

0"��������������<$�#�� � � ��"� �� �� �����0�����$� ���������

'� ��� ����� �� �.

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80. In a short span of time: 0����������"���#�����0����������"���#�����0����������"���#�����0����������"���#�����

Example

He cannot finish the work in a short span of time.

0����������"���#������'� ��'������"�"��-.����-.��� .

81.From far and wide: ������������! ��#������� ����������! ��#������� ����������! ��#������� ����������! ��#������� ��

Example

People came from far and wide to see the beautiful building.

'����'������������"�� �*������������! ��#������� �������# �������*�# �.

82.At �����' #���������' #���������' #���������' #��������

Example

At first 88�-������

At 8 O’clock ---���+��� ��'#����

At Mela Kadayanallur �88�������"������� ������

Note: We have to use the Word “At” to denote for Time and Small Places.

��$��"�8� ������! ��"#���0� � ��0������" At" �� �#���*��"�"� ��

� �� +������� �+��.

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83. Of: ����� "���� ����� �� "���� ����� �� "���� ����� �� "���� ����� �����

Example

Leg of the chair -- '������������� ��7� "��9������

Capital of Tamil Nadu --����������. �7� "��9��"���*

Of his life --'�� �������"�"� �� ��

At the end of the Meeting --/ ������� ��7� "��9����������

Novels of Shakespeare ---�5��B � ���� ��������# ��

84.But for: ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Example

But for her help, he could not have studied well.

'�; "���� ���������������������������'� ��� ��� �� .���������

-.��� .

85. Once upon a time –����������������������������������������������������

Example

Once upon a time in a forest, there lived a beautiful lady named Latha.

� ���� ��� ��# �#����'��� �� � ����������������������.���

7'! ���9���������# �%�

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86.By force of circumstance: L����"��� ����$� ���L ����"��� ����$� ���L ����"��� ����$� ���L ����"��� ����$� ���

Example

By force of circumstance, I could not go to England, leaving my family

members.

�� �0+�� �� *�"#�����+����+ ��L ����"��� ����$� ������ ��

�! ����������0 ��� ����-.�������"�.

87.At large ����8888Free��������88888888������#�������#�������#�������#�����88888888����������$���������$���������$���������$�������

Example

The escaped prisoner is still at large.

'������� � ����.�� �"��"����� �1 �����#������������$����������� �.

88.By and large --� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���

Example

By and large I like her conduct and characters.

� �� ������ ��' �� �����"�6���0� ��� �! ��"#6��������3��� �.

89.As a last resort / in the last resort: - �����"� � ��3��������"� � ��3��������"� � ��3��������"� � ��3�������

Example

As a last resort, he decided to sell his house to settle his debts.

'�� ��� ��"#��,* � ��0�'�� ��,��"��������"� �����7�"� � ��

3�������9�'� ���,*������� �.

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90. Out of Question: impossible��������88888888����-.����-.����-.����-.���� ����

Example

His efforts to go to Dubai are now out of question.

� �����0 ��� ������ �'�� �-�� ��# ��� �� �"���0�-.�������

������ � .

91.On the way to : � �0����������� �0����������� �0����������� �0����������

Example

I met my friend on the way to Calcutta.

���������� �0������������ � ��� � " ��� �� �������� �.

92.In the middle of: �����+�����7���������9�+�����7���������9�+�����7���������9�+�����7���������9����

Example

The employees were standing in the middle of the road and demanding their

rights.

& �������������#��# ���$���. �������������� ������ �+�'�*�#� �

� ��"��"#�� ��"�6� ������+������ �+�������*�# �%�

93.Off and on:��������'��� �� �� ��7����+�����+9'��� �� �� ��7����+�����+9'��� �� �� ��7����+�����+9'��� �� �� ��7����+�����+9����

Example

It rained off and on.

-"��'��� �� �� �� ���� .

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94.At the eleventh hour: �����"� ����$�������"� ����$�������"� ����$�������"� ����$����������

Example

He was studying his lessons at the eleventh hour.

'� ���"� ����$�������' � � � ��! ��"# �� .��� ������� �.����� �.

95. Past time –����� ��� � ���0� ��� � ���0� ��� � ���0� ��� � ���0 ����

Example

Reading novels is his past time.

������# �� . � � �'�� �� ��� � �������������� %

96.On the other hand: ������������������������

Example

He had not helped me even though I was in need of money in my rainy time

but on the other hand I am helping him at his rainy days.

� � ��5��������������� �� � �����"�6# �#� ��������� ���� ��/ ��

'� �� � ��0� � ���� � ������������" �%� & ���� ����� �� �� '�� �

�5��������#����� ����� ��� ����� �+�������� �%�

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97.Once in a blue moon: ����' 34*����' 34*����' 34*����' 34*��������

����

Example

He comes to house to visit my parents once in a blue moon.

' 34*�����'� ���� �� ���*�"# �� �*"������� ��,��.�0�

����� �%�

98.In Cold blood: �$������$������$������$�����88888888��"� ������������"� ������������"� ������������"� ����������88888888���M$������M$������M$������M$�������

Example����

Sometimes one of friends behaves with others in cold blood.

������$! ��#����� � ��� � *�#������� �����*�#��������M$����

��"� ����������������� ��7����� ����# ���� �9.

99.In the event that: ������ � � ��� � � ��� � � ��� � � �����

Example

In the event that you do not pay the money in right time, your credit facility

will be stopped without any notice. ����� � ��$������� ' ��� �� � ��" � �� � � ������.��� 7� � �������� � � �9�

� ! ��#� ��� ��� #���������������'�0"$6���������������� � +��.

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100.Off: Cancelled/ delayed ---- $��� �� ��� � ��+$��� �� ��� � ��+$��� �� ��� � ��+$��� �� ��� � ��+

Example

The proposed meeting is off.

'�������,*�� ���� � ����/ ������$��� ��� ��� � ��.������ .

101. Pros and cons. ���� ���! ��# �� ���� ���! ��# �� ���� ���! ��# �� ���� ���! ��# ��88888888����� �"���,"��# �� �"���,"��# �� �"���,"��# �� �"���,"��# �

Example

You have to consider the pros and cons before taking any decision in any

problems.

��������� �$ � "��� ������-.���+ � ��0�- � ����,! ��# ��' � ��

���� ���! ��"#����� �����0��+������� �.�������� �7��� �+��9.

102.As usual: ������������ ����������� ����������� ����������� �������

Example

He is late to office as usual.

'� ����������� ����& ,���0������������������� �.

103. Through and through: ����-�"����-�"����-�"����-�"��������

Example

He is an honest person through and through.

'� ��-�"����������*"��� �� ������������ �.

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104. Through: ��������������������������������

Example

I saw the person walking in the street through the window.

= � ����������������������� ����� �.�����'����� "$ �� �*���� �.

105. Whereas: �����7' ��� ��������9�����7' ��� ��������9�����7' ��� ��������9�����7' ��� ��������9����

Example

Some people like fatty meat whereas others hate it.

�������# ������ �3# �#��" � �"�������3�� � *������' ���

������������*�# ��' "����������*�# �.

106. To the extent of: - ����'����''����''����''����' #���0#���0#���0#���0 ����

Example

He has come to the extent of criticizing me in the presence of others.

���*�#� ��- � �"������� �" ����* ���� ��6�#���0�'� ��

����������� �%

107. At the outset –����-�������& $�� ������-�������& $�� ������-�������& $�� ������-�������& $�� ����������

Example

At the outset, he thanked you very much for your help.

-������'� ��� �1 "���� ����������������� ���/ �� �%

108. As of : from -- �������������������� ����

Example

As of today, you have been appointed as a Manager of this company. � �"�������� ��,! ��# ������������� ��� ������#$����������� � ��+�������,*�# �%�

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109. In the presence of: ����- � �"�����- � �"�����- � �"�����- � �"���������

Example

I want to say some thing about my history in the presence of you.

� ! ��#� �- � �"������� � ��$���" �� ��� ����"��� ��� �����

�����3��� �%�

110. As a consequence of: ������"#�����"#�����"#�����"#�������

Example

As a consequence of the recent budget, the prices have gone up at all levels.

��� �"��� ���=��. ����"#������������"��#�� �����"��� ��# ��

� �*��� ������� � %

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SENTENCE��������������������������������������

What is a sentence ? ����������� ������ � ��

A sentence is a group of words which gives a complete sense.

��� -�"��� � '*�����" ���� ���+���� �� ��*��"��#� �� ���0 �� �

���������0���%

Example:

1.Raman went to school.

$�� �� # �#���0 ��� �� �%.

2.Raman did not eat a mango.

$�� ��������� ���"� �� � � ������"�.

3.Do they read news papers?.

'�*�# ��� ���������# ��"#��� ������*�#��

4.Where did they buy a book?

'�*�# ���! �������3������"����! ����*�# ��

5.Go to school and study.

# �#���0 ��� ��� ..

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6.Do not talk in the class room.

�0 � "������ ���.

7.Please help me to lift the box.

���� ��� ��."��� �*����7� ����9����0�� ����� ��.

8.What a picture !

� � ����� ����N

9.What a cruel king he is !

� � ��������M$�� �'$ ���'� ��������� �N

10.How beautifully she danced!

����#��'�����'�# ��& . �# �N

The above each and every sentence has a group of words. At the same

time, each sentence gives a complete sense. �

����� � # �#� �������� �������-��� ��*��"��#� �� ���0��"� ��

� ��# �# %� ' ��� ��������� �������� �������-��� ��� -�"��� �

'*�����"�������+����� %�

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Kinds of Sentence ����������� ���"��#����������� ���"��#����������� ���"��#����������� ���"��# ��

There are four kinds of sentence. These are as follows.

������������ �0��"� � +��%�'"��# �������O�

1.Assertive Sentence ----- � ���������������

2.Interrogative Sentence ---��# �������������

3.Imperative Sentence --- ����"#����������

4.Exclamatory Sentence.—& � ��������������7��� �3����������9�

1.Assertive Sentence: � ��������������� ��������������� ��������������� �������������� A Sentence which gives an affirmative or a negative sense is called an

Assertive Sentence.

���� � � ��� �'���� �������*�"�� �����"�������+���� �����

��������� � ���������������� '"���� � +��� %

Example.

1.Raman eats an apple.

$�� �����& � �"# �� � � �+��� �%�

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2.Kamala has gone to Madras.

������ �" ��0 ��� ��������# �.

3.Rahim had seen a picture.

$G ,������ ���"� �� �*��������� �%�

4.The teacher teaches grammar.

'����& ����*������� ��"������ ������*.

5.Gopal does not write a letter.

��� ��������.���"����� ������"�.

6.Rahul will not fight with his brother.

$�0���' �1 "��� ����$1 � �� � �"���������� �%�

7.Rahim has not gone to Singapore.

$G ,��� �! �� �34*�� ������������"�.

8.I do not want to harm others.

���*�"#�� �3���� ���0��� �������3������"�.

Please note that the above sentences are giving affirmative and negative

senses. ������ # �#��������! ��# ��� � � ������� # �#��������! ��# ��� � � ������� # �#��������! ��# ��� � � ������� # �#��������! ��# ��� � � ��� ����*�"�� �'*���! ��"#���� ����*�"�� �'*���! ��"#���� ����*�"�� �'*���! ��"#���� ����*�"�� �'*���! ��"#������

���+��� ������� �.����� � �� � "������ ��� ��� ����������+��� ������� �.����� � �� � "������ ��� ��� ����������+��� ������� �.����� � �� � "������ ��� ��� ����������+��� ������� �.����� � �� � "������ ��� ��� �������.

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An assertive sentence is divided into two types namely 1. Affirmative

Sentence and 2. Negative Sentence. �

���� ����������������$� ���� �� ������ � +��� %�'���� ��

>%�� � � ���+������������(%����*�"����������

1.Affirmative Sentence: � � � ���+����������� � � ���+����������� � � ���+����������� � � ���+����������

A Sentence which gives an affirmative sense is called an Affirmative

Sentence.

��� � � � ��� � '*�����"���� ���+���� �� ��� ���������� � � � ���+�

����������� �'"���� � +��� %�

Example.

1.Raman eats an apple.

$�� �����& � �"# �� � � �+��� �%�

2.Kamala has gone to Madras.

0����� �" ��0 ��� ���������# �.

3.Rahim had seen a picture.

$G ,������ ���"� �� �*��������� �%�

4.The teacher teaches grammar.

'����& ����*������� ����� ������*%�

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2.Negative Sentence - ���*�"�������������*�"�������������*�"�������������*�"����������

A sentence which gives a negative sense is called a negative sentence

��� ���*�"�� � ����"���� ���+���� �� ��� ���������� ���*�"�

����������� �"���� � +��� .

Example

1.Gopal does not write a letter.

��� ��������.���"����� ������"�.

2.Rahul will not fight with his brother.

$�0���' �1 "��� ����$1 � �� � �"����������� �%�

3.Rahim has not gone to Singapore.

$G ,��� �! �� �34���0 ��� �����������"�.

4.I do not want to harm others.

���*�"#���� �3������� �������3������"�.

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2.Interrogative Sentence –��# ���������������# ���������������# ���������������# �������������

A sentence which gives a sense of asking or questioning is called an

Interrogative sentence.

��# ��������� � +�� ��'*�����"�������� ��������������������# ����

����������� �'"���� � +��� %�

Example

1.What do you want ?

�,�� � ������3������

2.Where did you go yesterday?

������,��! ����� � ����

3.How are You ?

�,�� � .�����������

4. How old are you ?

�,�����" ������������������� ��0�����" ���� �

5.Who are you?

�,���$��������������7�,���*�9.

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6. What is your father?

� �1 "���' � ��� � �����������*� � ��' � ��� � �� �����*��

7. Have you finished your work?

�,�� � ���"�"��-.��� ������������

8.Will you meet me in Madras ?

� �" ������,�� �" �� ���� � ����

9. Are you happy in doing this work ?.

�������"�"� ��� ���������,� �����5��������������

10. Will you help me ?

�,����0�� ����� �������

11. Did you study these subjects?

���� �� ��! ��"#��,� .�������

12. May I come in ?

�� ��� # ��#��$�����

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An Interrogative sentence is divided into two types

namely 1.Specific Type and Yes or No Type

�����# ���������������$� ���� �� ������ � +��� %�'���� ��

>%-�"��� � ��"�����������# ��������������

(%& ���'���� ����"��� �� ��"�����������# �������������.

.

1. Interrogative Sentence under Specific Type -�"��� � ��"�����������#-�"��� � ��"�����������#-�"��� � ��"�����������#-�"��� � ��"�����������# ��������������������������������������������������������

An interrogative sentence which gives a specific or full answer type is called

An Interrogative sentence under Specific Type

-�"��� � ��"�������� �������# �����������������-�� ���� ���,���

� # �#���# ��������������� �'"���� �� +��� .

Examples

1. What do you want?

�,�� � ������3�������

2.Where did you go yesterday?

�,�������! �0�� �����

3.How are You ?

�,������������������

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4. How old are you ?

� ��0�����" ���� ��7�,�����" ���� # �#� �������������9

5.Who are you?

�,���*��7��,���$�������������9

6. What is your father?

� � �' �� ��� � �����������*�

2. Interrogative Sentence under Yes or No Type & ��� '���� � ���"�� � �� ��"���� ����� ��# ����& ��� ' ���� � ���"�� � �� ��"���� ����� ��# ����& ��� ' ���� � ���"�� � �� ��"���� ����� ��# ����& ��� ' ���� � ���"�� � �� ��"���� ����� ��# ����

����������������������������������������

An interrogative sentence which gives a Yes or No answer type is called An

Interrogative sentence under Yes or No Type

& ��� ' ���� � ���"�� � �� ��"���� ����� ��� ��# ���� ���������� & ���

'���� � ���"�� � � �� ��,��� � # �#� ��# ���� ���������� � � '"���� ��

+��� %

Examples:

1. Have you finished your work?

�,�� �1 "�����"�"��-.�������������

2.Will you meet me in Madras ?

�,�� �" ��� �" ����� ���� � ����

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3. Are you happy in doing this work ?.

�������"�"� ��� ���������,������ � ��'"�������

4. Will you help me ?

�,����0�� ����� �������

5. Did you study these subjects?

���� �� ��! ��"# �� .��� ���������

6. May I come in ?

�� ��� # ��#��$�����

3. Imperative Sentence ��������"#��������������"#��������������"#��������������"#��������������

A sentence which expresses a command or an entreaty is called an

imperative sentence.

��� ����"#� '���� � ��� �+���"#� ��#� � +��� ��� ��� ����������

����"#������������ ���'"���� � +��� %.

Examples

1.Do what I say.

�� ��� ����"� ��� ��.

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2.Do not go to Madras.

� �" ��0 ��� �����.

3.Obey my instructions.

� �1 "����� ���"�; ��0������+ � +.

4.Go to shop and buy a book.

�"���0 ��� �������3���������! �0 .

5.Go to shop to buy a book.

���3���������! �0���0����"���0 ��� �%�

6.Please follow my ways.

���� ��� �� �1 "�������"# �� � � ��.

7.Please advise him so that he can correct himself.

'� �� � �" ����� � ������������# �#� -.6�� � ������ ���� ��� �

'�1 ��0�'��"$�� ���%.

8.Please treat him in a good manner.

'�" �����-"��������%�

9.Please hear my advice and then do your work.

���� ��� � � �1 "��� '��"$�"#��� ����+� �0� � �1 "���

��"�"� ��� ��.

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10. Please try to understand our situation.

���� ��� ����-"�����"�"� ��3����� ���# �#�-�� ��� ��.

4. Exclamatory Sentence & � $��7� ��� �39�& � $��7� ��� �39�& � $��7� ��� �39�& � $��7� ��� �39�

����������������������������������������

A sentence which expresses the feeling of mind such as joys and sorrows is

called an exclamatory sentence.

'���� � �� � ������ � � �� ��� �� � � * � �"�� ��#� � +��� �� �� ���

������������� �3������������ ���'"���� � +��� %.

Example

1.What a picture it is !

� � ���� ���N

2.What a sad news !

� � ����������� �� ����N

3. Hurrah ! we have won the match.

G P$��$N������'��� ��� ���.������=����� ���������.

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4.Alas ! the leader was dead.

����#N�'�������"��*����� �������*.

5.How beautifully she dances !

� � �'�����'�# ������.���+���# �N

Note : We can learn more about sentence when we are going to study

Direct and Indirect Speech.

�������! ��"# � ��� � �1 ��� '������� ����� ��*/ ��� ������ '��/ ��

�� �� .��0��� �� ���$���� ����# �#-.6��.

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PARTS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE ��� ���$� ������������ �� 0���# ��

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE ������� ��"��

A simple sentence has two parts namely 1.Subject and 2.Predicate ��� ���$� � ���������� ��� 0���"#��� ���� ��� %� '"�� >%�������

������(%� ��"��

What is a subject in a sentence? ������������������������� ������ � ��

A Subject in a sentence is the part which indicates the person or thing

we are speaking about.

����� � ��� �� � ��# �� ' ���� � � "$��� 0����� �� 0��� ����������� ��

�������� � +��%�

What is a predicate in a sentence? ����������������� � �"��� ������ � ��

A predicate in a sentence is the part which tells something about the

subject. ������������������������� 0�������"� �� �������� �� ���������

'� � ��"��� � +��%�

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The following table will explain the subject and the Predicate in a

sentence. �,��������'����"� ������������������������������������ � �"��

�����#��0��%�

Sl.No Subject Predicate

1 He Eats an apple.

2 She Goes to school.

3 They Have seen a picture.

4 Kumar Has written a letter.

5 The bus Comes here.

1. He eats an apple. –'� �����& � �# �� � � �+��� �%�

2. She goes to school. –'�# �� # �#���/ ������0 ��� ����# �%�

3. They have seen a picture. '�*�# ����� ���"� �� �*����������*�# �%�

4. Kumar has written a letter. –0��*�����.���������������� �%�

5. The bus comes here.—'��� ��� ���� ��! ��������� %�

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Note:

1. A subject of sentence always comes first in a sentence. We can

understand this from the above examples.

������������������������� �� �� ���-����������%��"��������� ����8

����#� ��F���������3����� ����# �#�-.6��%�

2. Some times in poetry and some other sentences, a subject in a sentence

comes last in the sentence.

���� ���+���#�� ��� ��� �������! ��#�� ��� ������� ��� ��$! ��#����

�"� ���� ����$����%�'������ ��8����# ���,��O�

Examples:

1. On the top of the hill lives the hermit.

'���� ������ ��'�����"��� � ��� ��������������*�%�

Here the subject - the hermit

(The hermit lives on the top of the hill)

2. After the storm comes the calm.

3�� ��0 �� � � ����'"��������� %�

Here the subject – the calm.

(The calm comes after the storm)

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3. Here comes the bus.

�! �������� ��� ���� ������ %�

Here the subject – the bus.

(The bus comes here)

4. Once upon a time ruled over this country a king.

- ������������������'$ �����������"��& � ��� �%�

Here the subject – A king.

(Once upon a time a king ruled over this country)

5. Under the table are some boxes.

� ���� ��.�# ����������"=�� ���,��������� � %�

Here the subject – Some boxes.

(Some boxes are under the table)

3. A subject of a sentence will not come in an Imperative sentence but it

is understood. ����"#��������! ��#������������$�� �& ����'� �3$���� ����# �# � +��� %�

Examples.

1.Go to school. � # �#���� ��� �%�

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2.please bring the book. –���� ��� ��'��� ��3������"�������� �+���%�

3.Do not go there. –'! ����� �����%�

4.Be happy. – �����5������%�

5.Do not waste your time. � �1 "�����$��"���,� �������%�

In the above sentence, the subject “You” is understood.

������ # �#��������! ��#�����������Q�,Q�� � � �����0���#! �0��%�

Object in the Predicate ��"������� � � +� ��# ��"������� � � +� ��# ��"������� � � +� ��# ��"������� � � +� ��# ��������

We can find out an object in the Predicate of a sentence.

�������������� �� ��"���������� � � +� ��"#�������� �+���# �#�

-.6��%�

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What is an Object? � � � +�� ��# ��� ������ � ��

If a question of what, which, whom. To what, to which, and to whom is raised with

the verb in a sentence, the answer for the question is called an Object. �

�� ������������ # �#� ��" �� � ���� � �� � � � �"�� ��"$� ���0� �����0� � ��

��� ��# ���� �� � �� +������ '������ ��# ������� � ����� � � � +� � ��# �� � �

'"���� �� +��� %�

Examples.

Sentence Objects for the Verb in

the sentence 1.I killed a snake. A snake

�� ����� ���" ������ �� �%�

2�� ���3�

2.They gave me a book. Me, A book

'�*�# ��� ��0����3����������+����*�# �%�

<��0����3�������

3.Kumar has drunk water. Water

0��*��� �� ,*�0.���������� �%�

�� �� ,*�

4.Sita sings a song. A song

,������ ���+ �� �+���# �%�

2�� ���+�

5.Tamil films attract many foreigners. Many foreigners

����� �� �! ��# �� ����#�������*�"#�����*�� � %�

����#�������*�# ��

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6.They have distributed the students sweets. The students, Sweets

'�*�# �� �� �3�"#� '���� ��� �*�; ��0� ��! ����

�������*�# �%�

-�� �*�# �8��� �3�# ��

7.I bought my brother a car. My brother, A car

�� ��� �� ����$1 ��0������"$���! ���� �%�

� �� ����$ �8������*�

8.They have seen a picture. A picture

'�*�# ����� ���"� �� �*����������*�# �%�

2�� ����

9.He will give me a gold watch. Me, A gold watch

'� ��� ��0�����! ������.��$������� �%�

<��0� 8� � ��� �! �����

�.��$���

10.They have given me a pen Me, A pen

'�*�# ��� ��0����� �����+����������*�# �%�

<��0�–����� ��

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PARTS OF SPEECH � ���#� ���"��# �� ���#� ���"��# �� ���#� ���"��# �� ���#� ���"��# �

Words are divided into eight parts according to their usage or

work they do in a sentence. These are called parts of speech. ��� �������������� � ���#� �� ��"�� ������ '��� ��

� � ���.���� ! ��� ��*��"��# �� ���+� �"��#�� � ������ ��

+�� � %�'"��� ���#� ���"��# ��� �'"���� � +�� � .

Eight Parts of Speech 1. Noun � �* ��� ����

2. Adjective � �*�� �� �� ����

3. Pronoun 3�$���� �* �� ����

4.Verb ��" �� ����

5.Adverb ��" �� �� �� ����

6. Preposition � � �"� �� ����

7.Conjunction �"� �3 �� ����

8.Interjection ��� �3 �� ����

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1.NOUN

A word which is used to express the name of a person, a place, an

animal, a bird , a thing or a quality is called a noun. ��� � �"�� ��� � ��# � ��� "�� ��� ������� ��� ����� ��� � ��

���� �� � �"$� ��#� � +��� �� � � +��� � ���� � �* �� ���� � ���

'"���� � +��� %�

Example:

1. Akbar was a king. '�� *����'$ ���������*%�

2.The Sun rises in the East.

L��� ������������� ������� %

3.Tamil Nadu is one of states in India.

�������+����������� # �#������! ��#����� ����������� %

4.The Dove flies in the Sky.

'��� ��3��& ���������� ����� %

5. The pen writes well.

& ��� ��� ��� ������� ��� %

6.Her knowledge made her get good position in the office '�; "���'��������'� �����������������"�"��'"�� ��� ���� %

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2.ADJECTIVE � �*�� �� �� ���� �*�� �� �� ���� �*�� �� �� ���� �*�� �� �� �������

A Word which qualifies or describes a noun is called an Adjective. ��� � �* �� � ���"�� ��������� �� '���� � ����� �� ��� � ���� ���

� �*�� �� �� ����� �"���� �� +��� %

Example

1. Sita is a beautiful girl

,������'��� � ���������������# �.

2. Kumar is a clever boy.

0��*����3���� ����� �" ����������� �.

3.This is a red pen.

�� � �� �3��� ��� ������������ .

4. Chennai is a busy city.

� �" �������� � � ���$����������� .

5. Rahman is a generous man.

$0�� �������$�#�0� -# �#���� ���������� �%

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3.PRONOUN ����

�$���� �* �� ��� �$���� �* �� ��� �$���� �* �� ��� �$���� �* �� �������

A word which is used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun. ��� � �* �� � ���� ��0 �� ����� �� � � +��� ��� � ���� �$���

� �* �� ����� ���'"���� � +��� %

Example:

Rama went to forest. He saw a tiger

$�� ������+��0 ��� � � �%�'� �����3��"� �� �*���� �%�

In this above sentence, the word "he" has come instead of Rama. So He is

noted as pronoun.

����� � # �#� �������������� '� �� � �� ��*��"�� $��1 ��0 �� ������

� � +��� � ��+# �#� %� � ��� '� �� � �� ��*��"�� �$���

� �* �� ��������� ���� � +��� �

Please note that all First person, second person and third person are called

Pronouns.

<������� � �" �� - � �"�� ������ �*��"�� ��*��"��# �� �$��� � �* ��

� �������'"���� � +�� � �� � "�������� ��� ��� �������%

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4.VERB ��" �� �����" �� �����" �� �����" �� �������

A word which expresses an action or a state is called a verb.

���� �"������ ��� ����"�"�������#� � +��� ���� ������" �� ����

� �'"���� � +��� %�

Example:-

Rahim went to school.

$G ,��� # �#���0 ��� �� �%�

Kamala dances very well.

���������� ������ ��+���# �%�

Ram is a teacher.

$�������& ����$����������*%�

Mohan will come to my house

���� ��� �1 "����,��+��0����� �%�

He has sung a song. '� ����� ���+ �� �.�������� �%�

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5.ADVERB ��" �� �� �� �����" �� �� �� �����" �� �� �� �����" �� �� �� �������

A word which is used to add some thing to the meaning of a verb or an adjective or an another adverb is called an adverb. ������" �� ����� ��'���� ����� �*�� �� �� ����� ��'���� ���������"� �� �� ����� ��� ��; ��0�7'*��������09�<����� �" �� � *��� �� � � +��� ��� ��*��"�� ��" � � �� �� ����� ���'"���� � +���%� Example: Sita writes an essay beautifully. ,���������+"$"��'�������� ���# �%� Kumar is a very good boy. 0��*�������������" ����������� �%� She has danced very beautifully. '�# ������'���������.��������# �%� He did the sum quickly '� ��' �������� ��"�������� ��� ���� �%� The pen is very beautiful. '��� ��� ������'������������ %� The boy used the word quite correctly. '��� ��" � ����' ������*��"�"����� � ����� �� � � +����� �%�

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6.PREPOSITION � � �"� �� ���� � �"� �� ���� � �"� �� ���� � �"� �� �������

A word which is used to show the relationship between two words is

called a preposition.

�$� �+���*��"��; ��0��"����� # �#�����*" �������� �� � � +��� ��

+�� �������*��"��� � �"� ��� ����� ���'"���� � +��� %

Example:

1.Ravi sat on the wall.

$������� �������� ����*���� �%�

2.Sheela went to school.

5,��� # �#���0 ��� ��# �%�

3.Kamala killed a snake with a stick

����������� ������� ���" ������ ��# �%����������� ������� ���" ������ ��# �%����������� ������� ���" ������ ��# �%����������� ������� ���" ������ ��# �%����

4.He worked for this nation.

'� �����������.������ "����� �%�

5.He has come from America.

'� ��' ���������������� ������������ ��

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7.CONJUNCTION �"� �3 �� ����"� �3 �� ����"� �3 �� ����"� �3 �� �������

A word which is used to join two words or sentences is called a Conjunction.

�$� �+� ��*��"��# �� '���� � �������! ��# �� ���"� �"� ��� ��

� � +��� � +�� �� ��� ��*��"�� �"� �3 �� � ����

� �"���� � +���%

Examples:

1. Ram and Hari went to school.

$�-���G ��6��� # �#���0 ��� ��*�# �%

2. He passed in the examination because he had studied very well.

'� �� ����" ����� ����� � �� �� �� ����� ' � �� ���� � ��� ��

.��������� �%�

3. A sentence cannot finish with because because because is a

conjunction.

�������� �������-��� <� ����� � �� ��*��"������ -.��� � <� �����

<� ������ � � �����"� �3 ��� �������������� %�

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8. INTERJECTION: ��� �3 �� ������ �3 �� ������ �3 �� ������ �3 �� �������

A word which is used to express some sudden feelings of joys and

sorrows arising out of mind is called an Interjection.

������ ��I�$ ��� ��� ���� �� �����5��� � ������ � � �� � � *��"#�

��#� � +��� �� � � +�� �� ��� � ���� ��� �3 �� ���� � ���

'"���� � +��� %

Example:

1.Alas ! she was dead.

'�����N�'�# ������ ������# �%�

2.Hurrah ! We have won the match.

�G ��N�H�������� ��� ���.������=����� ����������%�

3.What a picture!

� � ���� ���N�

4.What a sad news!

� � ����� ���� /�� ����� �� ����N�

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FIRST PERSON, SECOND PERSON AND THIRD PERSON

1ST P

ER

SON

I –�� �� My-

� �1 "���

Me –

���0 8�� �" �

Mine-

� �1 "��� �

We –�����

��! ��# ��

Our –

���-"���

�! ��; "���

Us – ����0�

���"�8�! ��"#�

�! ��; ��0 �

Ours –

���-"��� �

�! ��; "���

2nd P

ER

SON

You –

H,�

Your –

� �1 "���

You –

� ��0 8� �" �

Yours –

� �1 "���

You –

�,! ��# ��

Your –

� ! ��; "���

You –

� ! ��; ��0 �

� ! ��"#�

Yours –

� ! ��; "���

3rd P

ER

SON

He – '� ��

& �*�

His –

'�1 "���

'��"���

Him –'�" �

'�1 ��0�

'����0�

'�"$�

His –

& �1 "��� �

& ��"���

She –

& �# ��

Her –

'�; "���

Her –

'�; ��0�

'�"#�

Hers –

& �; "���

It – '� � Its –

'�1 "���

It –

'� ��0�

'�" �

Its –

& �1 "���

They –

& �*�# ��

& "��# ��

Their –

'�*�; "���

'"��; "���

Them –

'�*�"#�

'�*�; ��0�

'"��"#�

'"��; ��0�

Theirs –

& �*�; "��� �

& "��; "��� �

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