GRAMMAR UNITParts of Speech

PARTS OF SPEECH

Noun – A word used to name a person, place, thing or idea.Proper noun – names a particular noun (and is capitalized)Common noun – general noun

Examples:

Coe-Brown schoolMrs. Mennelle teacher

Compound Nouns – two or more nouns used together as one noun

May be hyphenated, two separate words, combined as one word

Examples: volleyball, news room, sister-in-law, prizefighter

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Lesson 1-15

Pronouns – words used in place of a noun(s)Personal Pronouns

SingularSingular PluralPlural

First PersonFirst Person

(the person speaking)(the person speaking)

I, my, mine, meI, my, mine, me we, our, ours, uswe, our, ours, us

Second PersonSecond Person

(the person spoken (the person spoken to)to)

you, your, yoursyou, your, yours you, your, yoursyou, your, yours

Third PersonThird Person

(person spoken (person spoken about)about)

he, his, him, she, her, he, his, him, she, her, hers, it, itshers, it, its

they, their, theirs, they, their, theirs, themthem

OTHER COMMON PRONOUNS

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

who, whom, whose, which, that

this, that, these, those

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS- DON’T REFER TO A DEFINITE PERSON OR THING

All Each More One

Another Either Most Other

Any Everybody Much Several

Anybody Everyone Neither Some

Anyone Everything Nobody Somebody

Anything Few None someone

Both many No one

Exercise 5: Identifying Pronouns: Write the 25 pronouns in Exercise 5: Identifying Pronouns: Write the 25 pronouns in order.order.

Do you remember how you found out there was no Santa Do you remember how you found out there was no Santa Claus? My memory of the scene is as clear as if it happened Claus? My memory of the scene is as clear as if it happened yesterday. Our holiday tradition included a visit from Santa yesterday. Our holiday tradition included a visit from Santa himself, who joined the family in the living room shortly after himself, who joined the family in the living room shortly after midnight. My sisters and I were always cautioned not to leave midnight. My sisters and I were always cautioned not to leave the living room or even peek out to get an advance view. the living room or even peek out to get an advance view. Santa would be displeased if he met any of us in the hall or in Santa would be displeased if he met any of us in the hall or in another of the rooms in the apartment. On the night of my another of the rooms in the apartment. On the night of my discovery, I risked a little snooping. As I stole back to my discovery, I risked a little snooping. As I stole back to my sisters in the living room, whom did I see in the kitchen but sisters in the living room, whom did I see in the kitchen but Uncle Jim, adjusting a Santa beard. No one seemed to notice Uncle Jim, adjusting a Santa beard. No one seemed to notice me. A little while later, Santa rushed into the living room, me. A little while later, Santa rushed into the living room, where everyone waited expectantly. Santa greeted each by where everyone waited expectantly. Santa greeted each by name, distributed gifts to all, and gave me a knowing wink and name, distributed gifts to all, and gave me a knowing wink and a big hug.a big hug.

ADJECTIVE – MODIFIES (OR DESCRIBES) A NOUN OR PRONOUN

Tells:

(Words that are pronouns may also be adjective!)

Ex: My sister, her sweater (Nouns may be used as adjectives as well!)

Ex: snow sculpture Articles: a, an, the

WHAT KIND? WHICH ONE? HOW MANY?

Gray sky That girl Five fingers

Old shoes Next day Many rivers

Clever dog Either way Fewer hours

Low price Last chance Some problems

Review Exercise A. Write the italicized word in the sentence and identify as Review Exercise A. Write the italicized word in the sentence and identify as noun, pronoun or adjective.noun, pronoun or adjective.

1. Most high-school 1. Most high-school studentsstudents read at least one read at least one playplay by William Shakespeare. by William Shakespeare.

2. 2. ShakespeareShakespeare, the most , the most famous famous playwright of playwright of all all time, was born in Stratford-time, was born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564.on-Avon in 1564.

3. He was baptized in the 3. He was baptized in the smallsmall church at Stratford shortly after church at Stratford shortly after hishis birth. birth.

4. 4. HeHe was buried in the was buried in the samesame church. church.

5. On the stone above his grave, 5. On the stone above his grave, youyou can find an can find an inscriptioninscription placing a placing a cursecurse on on anyone anyone who moves his bones.who moves his bones.

6. Out of 6. Out of respect respect for his wish or because of fear of his curse, for his wish or because of fear of his curse, nobodynobody has has disturbed the grave.disturbed the grave.

7. 7. ThisThis explains why his body was never moved to Westminster Abbey, where explains why his body was never moved to Westminster Abbey, where many many other Englishother English writers are buried. writers are buried.

8. Besides seeing the church, the visitor in 8. Besides seeing the church, the visitor in Stratford Stratford can see the house in can see the house in whichwhich Shakespeare was born. Shakespeare was born.

9. At 9. At oneone time visitors would also see the time visitors would also see the largelarge house that Shakespeare bought house that Shakespeare bought for for himself himself and his and his familyfamily..

10. When he retired from the 10. When he retired from the theatertheater he lived there, and there he also died. he lived there, and there he also died.

VERB – WORD THAT EXPRESSES ACTION OR OTHERWISE HELPS MAKE A STATEMENT

Action verbs: Express action Examples:

Transitive verbs: action it expresses is directed toward something in the sentence

Ex: She rang the bellIntransitive verbs: express action without reference to an object

Ex: The boys joked.

Linking Verbs: help make a statement by serving as a link between two wordsCommonly used linking verbs:

be shall be should bebeing will be would beam has been can beis have been could beare had been should have beenwas shall have been would have beenwere will have been could have been

Other common linking verbs: appear, grow, seem, stay, become, look, smell, taste, feel, remain, sound, turn

Verb phrases – a main verb preceded by one or more helping verbs

Helping verbs: all forms of be and:has, can, might, have, may, must, had, should, do, shall, would, did, will, could, does

Ex: You could have waited for me.

ADVERB – WORD USED TO MODIFY A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB

Adverbs modify verbs by telling:

She really wanted to go to the play.

Where When How To What Extent?

We lived there. May we go tomorrow?

She quickly agreed.

I am completely happy.

Please step up. Water the plants weekly.

The rain fell softly.

He hardly moved.

I have the ticket here

We’ll see you later.

Drive carefully.

Did she hesitate slightly?

Adverbs modify Adjectives:

She did an exceptionally fine job. The car had a slightly damaged fender.

Adverbs modify other Adverbs:

John was almost never late. We’ll meet shortly afterward.

Exercise 19: Find and write the 10 adverbs that modify other adverbs.Exercise 19: Find and write the 10 adverbs that modify other adverbs.

1. The cat leaped to the windowsill quite agilely.1. The cat leaped to the windowsill quite agilely.2. The books were stacked rather haphazardly.2. The books were stacked rather haphazardly.3. Corrie knew she’d have to get up incredibly early to witness the eclipse.3. Corrie knew she’d have to get up incredibly early to witness the eclipse.4. The tornado almost completely destroyed the barn.4. The tornado almost completely destroyed the barn.5. The famous diamond was more heavily guarded than any other exhibit at 5. The famous diamond was more heavily guarded than any other exhibit at

the museum.the museum.6. My brother is almost always finished with his paper route before I am.6. My brother is almost always finished with his paper route before I am.7. She registered too late to be eligible for the first sweepstakes drawing.7. She registered too late to be eligible for the first sweepstakes drawing.8. In the final four minutes of the fame Isiah Thomas shot extremely 8. In the final four minutes of the fame Isiah Thomas shot extremely

accurately.accurately.9. Usually it seems that each month goes more rapidly than the month before.9. Usually it seems that each month goes more rapidly than the month before.10. They walked out on stage most calmly, as if they felt completely relaxed.10. They walked out on stage most calmly, as if they felt completely relaxed.

Exercise 20: Write the adverbs in the sentence. Be sure to know the word Exercise 20: Write the adverbs in the sentence. Be sure to know the word modified.modified.

1. Tourists in England usually visit the Tower of London.1. Tourists in England usually visit the Tower of London.

2. The Tower, which as first built by William the Conqueror, is one of the 2. The Tower, which as first built by William the Conqueror, is one of the most famous landmarks in London.most famous landmarks in London.

3. The Tower formerly served as a fortress, and troops are still stationed in it 3. The Tower formerly served as a fortress, and troops are still stationed in it today.today.

4. A special ceremony called the Ceremony of Keys is performed nightly.4. A special ceremony called the Ceremony of Keys is performed nightly.

5. The three gates of the Tower are securely locked by the Chief Warder, and 5. The three gates of the Tower are securely locked by the Chief Warder, and an escort is especially assigned for the ceremony.an escort is especially assigned for the ceremony.

6. The Chief Warder and the escort promptly report to the front of the Tower.6. The Chief Warder and the escort promptly report to the front of the Tower.

7. The sentry on duty immediately challenges them: “Halt! Who comes 7. The sentry on duty immediately challenges them: “Halt! Who comes there?”there?”

8. The Chief Warder quickly responds, “The Keys.”8. The Chief Warder quickly responds, “The Keys.”

9. The sentry then asks, “Whose keys?” and the Warder responds distinctly, 9. The sentry then asks, “Whose keys?” and the Warder responds distinctly, “Queen Elizabeth’s keys.”“Queen Elizabeth’s keys.”

10. The Chief Warder then calls solemnly, “ God preserve Queen Elizabeth.”10. The Chief Warder then calls solemnly, “ God preserve Queen Elizabeth.”

11. And all the guards respond together, “Amen.”11. And all the guards respond together, “Amen.”12. Finally, the Chief Warder carries the keys to the Queen’s House, and they 12. Finally, the Chief Warder carries the keys to the Queen’s House, and they

remain there for the night.remain there for the night.13. The Ceremony of the Keys is not the only pageantry associated with the 13. The Ceremony of the Keys is not the only pageantry associated with the

Tower.Tower.14. Royal salutes are often fired from the Tower in recognition of particularly 14. Royal salutes are often fired from the Tower in recognition of particularly

important occasions.important occasions.15. At the coronation of a king or queen, a sixty-two-gun salute is traditionally 15. At the coronation of a king or queen, a sixty-two-gun salute is traditionally

fired.fired.16. A royal birth is appropriately proclaimed by a forty-one-gun salute.16. A royal birth is appropriately proclaimed by a forty-one-gun salute.17. The oldest residents of the Tower of London are ravens; they have 17. The oldest residents of the Tower of London are ravens; they have

probably always been at the Tower.probably always been at the Tower.18. Legend claims that the Tower will fall if the ravens ever leave.18. Legend claims that the Tower will fall if the ravens ever leave.19. Ravens are always there at the Tower because guards have clipped their 19. Ravens are always there at the Tower because guards have clipped their

wings.wings.20. The ravens are not unhappy; their needs are well supplied by the weekly 20. The ravens are not unhappy; their needs are well supplied by the weekly

rations that they receive.rations that they receive.

Review Exercise B: List the italicized words and identify as: noun, pronoun, Review Exercise B: List the italicized words and identify as: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb.adjective, verb, adverb.

1. I 1. I never never used to consider early morning good for used to consider early morning good for anythinganything but sleeping. but sleeping.

2. Recently, though, I 2. Recently, though, I have beenhave been on a much on a much earlier earlier schedule than usual.schedule than usual.

3. The biggest 3. The biggest differencedifference between early morning and midday lies in the sounds between early morning and midday lies in the sounds oneone hears. hears.

4. As there are fewer sounds than during the busier 4. As there are fewer sounds than during the busier times times of the day, each of the day, each sound sound stands stands out.out.

5. If everyone else in my family is 5. If everyone else in my family is asleepasleep, I , I hear hear even the quiet ticking of my even the quiet ticking of my clock.clock.

6. 6. EveryEvery car that drives car that drives pastpast can be heard. can be heard.

7. The drivers in a7. The drivers in a hurry hurry whiz by, while the whiz by, while the moremore relaxed drivers roll calmly relaxed drivers roll calmly past.past.

8. The animals8. The animals also also add to the symphony of add to the symphony of morning morning sounds.sounds.

9. I may hear a dog bark, with several 9. I may hear a dog bark, with several others others answering in their own answering in their own tones.tones.

10. If I 10. If I thenthen hear a bird singing or calling to others, hear a bird singing or calling to others, I I know that my early-know that my early-morning concert is complete.morning concert is complete.

PREPOSITION – WORD THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP OF A NOUN OR PRONOUN TO SOME OTHER WORD IN THE SENTENCE

What common prepositions fit into this picture?

Other often-used prepositions:

aboard, after, against, along, among, at, before, but (meaning except), by, concerning, during, except, for, from, like, of, past, since, till, to, toward, until, with, without

CONJUNCTION – JOINS WORDS OR GROUPS OF WORDS

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

both…andnot only…but alsoneither…norwhether…oreither…or

INTERJECTION – EXCLAMATORY WORD THAT EXPRESSES EMOTION; NO GRAMMATICAL RELATION TO REST OF SENTENCE

Examples:

Exercise 24: Label each italicized word as correct part of speech.Exercise 24: Label each italicized word as correct part of speech.

1. Did the pond 1. Did the pond iceice over? over? 17. We could 17. We could divedive here. here.

2. An 2. An iceice storm struck storm struck 18. The plane was a 18. The plane was a divedive bomber. bomber.

3. 3. IceIce covered the walk. covered the walk. 19. You can 19. You can drivedrive..

4. The light flashed 4. The light flashed on.on. 20. The 20. The drivedrive is blocked. is blocked.

5. We rode 5. We rode onon the roller coaster. the roller coaster.

6. The car took 6. The car took off.off.

7. Stay 7. Stay off off the bridge.the bridge.

8. 8. WellWell, we will see., we will see.

9. The 9. The wellwell is dry. is dry.

10. 10. ThisThis is my house. is my house.

11. 11. ThisThis dog behaves. dog behaves.

12. We are all here 12. We are all here but but Jo.Jo.

13. I slipped, 13. I slipped, butbut I didn’t fall. I didn’t fall.

14. The14. The rain rain poured down. poured down.

15. The 15. The rain rain spout is broken.spout is broken.

16. Her 16. Her divedive was perfect. was perfect.

Posttest 1: Write the part of speech after each italicized word.Posttest 1: Write the part of speech after each italicized word.

For For (1) me(1) me, no other form , no other form (2) of(2) of entertainment can match the entertainment can match the (3) excitement(3) excitement of a live of a live (4) show(4) show. I . I (5) know(5) know that when the that when the (6) (6) houselightshouselights go go (7) out, (8) everyone(7) out, (8) everyone in the theater is in the theater is (9) on(9) on the the brink of a brink of a (10) new(10) new experience. The different experience. The different (11) kinds(11) kinds of of people in the audience, the moods of the players or musicians, people in the audience, the moods of the players or musicians, (12) and(12) and many other elements many other elements (13) shape(13) shape (14) each(14) each performance performance (15) differently. (16) “Wow!”(15) differently. (16) “Wow!” I I (17) think, (18) (17) think, (18) “tonight“tonight I’m part of I’m part of (19) something(19) something as it actually happens!” as it actually happens!”

My sister My sister (20) disagrees (21) with(20) disagrees (21) with me me (22) completely(22) completely. She . She (23) enjoys(23) enjoys the informality of the movie theater. She the informality of the movie theater. She (24) also(24) also likes to know that likes to know that (25) no(25) no major problems will develop in a major problems will develop in a show she is watching.show she is watching.

Posttest 2: Label the part of speech for each italicized word.Posttest 2: Label the part of speech for each italicized word.

The The (1) first(1) first pioneers of the Great Plains pioneers of the Great Plains (2) encountered(2) encountered many many kinds kinds (3) of(3) of dangerous animals. dangerous animals. (4) Huge(4) Huge herds of bison herds of bison (5) then(5) then roamed this area. roamed this area. (6) These(6) These were dangerous beasts – large, ill- were dangerous beasts – large, ill-tempered, and tempered, and (7) utterly(7) utterly unpredictable. Grizzly bears were unpredictable. Grizzly bears were (8) also(8) also a menace to a menace to (9) early(9) early explorers. The explorers. The (10) most(10) most ferocious beast of ferocious beast of the plains the plains (11) was(11) was a female a female (12) grizzly(12) grizzly protecting her cubs. But, protecting her cubs. But, (13) oddly, (14) neither(13) oddly, (14) neither the bison the bison nornor the grizzly was the most the grizzly was the most feared animal feared animal (15) on(15) on the frontier. the frontier. (16) None(16) None of the creatures, of the creatures, including the fearsome including the fearsome (17) rattlesnake(17) rattlesnake, were dreaded so much as , were dreaded so much as the skunk. (the skunk. (18) Oh18) Oh, you may say, that is , you may say, that is (19) ridiculous(19) ridiculous. . (20) Yet(20) Yet it it is true. Skunks were not alarming because they is true. Skunks were not alarming because they (21) smelled(21) smelled bad, bad, but because they but because they (22) so(22) so often carried often carried (23) rabies.(23) rabies. Since there was Since there was no cure for rabies in no cure for rabies in (24) those(24) those days, the bite of a rabid skunk was days, the bite of a rabid skunk was certain to be fatal. The small black and white creatures were carriers certain to be fatal. The small black and white creatures were carriers of of (25) doom(25) doom and struck terror in the stoutest hearts. and struck terror in the stoutest hearts.

What’s the Word?

• Do you have any small flipa?• Please flipa your behavior.• The girl is upstairs flipaing.• Here is your flipa.