Grammar traslation method[1] (1)
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The Grammar-Translation
Method
Introduction
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Objectives of GTM
To be able to read literature written in the target language
To be able to translate from one language to another
To develop reading and writing skill
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Key Features of GTM
Native language
Vocabulary / grammatical rules
Accuracy /translation
Language skills
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Advantages of GTM
An effective way for application of
grammar and sentence structure
Few demands on teachers
Least stressful for students
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Disadvantage of GTM
Wrong idea of what language is
Less learners’ motivation
Create frustration for learners
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Application: Typical Techniques
(1) Translation of a Literary Passage
(2) Reading Comprehension Questions
(3) Antonyms/Synonyms
(4) Cognates
(5) Deductive Application of Rule
(6) Fill-in-the-blanks
(7) Memorization
(8) Use Words in Sentences
(9) Composition
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Reading Method
outstanding following the
Committee of Twelve in 1900 in
the U.S.
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The Purpose
For people who do not travel
abroad, reading is a useful skill to
learn a foreign language.
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GTM & RM
˙Similarity
Little or no attention is given to
pronunciation.
˙Diversity
GTM read difficult texts begun early
GTM has Single Vocabulary lists
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The Characteristic
(1)Acquisition of vocabulary>
Grammatical skill
(2)Control vocabulary difficulty
(3)Reading Comprehension >
Pronunciation and Conversational
Skills
(4)Translation reappear
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Advantages with using RM
˙Good for people who do not travel
abroad
˙Teacher does not need to have good oral
skill
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Disadvantages with using
RM
˙Narrow skill ability
˙Unbalanced learning
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Typical Procedure in a RM
Course
(1)Read a lot
(2)Expand vocabulary fast
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The Direct Method
Introduction
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Rationale of DM
First language learning process
(1) No grammar
(2) No mother tongue
(3) No translation
(4) Postponement of printed word
(5) Postponement of written word
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Key Features of DM
Target language
Vocabulary / grammar
Teaching point
Language skills
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Guidelines of DM for teaching
oral language
Demonstrate
Act
Ask questions
Correct
Use sentences
Make students
speak much
Use lesson plan
Follow plan
Keep the pace of
the students
Speak normally
Speak naturally
Take it easy
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Advantages of DM
An effective way in creating
learners to be competent in using
the target communicatively.
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Disadvantage of DM
Difficult to implement in public
secondary school education
Time-wasting
Not all teachers were proficient
enough in the foreign language
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Application: Typical Techniques
(1) Reading Aloud
(2) Question and Answer Exercise
(3) Student Self-Correction
(4) Conversation Practice
(5) Fill-in-the-blank Exercise
(6) Dictation
(7) Paragraph Writing
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The Audiolingual Method
˙Founded during World War II for
military purposes in USA
˙Popular in the 1960s but died out in
the 70s
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The Purpose
Focus on students’ pronunciation,
and train their ability of listening by
dialogues and drills
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Direct Method & ALM
˙Similarity
taught language directly without
using L1
˙Diversity
ALM drilled students without
teaching vocabulary
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Structural Linguistics &
ALM
˙Mastering the building blocks
˙Learning the rules
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Behaviorism & ALM - principles
˙Language learning is habit-
formation
˙Mistakes should be avoided
˙Spoken language comes before
written language
˙Dialogues and drill centered
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Behaviorism & ALM - elements
˙Stimulus
˙Response
˙Reinforcement
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The Characteristic
(1) Imitation
(2) repetition
(3) Positively reinforced
(4) Over learn
*Emphasize in the “Form”,
not the “Meaning”
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Advantages with using ALM
˙Allows Students to communicate
quickly
˙Students became good at pattern
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Disadvantages with using
ALM
˙Turn Students into parrots
˙Boring and mindless
˙Reduce the motivation
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Typical Procedure in an ALM
Course
(1)hear a dialogue
(2)repeat the dialogue
(3)key words or structures
changed
(4)practice substitutions in the
pattern drills
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The Cognitive Approach
Introduction & Rationale
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Key Features
Instruction is often individualized
Vocabulary / grammar
Language skills
Demands on teachers
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Application: Cognitive approach
to grammar teaching
Grammar teaching should be planned
and systematic
Necessary grammar instruction
Extensive exposure to instructed
grammar points
Production activities
Group work and task performance
Postlesson activities
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Total Physical Response/TPR
(James Asher , 1966)
founded by James Asher, a
professor of psychology at San
José State University, California,
USA
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The Purpose
To have basic oral expression
ability through using imperative
sentences.
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The Characteristic
(1)retention
(2)Direct commands
(3)No stress
(4)Listen first
*Emphasize in the “Meaning”,
not the “Form”
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Advantages with using TPR
˙Fun.
˙Memorable.
˙Good for kinesthetic learners.
˙No matter the class size.
>>>
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Advantages with using TPR
˙Work well with mixed-ability
classes.
˙No requirement for many
preparation or materials.
˙Effective with young learners.
˙Involves both left and right-brained
learning
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Disadvantages with using
TPR
˙Students feel shy
˙Less useful for upper levels
˙overuse TPR
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Typical Procedure in a TPR
Course
(1)input
(2)comprehension
(3)express
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Oral-Situational Approach
Developed in Britain and popular
between the 1930s and 1960s
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Main difference between DM
and OSA
Oral-Situational Approach has a
systematic planed vocabulary and
grammar rules, DM hasn’t.
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Main difference between
ALM &OSA
Oral-Situational Approach doesn’t
mention about
reinforcement, ALM does.
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Purpose
Teaching a practical skill of L2
through copy the way children
acquire L1
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Characteristic
˙Start from spoken language
˙Avoid errors
˙Teacher-centered
˙Focus on Listening and speaking
˙Chosen the vocabulary
˙The first method uses structural syllabus
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Advantages with using OSA
˙Bring the reality situation in the
classroom
˙Scheduled progress
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Disadvantages with using
OSA
˙Turn students into parrots
˙Boring and mindless
˙Reduce the motivation
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Typical Procedure
˙Teacher gave a topic
˙Demonstrate with teaching aids
˙Key word changed
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Suggestopedia
The name is from the words
suggestion and pedagogy.
Developed in the 1970s by the
Bulgarian psychologist Georgi
Lozanov
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Attention and memory
studies
(Adapted from: Richards & Rodgers 2001 Approaches & Methods in Language TeachingCambridge)
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Purpose
Desuggest the psychological
barriers to learn vocabulary and
conversation
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Characteristic
˙Present text with music
˙Practiced breathing
˙Comfortable
˙Choose target language name
˙Colorful posters on the wall
˙Liberate instead of teach
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Elements to Suggestopedia
˙Authority
˙Infantilization
˙Double-planedness
˙Intonation, Rhythm and concert
pseudo-passiveness
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Advantages with using
Suggestopedia
˙Increase oral proficiency
˙Lower classroom anxiety
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Disadvantages with using
Suggestopedia
˙Unavailable of music and
comfortable chair
˙No advanced comprehension
technique
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Typical Procedure
˙Deciphering
˙Concert session
˙Elaboration
˙Production
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Community Language
Learning
Developed by Charles Curran and
his associates in 1970s
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Comparison
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Psychological Requirements
for Successful Learning
˙S stands for security
˙A stands for attention and aggression
˙R stands for retention and reflection
˙D represents discrimination
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Purpose
The teacher can successfully transfer his or her knowledge and proficiency in the L2 to the students; Specific purposes are not mentioned.
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Characteristic
˙Client-Counselor and Learner-
Knower relationships
˙Humanistic Techniques
˙Code Alternation
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Advantages with using CLL
˙Remove the feeling of distance
and insecure
˙Counselor allows the learner to
decide the topic
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Disadvantages with using
CLL
˙Teacher may become too
indirective
˙Confidence based on an inductive
strategy for learning
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Typical Procedure
˙Translation
˙Group Work
˙Recording
˙Transcription
˙Analysis
˙Reflection and observation
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Main Steps of Procedure of
CLL
˙Investment
˙Reflection
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The Comprehension-based
Approach
(Natural Approach)
Introduction
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Features of NA
Listening comprehension is very important
Begin by listening to meaningful speech
Speak when ready
One step beyond their level of competence
Error correction
Appropriate input for the learners
Adopt freely from various method sources
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The NA v.s. The DM
The NA emphasize on
1.Exposure / input
2.Optimizing emotional
preparedness
3.A prolonged period of
hearing
The DM emphasize on
1.Teach monologue
2.Direct repetition
3.Formal Q/A
4.Accurate production
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Objectives of NA
To be able to function adequately in
the target situation.
To be able to convey their requests
and idea
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Teacher and Student Roles
Teacher Roles
The primary source
Create a classroom atmosphere
Choose a rich mix of classroom activities
Student Roles
Participator ; responder
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The Communicative
Approach
Introduction
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Features of CA
Communicative intent
The use of authentic materials
Activities are often carried out
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Teacher and Student Roles
Teacher roles
(1) To facilitate communication
(2) To be a co-communicator
Student roles
Communicator
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Advantages of the CA
(1) Students will be more motivated
(2) Students have opportunities to express
(3) Student security is enhanced
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Disadvantages of the CA
No environment of ESL
Difficulty in evaluating students’
performance
Ignore the training of reading
and writing
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Typical techniques
Authentic materials
Scrambled sentences
Language games
Picture strip story
Role play
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Task-Based Approach
Introduction
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Principles of TBA
Tasks provide both the input and output processing
Task activity and achievement are motivational
Learning difficulty can be negotiated and fine-tuned
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Teacher and Student Roles
Teacher roles
(1) Selector and sequencer of tasks
(2) Preparing learners for tasks
(3) Consciousness-raising
Student roles
(1)Group participant
(2)Monitor
(3)Risk-Taker and innovator
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Advantages of TBA
(1) Students are free of language control
(2) Students have more varied exposure to
language
(3) Enjoyable and motivating
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Disadvantages of TBA
focus on meaning could come at
the expense of focus on form
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Typical techniques
Lesson plans should be designed
to cover 3 stages in the TBA
(1)Pre-task stage
(2)During-task stage
(3)Post-task stage