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GRAMMAR SHEET#

EXPRESSING ABILITY

We use can, could and be able to to express ability.

PAST PRESENT FUTUREI could run faster when I wasa hild.

I was able to run faster whenI was a hild.

She can roller!s"ate.

He isnt able to wal" withouta sti ".

I will be able to roller!s"ateif I pra tise.

EFINING RELATI!E "LAUSES

When we tal" about a definin relati$e lause% the first part of the senten e is in o&plete% ora&bi uous% if we do not ontinue with the se ond one. These are lauses whi h add a $ital pie eof infor&ation to the entire &eanin of the phrase.

This is the letter which I received this morning.This is the letter. is in o&plete.

'efinin relati$e lauses are introdu ed by( who (whom), whose, which, that, where, why,when. They can be omitted in these sentences.Whats the name of the girl who Chris got married to?Whats the name of the girl to whom Chris got married? ( for&al )

It was returned to the person whose name was inside. Its not a book that/which most people would choose.We went back to look at the house where we used to live.

e e!plained why he had come. I en"oyed the time when we went to the mountains.

N#N$ EFINING RELATI!E "LAUSES

When we tal" about non!definin relati$e lauses% the first part of the senten e is o&plete% these ond part only i$es extra infor&ation about the person or thin that is already identified. Thetwo ideas are separated by a o&&a.

Im going to stay with my friend# who is $merican.%he let me borrow her bicycle# which was new.

%&o is used with people. %&ic& is used with thin s or ani&als.%&o or w&ic& annot be o&itted in these senten es.

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EGREES #F "ERTAINTY ' PRESENT SITUATI#N

(ust ) BEThe spea"er thin"s( )I*& sure it is.+

&ou must be 'ams sister. &ou look "ust like her.The baby is crying. It must be hungry.

"ant ) BEThe spea"er thin"s )I*& sure it isn*t.+

It cant be (um at the door. Its only ten oclock.%hecant be asleep. %hes "ust gone to bed.

(i*&t ) BEThe spea"er thin"s( )This is a possibility.+

$) Wheres *i+? ,) I dont know. %he might be in the kitchen or bedroom $) Why isnt Ted at school? ,) I dont know. e might be ill.

EFINITE ARTI"LE

The definite arti le t&e is used(,.with eo raphi al nouns% e. . o eans% seas% ri$ers% &ountain ran es and islands(

The -anube flows into the ,lack %ea.

-.before a uni ue person% thin % or roup of people(The moon shines at night.

/.before superlati$es(%he is the tallest in her family.

0.when we refer ba " to so&ethin already &entioned( I bought a banana and an apple but the banana was bad.

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REP#RTE SPEE"+STATE(ENTS

- To report so&ebody else*s words we an use(say 1 2that3( (ike said that/ he didnt like the play.tell 1 person 1 2that3( (ike told her that/ he didnt like the play.

.- The $erbs often o ba " one tense(Si&ple 4resent 5 Si&ple 4ast4resent 6ontinuous 5 4ast 6ontinuous

To& 2on Saturday afternoon3( ) The film is fantastic. +7red 2on Sunday3( Tom said that/ the film was fantastic./- 4ronouns often han e(Mi"e 2at the theatre3( ) I dont like -racula. +8i9 2at ho&e3( (ike said that he didnt like -racula.Mi"e 2o$er the phone to 8i93( ) I m not feeling well. +8i9 2at s hool3( (ike told me that he wasnt feeling well.

0UESTI#NS

We used reported uestions to say what so&ebody as"ed.

i1ect 2uestion Re3o1ted 2uestionWh0word 1 :b 2present3 1 S; He