Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewGrammar ReviewGrammar Review

Spanish SubjectsYo- ITú- Familiar YouÉl - HeElla- SheUsted- Formal You

Nosotros- We (male or mixed group)

Nosotras- We (female)Vosotros- You all familiar

(male or mixed group) Spain only!

Vosotras- You all familiar (female) Spain only!

Ellos- They (male or mixed group)

Ellas- They (female)Ustedes- You all formal

AR Verb EndingsYo- o

Tú- as

Él - aElla - aUsted - a

Nosotros,as- amos

Vosotros,as- áis

Ellos- anEllas- anUstedes- an

ER Verb Endings

Yo- o

Tú- es

Él - eElla - eUsted - e

Nosotros,as- emos

Vosotros,as- éis

Ellos- enEllas- enUstedes- en

IR Verb Endings

Yo- o

Tú- es

Él - eElla - eUsted - e

Nosotros,as- imos

Vosotros,as- ís

Ellos- enEllas- enUstedes- en

ReminderIn order to conjugate a verb you must first---

– Find the stem.– Remove the ending.– Replace with appropriate ending that

matches the subject of the sentence.– Example. Yo- hablar

• Hablar• Habl• Hablo

Let’s Practice!Yo- beber Nosotros- bailarTú- caminar Nosotras- comerÉl - hablar Ellos- vivirElla- escribir Ellas- tomarUsted- pagar Ustedes-mirar

Answers… Check your work!

Yo- bebo Nosotros- bailamosTú- caminas Nosotras- comemosÉl - habla Ellos- vivenElla- escribe Ellas- tomanUsted- paga Ustedes-miran

Nouns, Articles, Adjectives

Remember that in Spanish a sentence must agree in gender and number.

That is why it is important to remember how to use nouns, articles, and adjectives in the singular and the plural.

Nouns

Nouns are people, places, or things.A noun that ends in a vowel can be

made plural by adding –s.Example: blusa – blusasA noun that ends in a consonant such

as -n or -l is made plural by adding –es.

Example: mantel - manteles

ArticlesDefinite Articles- signify

the.

El- masc. sing.La- fem. sing.Los- masc. plur.Las- fem. plur.

El libro- the bookLos libros- the books

Indefinite Articles- signify a or an in the singular and some in the plural.

Un- masc. sing.Una- fem. sing.Unos- masc. plur.Unas- fem. plur.

Una blusa- a blouseUnas blusas- some blouses

Adjectives-Agreeing in Number

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. An adjective that ends in a vowel can be

made plural by adding –s.Example: rojo – rojosAn adjective that ends in a consonant such

as -n or -l is made plural by adding –es.Example: azul - azules

Adjectives-Agreeing in Gender

An adjective that ends in an –o is masculine and modifies masculine nouns.Example: carro rojo

If you want that adjective to modify a feminine noun, you must change the –o to –a.Example: blusa roja

If an adjective ends in another letter such as -e or -l, it is neutral and has no gender. It can modify a masculine or feminine word.Example: alumno inteligente

casa azul

Adjectives-Agreeing in Gender (cont.)

Once you have changed the adjective to match the noun for gender, you add an –s or –es if the noun it modifies is plural.

Example: blusas rojas carros azules

Irregular VerbsSer- soy eres es somos sois sonIr- voy vas va vamos vais vanDar- doy das da damos dais danEstar- estoy estás está

estamos estáis estánTener- tengo tienes tiene

tenemos tenéis tienen

Irregular Verbs (cont.)

These verbs are irregular only in the yo form.

Hacer- hago haces hace hacemos hacéis hacen

Poner- pongo pones pone ponemos ponéis ponen

Traer- traigo traes trae traemos traéis traen

Irregular Verbs (cont.)

Salir- salgo sales sale salimos salís salen

Saber- sé sabes sabe sabemos sabéis saben

Conocer- conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocéis

conocen

How do I stem change?1. Find the change. (This is listed in most

dictionaries and will be given on tests or quizzes. After practice, you will start to remember them on your own.)

2. Make the switch. (Not in nosotros or vosotros, remember the boot)

3. Conjugate the verb appropriately.

Examples coming…

Examples

Ella- empezar (e:ie)1. e:ie2. Empiezar3. Empieza

Nosotros- poder (o:ue)1. o:ue2. Poder3. Podemos

*Notice I did not stem-change the verb b/c we are in the nosotros form.*

Common Stem-Changing Verbs

Empezar- e:ie Querer- e:iePerder- e:ie Preferir- e:ieVolver- o:ue Poder- o:ueComenzar- e:ieJugar- u:ue AND THAT’S JUST Dormir- o:ue A FEW!!!!!

Practice---Put in Notes.Yo- empezar Nosotros-

comenzarTú- perder Nosotras- jugarÉl - poder Ellos- volverElla-dormir Ellas- preferirUsted- querer Ustedes-devolver

Answers… Check your work!

Yo- empiezo Nosotros- comenzamos

Tú- pierdes Nosotras- jugamosÉl - puede Ellos- vuelvenElla-duerme Ellas- prefierenUsted- quiere Ustedes-devuelven

Possessive Adjectives – modify a noun to show possession!

Mi, Mis - MyTu,Tus – Familiar YourSu, Sus – His, Her,

Formal and Plural Your, Their *Note: these possessive adjectives only need to

match the noun in number. They have no gender. *

Ex. Mi casa- Mis casas My house- My houses Tu libro- Tus libros Your book- Your books

Possessive Adjectives – modify a noun to show possession!

Nuestro- our Nuestros - ourNuestra- our Nuestras – our

*Note: these possessive adjectives need to match the noun in gender and number. *

Ex. Nuestra casa- Nuestras casas Our house- Our houses

Nuestro libro- Nuestros libros Our book- Our books

Literal Meaning

The verb gustar means to like, but literally it means to be pleasing to. This is why with the gustar verbs we use indirect object pronouns. When we say…”Me gusta pizza.” We are literally saying…”Pizza is pleasing to me.”

Let’s review the indirect pronouns.

Me - meTe – you (fam.)Le – you (form.)

him her

Nos - usOs – you plural

(fam.)

Les – you plural

(form.) them

You choose which pronoun to use depending upon who is doing the

verb…i.e. “ Who is liking” “Who is it boring”, etc.

Verbs like gustarHere is a list of verbs that are used like

gustar:

Gustar – to like Costar (o:ue) – to cost

Aburrir – to bore Fascinar – to facinateEncantar – to love Molestar – to

botherInteresar – to interest

Verbs like gustar are all conjugated the same.

If you are talking about a singular object or an infinitive verb, you use the he/she form.Ex. Me gusta el verano.

Les gusta correr.If you are talking about a plural object,

you use the they form.Ex. Me gustan los zapatos.

Le gustan las peliculas.

Two last things to remember…

*The verb agrees with the subject of the sentence– that is, with the person or thing being liked.

*You can use the preposition a + noun or pronoun to emphasize or specify the name of the person referred to by the indirect object pronoun.

Ex. Le gusta el pollo. He/She likes the chicken. A Eva le gusta el pollo. Eva likes the chicken.

The basics…

Ser expresses a fundamental quality and identifies the essence of a person or thing.

Estar expresses more transitory qualities and often implies the possibility of change.

Uses of SerBasic nature or character of a person or thing.

It is also used with expressions of age that do not refer to a specific number of years.

Example: La orquesta es buena. Yo soy joven.

Material that things are made of.Example: Las mesas son de metal

Denote nationality, origin, and profession or trade.

Example: Sandra es norteamericana. Yo soy de Caracas.

Mi madre es profesora.

Uses of Ser cont.Expressions of time with dates.

Example: Hoy es jueves, cuatro de abril.Son las cuatro y cuarto de la tarde.

With events as the equivalent of taking place.Example: La fiesta es en el club Los Violines.

To indicate possession or relationship.Example: Los discos compactos son de Julia. Antonio es el hermano de Pablo.

Uses of EstarPlace or location.

Example: Mi prima no está aquí. ¿Dónde está ?

Condition.Example: Mis amigos está n muy

cansados.Sara está enferma.

With personal reactions.It describes what is perceived through the senses—that is how a person or thing seems, looks, tastes, or feels.

Example: El ponche está delicioso.

With the present progressive. (Will be reviewing later.)

Two types of pronouns…

Direct Object Pronouns take the place of a direct object. The direct object of a sentence may be either a person or thing that directly receives the action of the verb.

Ex. Ellos compran el libro.Subject verb direct object.

Answers the question whom or what about what the subject is doing.

What are they buying? The book.

Direct Object Pronouns

Me - me

Te – you (fam.)

Lo – you (form. masc.)

him, it (masc.)

La – you (form. fem.)

her, it (fem.)

Nos - us

Os – you plural (fam.)

Los – them (masc.)

you plural (form. masc.)

Las- them (fem.)

you plural (form. fem.)

D.O.PRules of Placement

DOP placed before a conjugated verb. Ellos sirven la cena. Ellos la sirven.

In a negative sentence, the no must precede the DOP. Ellos no sirven la cena. Ellos no la sirven.

The DOP may be attached or in front when used with an infinitive verb or with the present progressive.Puedo firmarlo. Lo puedo firmar.Estoy leyéndolo. Lo estoy leyendo.

*An accent was added to maintain the correct stress.*

Two types of pronouns…

Indirect Object Pronouns take the place of an indirect object. The indirect object of a sentence describes to whom or for whom an action is done. Ex. Yo mando los libros a los estudiantes.Subject verb direct object indirect object

In Spanish, the IOP includes the meaning to or for.

Ex. Yo les mando los libros. I send the books to them.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Me - meTe – you (fam.)Le – you (form.)

him her

Nos - usOs – you plural

(fam.)

Les – you plural

(form.) them

I.O.PRules of Placement

IOP placed before a conjugated verb. Ellos sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos les sirven la cena.

In a negative sentence, the no must precede the IOP. Ellos no sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos no les sirven la cena.

The IOP may be attached or in front when used with an infinitive verb or with the present progressive.Nos está diciendo que viene hoy. Está diciéndonos que viene hoy.

*An accent was added to maintain the correct stress.*

Using both pronouns at once…

If you are going to use two pronouns in one sentence you need to remember, the Indirect Object Pronoun always comes before the Direct Object Pronoun.Ellos dan la cuenta a mí. Ellos me la dan.

If you have two pronouns that begin with –l the first pronoun(IOP) changes to se.Ellos sirven la cena a los chicos. Ellos les la sirven. Ellos se la sirven.

Two parts to the Present Progressive

Present tense form of estar (Matches the subject)

Present Participle (AR- ando ER/IR - iendo)

The present progressive is something that is currently taking place.

I am walking. Yo estoy caminando.

More examples…He is running. Él está corriendo.We are talking.Nosotros estamos

hablando.They are dancing. Ellos están bailando.

Irregular Participles-Leer – leyendoTraer- trayendo

Try a couple on your own.

We are singing. (cantar)They are writing. (escribir)

I am reading. (leer)He is bringing a book. (traer)

Answers…

Nosotros estamos cantando.Ellos están escribiendo.

Yo estoy leyendo.Él está trayendo un libro.

Reflexive Verbs

The subject of a reflexive verb both performs and receives the action. Each subject has its corresponding pronoun.

Reflexive verbs follow the conjugation rules (i.e. regular ar, er, ir verbs, stem-changers, etc.)

Pronouns and Examples

Yo- me

Tú- te

Él, Ella, Usted - se

Nosotros,as- nos

Vosotros,as- os

Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes- se

How to do it…

1. Remove the se and move it to the front.

2. Match the pronoun with the subject.3. Conjugate the verb to match the

subject. Ex. Yo- lavarse

1. se lavar 2. me lavar 3. me lavo

You try it.Ella – levantarse

Ellos- acostarse (o:ue)Yo- ducharseTú- cepillarseÉl- afeitarse

Answers…

Ella – levantarse Se levantaEllos- acostarse (o:ue) Se acuestan

Yo- ducharse Me duchoTú- cepillarse Te cepillasÉl- afeitarse Se afeita