Grammar Log #3

Grammar Log #3Grammar Log #3

Cornell NotesOut!

Cornell NotesOut!

Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda

Infinitive verbsTransitive verbs Intransitive verbsCopular verbsPrepositional PhrasesAdverbial Prepositional PhrasesAdjectival Prepositional PhrasesAppositive PhrasesActive and Passive Voice

Infinitive verbsTransitive verbs Intransitive verbsCopular verbsPrepositional PhrasesAdverbial Prepositional PhrasesAdjectival Prepositional PhrasesAppositive PhrasesActive and Passive Voice

Infinitive VerbsInfinitive Verbs

Infinitive verbs use the word “to” before them.

Example: “to go” “to shop”It’s hard to study on a

Saturday night. Usually, the word “to” is a

preposition meaning “toward”

I’m going to the store.

Infinitive verbs use the word “to” before them.

Example: “to go” “to shop”It’s hard to study on a

Saturday night. Usually, the word “to” is a

preposition meaning “toward”

I’m going to the store.

Transitive VerbsTransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs are followed by at least one “Free Noun Phrase”

This “Free NP” is affected by the verb itself. It is the “Direct Object” of the sentence.

It may be a reflexive pronoun ending in “-self”…himself, herself, ourselves…NEVER “hisself”!!!

Transitive Verbs are followed by at least one “Free Noun Phrase”

This “Free NP” is affected by the verb itself. It is the “Direct Object” of the sentence.

It may be a reflexive pronoun ending in “-self”…himself, herself, ourselves…NEVER “hisself”!!!

Intransitive VerbsIntransitive Verbs

Intransitive Verbs-are NOT followed by free NPs in the predicate phrase

A subject whose verb is intransitive indicates that a subject NP is doing something that directly affects only itself:

Horatio slept.Horatio slept restlessly on the

sofa for a long time.

Intransitive Verbs-are NOT followed by free NPs in the predicate phrase

A subject whose verb is intransitive indicates that a subject NP is doing something that directly affects only itself:

Horatio slept.Horatio slept restlessly on the

sofa for a long time.

Copular VerbsCopular Verbs

Copular Verbs-assign a subject to a class. Usually, it’s easy to see because it uses “be” form verbs.

Subject Copular Verb Classification

Horatio is a baker.John is a mortician. They are Wiccans.

Copular Verbs-assign a subject to a class. Usually, it’s easy to see because it uses “be” form verbs.

Subject Copular Verb Classification

Horatio is a baker.John is a mortician. They are Wiccans.

Copular VerbsCopular Verbs

In order to see the verb as copular, you must see if it classifies something.

Example:

The tomatoes grew ripe in the sunshine. noun verb adjective

Notice the adjective “ripe” after the verb “grew”…it describes tomatoes…if you see this…you have a classification of what type of tomatoes.

In order to see the verb as copular, you must see if it classifies something.

Example:

The tomatoes grew ripe in the sunshine. noun verb adjective

Notice the adjective “ripe” after the verb “grew”…it describes tomatoes…if you see this…you have a classification of what type of tomatoes.

Prepositional Phrases


What is a preposition?Prepositions show place in

space (spatial) and in time (temporal).

The squirrel ran UP the tree.Ere, the night goes slowly.I will not rest until we meet

again.

What is a preposition?Prepositions show place in

space (spatial) and in time (temporal).

The squirrel ran UP the tree.Ere, the night goes slowly.I will not rest until we meet

again.



Common prepositions that START prepositional phrases:

Aboard, between about, betwixt, of, off, above, beyond, below, against, by virtue of, by way of, by means of, in opposition to, inside, into, via, to, past, out of, on behalf of, with, barring, beneath, apart from, aslant, in spite of, like, onto, considering, concerning, for the sake of, despite, athwart, and many, many more!

Common prepositions that START prepositional phrases:

Aboard, between about, betwixt, of, off, above, beyond, below, against, by virtue of, by way of, by means of, in opposition to, inside, into, via, to, past, out of, on behalf of, with, barring, beneath, apart from, aslant, in spite of, like, onto, considering, concerning, for the sake of, despite, athwart, and many, many more!



Prepositional Phrases include:

1 preposition + 1 noun phrase(P) (NP)Over the riverThrough the woodsTo Grandmother’s

house

Prepositional Phrases include:

1 preposition + 1 noun phrase(P) (NP)Over the riverThrough the woodsTo Grandmother’s

house



Let’s use a Prepositional Phrase Tree

PP PP

P NP P NP D N D NOver the river to Grandmother’s

house

Let’s use a Prepositional Phrase Tree

PP PP

P NP P NP D N D NOver the river to Grandmother’s

house

Adverbial Prepositional Phrases


If the prepositional phrase modifies the verb…it’s an adverbial prepositional phrase.

Example:We live in a housing project.“in a housing project”

modifies where they “live”…so, it is acting like an adverb.

If the prepositional phrase modifies the verb…it’s an adverbial prepositional phrase.

Example:We live in a housing project.“in a housing project”

modifies where they “live”…so, it is acting like an adverb.



My kid is lying on the rug half asleep.

She was quiet for a long time.In a moment someone will get

up and turn on the lights. She stood up from the window

and came over to me.

My kid is lying on the rug half asleep.

She was quiet for a long time.In a moment someone will get

up and turn on the lights. She stood up from the window

and came over to me.



My kid is lying on the rug half asleep. How is she lying?

She was quiet for a long time. In a moment, someone will get up

and turn on the lights. “the lights” is a “free NP”…so, “on” is not a preposition…it’s a “verb particle”

When will someone get up? Remember prepositions also indicate time!

She stood up from the window and came over to me. Where?

My kid is lying on the rug half asleep. How is she lying?

She was quiet for a long time. In a moment, someone will get up

and turn on the lights. “the lights” is a “free NP”…so, “on” is not a preposition…it’s a “verb particle”

When will someone get up? Remember prepositions also indicate time!

She stood up from the window and came over to me. Where?

Adjectival Prepositional

Phrases


PhrasesThey are prepositional phrases

not necessarily adjectives.They “act” like adjectives that

modify the NOUNThe barn swallow on the porch

flew straight into Grandma’s hair. “on the porch” describes “where”

the barn swallow’s position. “into Grandma’s hair” is

adverbial. That shows “how”

They are prepositional phrases not necessarily adjectives.

They “act” like adjectives that modify the NOUN

The barn swallow on the porch flew straight into Grandma’s hair.

“on the porch” describes “where” the barn swallow’s position.

“into Grandma’s hair” is adverbial. That shows “how”


Phrases


PhrasesWe went to the only

nightclub on a short, dark street near downtown.

Where’s the adjectival prepositional phrase?

We went to the only nightclub on a short, dark street near downtown.

Where’s the adjectival prepositional phrase?


Phrases


PhrasesWe went to the only nightclub

on a short, dark street near downtown.

“On a short, dark street” describes “where” the noun “nightclub” is located.

“near downtown” describes where the “street” in the first prepositional phrase is located.

We went to the only nightclub on a short, dark street near downtown.

“On a short, dark street” describes “where” the noun “nightclub” is located.

“near downtown” describes where the “street” in the first prepositional phrase is located.

Appositive PhrasesAppositive Phrases

It’s “a” “positive” identification! It’s a noun phrase that renames

the noun phrase before it.Example:Ms. Richards, my English

teacher, is a crazy lady. “Ms. Richards” is your “English

teacher”

It’s “a” “positive” identification! It’s a noun phrase that renames

the noun phrase before it.Example:Ms. Richards, my English

teacher, is a crazy lady. “Ms. Richards” is your “English

teacher”


This is what the phrase structure tree looks like:

S NP PredP

NP NP VP NP N D A N V D A N

Ms. Richards my English teacher is a crazy

lady.

This is what the phrase structure tree looks like:

S NP PredP

NP NP VP NP N D A N V D A N

Ms. Richards my English teacher is a crazy

lady.


Two types of appositive phrases:

Restrictive-is NOT set off by commas (,)

The band Cypress Hill has been around forever!

Non-restrictive-DOES have commas:

Ramen Noodles, my Miniature Rottoodle, is insane.

Two types of appositive phrases:

Restrictive-is NOT set off by commas (,)

The band Cypress Hill has been around forever!

Non-restrictive-DOES have commas:

Ramen Noodles, my Miniature Rottoodle, is insane.

Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

Active voice “shows” the reader.

Passive voice “tells” the reader.

Active voice “shows” the reader.

Passive voice “tells” the reader.

Active VoiceActive Voice

The chicken crossed the road.

S NP PredP.D N VP NP V D NThe chicken crossed the road. Subject action object

The chicken crossed the road.

S NP PredP.D N VP NP V D NThe chicken crossed the road. Subject action object

Passive VoicePassive Voice

The road was crossed by the chicken.

S NP PredP. VP PP D N aux. v P NP D N



S NP PredP. VP PP D N aux. v P NP D N


Grammar Log #3

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