CambridgeframmEssentialGrammarin UseSECONDEDITIONA self-studyreferenceandpractice book for elementary students of EnglishRaymond MurphyContentsTo the student To the teacher ThanksUnitam/is/aream/is/are (questions)I am doing (present continuous)are you doing? (present continuous questions)I do/work/like etc. (present simple)I dont... (present simple negative)Do you ... ? (present simple questions)I am doing and I do (present continuous and present simple)I have ... / Ive got...was/wereworked/got/went etc. (past simple)I didnt... Did you ... ? (past simple negative and questions)I was doing (past continuous)I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple)I have done (present perfect 1)Ive just... Ive already ... I havent... yet (present perfect 2)Have you ever ... ? (present perfect 3)How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4)for since agoI have done (present perfect) and I did (past simple)is done was done (passive 1)is being done has been done (passive 2)be/have/do in present and past tensesRegular and irregular verbsI used to ...What are you doing tomorrow?Im going to ...will/shall (1)will/shall (2)mightcan and couldmust mustnt needntshouldI have to ...Would you like ... ? Id like...there is there arethere was/were there has/have been there will beIt...I am I dont etc.Have you? Are you? Dont you? etc.too/either so am I / neither do I etc.isnt havent dont etc. (negatives)is it... ? have you ... ? do they ... ? etc. (questions-1)Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2)Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3)What... ? Which ... ? How ... ?How long does it take ... ?Do you know where ... ? I dont know what... etc.She said that... He told me that...work/working go/going do/doingto ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing)I want you to ... I told you to ...I went to the shop to ...goto... goon... go for... go-inggetdo and makehaveI/me he/him they/them etc.my/his/their etc.Whose is this? Its mine/yours/hers etc.I/me/my/minemyself/yourself/themselves etc.-*s (Anns camera / my brothers car) etc.a/an...flower(s) bus(es) (singular and plural)a car / some money (countable/uncountable 1)a car / some money (countable/uncountable 2)a/an and thethe...go to work / go home / go to the cinemaI like music 1 hate examsthe... (names of places)this/that/these/thoseone/onessome and anynot + any no nonenot + anybody/anyone/anythingnobody/no-one/nothingsomebody/anything/nowhere etc.every and allall most some any no/noneboth either neithera lot much many(a) little (a) few[#

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old/nice/interesting etc. (adjectives)quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs)old/older expensive / more expensiveolder than ... more expensive than ...not as ...asthe oldest the most expensiveenoughtooHe speaks English very well, (word order 1)always/usually/often etc. (word order 2)still yet alreadyGive me that book! Give it to me!at 8 oclock on Monday in Aprilfrom ... to until since forbefore after during whileinaton(places 1)inaton(places 2)toinat(places 3)under behind opposite etc. (prepositions)up over through etc. (prepositions)on at by with about (prepositions)afraid of... good at... etc. preposition+'-ing (good at-ing etc.)listen to... look at... etc. (verb + preposition)go in fall off run away etc. (phrasal verbs 1)put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2)and but or so becauseWhen...Ifwego...If you see... etc.If I had ... If we went... etc.a person who ... a thing that/which ... (relative clauses 1)Appendices

Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7object (fill inthe people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)Active and passive 239 List ofirregular verbs 240 Irregular verbs in groups 241 Short forms (hes / Id / dont etc.) 242 Spelling 244Phrasal verbs (look out / take off etc.) 246 Phrasal verbs +2a form / put out a fire etc.)Additional exercises 248Key to Exercises 265Key to Additional exercises 293index 296

To the student (working without a teacher)This is a grammar book for elementary students of English. There are 114 units in the book and each unit is about a different point of English grammar. There is a list of units at the beginning of the book (Contents).Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present perfect (I have been, he has done etc.), use the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) you need to study (Units 15-20 for the present perfect).Each unit is two pages. The information is on the left-hand page and the exercises are on the right:

You can use the book in this way:Look in the Contents and/or Index to find the unit that you need.Study the left-hand page (information).Do the exercises on the right-hand page.Use the Key to check your answers.Study the left-hand page again if necessary.

Dont forget the seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 239-247). These will give you information about active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling and phrasal verbs.There are also Additional exercises at the back of the book (pages 248-264). There is a list of these exercises on page 248.To the teacherThe most important features of this book are:It is a grammar book. It deals only with grammar and is not a general course book.It is a book for elementary learners. It does not cover areas of grammar which

are not normally taught at elementary level.It combines reference and exercises in one volume.It can be used for self-study or as supplementary course material.

Organisation of the bookThere are 114 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Con tents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book.Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 239-247) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs.It might be useful for teachers to draw students attention to these.This new edition of Essential Grammar in Use also contains a set of Additional exercises (pages 248-264). These exercises provide mixed practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (mainly those concerning verb forms). There are 33 exercises in this section and there is a full list on page 248.Finally, there is a Key at the back of the book (pages 265-295) for students to check their answers. An edition without the Key is also available for teachers who would prefer their students to use this.LevelThe book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but 1 would not expect it to be used from the first day of a course for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the very earliest stages of a beginners course. It could also be used by lower intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas ofelementary grammar.The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level.Using the bookThe book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book.[#]

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When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice.In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for the teacher to present the grammar point in his/her preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student.Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice.Changes from the first editionThe main changes from the first edition are:There are six new units:

Unit 16 present perfect + just/already /yet Unit 22 passive (is being done / has been done)Unit 25I used to...Unit 56do and makeUnit 57haveUnit 112ifIhad... / if we went... etc.There is also a new appendix on active and passive forms (Appendix 1).Some of the material has been revised and reorganised. For example, the content of Units 99-100 (in/at/on) in the new edition corresponds to Unit 94 and part of Unit 96 in the old edition.Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 41 (originally 39) and Unit 54 (originally 52).Some of the units have been reordered and (after Unit 8) nearly all units have a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 50 (work /working etc.) was originally Unit 34.Many of the left-hand pages have been rewritten and many of the examples changed. In a few cases there are significant changes to the content, for example Unit 51 (originally 47), Unit 73 (originally 68) and Unit 82 (originally 77). Many of the original exercises have been modified or completely replaced with new exercises (for example, Units 4 and 5).

There is a new section of Additional exercises at the back of the book (see Organisation of the book above).

ThanksFor their help in producing this new edition of Essential Grammar in Use, I would like to thank Jeanne McCarten, Noirin Burke, Liz Driscoll, Chris Hamilton-Emery, Geraldine Mark, Jane Walsh, Pam Murphy, Ruth Carim and Lelio Pallini.Drawings by Richard Deverell, Richard Eckford, Sue Hillwood-Harris and Amanda MacPhail.Book design by Peter Ducker MSTD.H[Tam/is/are(Myis Lis isnot(shes notorshe isnt)it J

(its notorit isnt)WC 'l

(were notorwe arent)you arenot(youre notoryou arent)they J

(theyre notorthey arent)Im cold. Can you close the window, please?Im 32 years old. My sister is 29.My brother is very tall. Hes a policeman. John is afraid of dogs.Its ten oclock. Youre late again.Ann and I are good friends.Your keys are on the table.

Im ojtuui of dogs.

/o\ \

UNITEXERCISES

UNITEXERCISES

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1A1.1 Write the short form (she's/we aren't etc.).I am notyou are not

she is 5He s3 it snot

Look! ThereCarol.My brother and Igood tennis playerAnnat home. Her childrenaIa taxi driver. My sistera nu

rv1.2 Put in am, is or are. The weathernice today.Inot tired.This bagheavy. These bagsheavy.

they are 4 that is ...

Write full sentences. Use is/isn't/are/aren't.

(your shoes very dirty) Yot4r shoesdirty. flAb A(my brother a teacher) My(this house not very big)(the shops not open today)(my keys in my bag)(Jenny 18 years old)(you not very tall)

Look at Lisa's sentences (Unit 1 A). Now write sentences about yourself.

(name?)My6(favouritecolourorcolours?)(from?) IMy(age?)17(interestedin...?)(job?)1 I

/ |AjiHyr\ o-tyers t>V' -Jk91.5 Write sentences for the pictures. Use: afraid angry cold hot hungry ttorsty^

5 (married?) I5 (married?) IShes thirsty.3 HeThey 4

-v1.6 Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use am/am not/is/isn't/are/aren't.(1 / interested in politics) jV interested (OR Im not interested) in politics.(I/hungry) I(it / warm today) It(I / afraid of dogs)(my hands / cold)(Canada / a very big country)(diamonds / cheap)(I / interested in football)EXERCISES

EXERCISES

T

positiveI amheshe is itwe you are they,questionam I?he?is she? it?-we? are you? . they?Whats your name?) Are you married?)( David

MHow old are you?)( No, I mtAre you a student?)single.

(Yes, I atm)am/is/are (questions)Am I late? No, youre on time.Is your mother at home? No, shes out.Are your parents at home? No, theyre out. A ihY>=r\ > o fIs it cold in your room? Yes, a little.Your shoes are nice. Are they new?We say:Is she at home? / Is your mother at home? (not Is at home your mother?)Are they new? / Are your shoes new? (not Are new your shoes?)Where ... ? / What... ? / Who ... ? / How ... ? / Why ... ?Where is your mother? Is she at home?Where are you from? Canada.What colour is your car? Its red.How old is Joe? Hes 24.How are your parents? Are they well?Why are you angry?How much are these postcards? Fifty pence.whats = what is whos = who is hows = how is wheres - where isWhats the time? Whos that man?shortNo, Im not.[hes 1he iNo, shes > not. or No, sheits Jitr were 1f we 1No, youre 1 not. or No, you, theyre JtheyAre you tired? Yes, I am.Are you hungry? No, Im not but Im thirsty.Is your friend English? Yes, he is.Are these your keys? Yes, they are.Thats my seat No it isnt

isnt. arent.

votfr-Wheres Jill? Hows your father?Find the right answers for the questions.

1 Wheres the camera?

A London.2 Is your car blue?

B No, Im not.3 Is Linda from London?

C Yes, you are.4 Am I late?

D My sister.5 Wheres Ann from?

E Black.6 What colour is your bag?

F No, its black.7 Are you hungry?

G In your bag.8 How is George?

H No, shes American.9 Whos that woman?

1 Very well.Make questions with these words. Use is or are.

Complete the questions. Use What... / Who... / Where... /How...1...H.OW./y?-.... your parents?

Theyre very well.

the bus stop?

At the end of the street.3 >your children?

Five, six and ten.4these oranges?

1.20 a kilo.5vour favourite sport?

Skiing.6the man in this photograph?

Thats my father.7your new shoes?

Black.Are your hands cold?Is it dark now?Are you a teacher? ...

Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't, etc.).Are you married? NOjJ.ro.MOfcAre you thirsty?Is it cold today?

(at home /your mother?)(your parents / well?)(interesting/your job?)(the shops / open today?)(interested in sport / you?)(near here / the post office?)(at school / your children?)(why / you / late?)

s y our rn ofcHer ab hom e ? Are your parents w ell ?

Write the questions. (Read the answers first.)1WHais tiour name? A

Paul.2(married or single?)

Im married.3(American?)

No, Im Australian.4(how old?)

Im 30.5(a teacher?)

No, Im a lawyer.6(wife a lawyer?)

No, shes a designer.7(from?)

Shes Italian.8(her name?)

Anna.9(how old?)

Shes 27.

PAULUNIT

I am doing (present continuous)VShes eating.She isnt reading.

Its raining.The sun isnt shining.Theyre running. They arent walking.The present continuous is:am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc.am (not) -ing Im working.

he 1Chris is writing a letter.she . is (not) -ing She isnt eating, (or Shes not eating.)it JThe phone is ringing.weWere having dinner.you are (not) -ing Youre not listening to me. (or You arent...) theyThe children are doing their homework.am/is/are + -ing = something is happening now:m

working shes wearing a hat theyre playing football Im not watching televisionpast- nowfuturePlease be quiet. Im working. (= Im working now)Look at Sue! Shes wearing her new hat. (- she is wearing it now)The weather is nice at the moment. Its not raining.Where are the children? Theyre playing in the park.(on the phone) Were having dinner now. Can you phone again later?You can turn off the television. Im not watching it.

Spelling (=> Appendix 5):come comingwrite > writingdance > dancingrun > runningsit > sittingswim swimminglie > lyingam/is/are =>are you doing? (questions)I am doing and I do =>What are you doing tomorrow? =>EXERCISES3eat have lie play sit wait

What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences:

an apple.4on the flooHefor a bus. 5breakfaTheyfootball. 6on the tab

Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs: build cook go have stand stay swim workPlease be quiet. I fAblPrhmg,Wheres John? Hes in the kitchen. HeYouon my foot. Oh, Im sorry.Look! Somebodyin the river.Were here on holiday. Weat the Central Hotel.Wheres Ann? Shea shower.Theya new theatre in the city centre at the moment.Inow. Goodbye.

3 Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane. Use She's -ing or She isn't -ing.

(have dinner).. Isnt h tying dmner. (watch television) She- s waichlruj television.(sit on the floor) She(read a book)(play the piano)(laugh)(wear a hat)(write a letter)What's happening at the moment? Write true sentences.

(I / wash / my hair).wAhuag my Hair,(it / snow) Its snowing. OR It isnt snowing.(I / sit / on a chair)(I /eat)(it / rain)(I / learn / English)(I / listen / to music)(the sun / shine)(I / wear / shoes)(I / read / a newspaper)

are you doing? (present continuous questions)positiveI am

he "Idoingshe > isworkingit Jgoingstayingwe t

you l areetc.questionam I

f hedoing?is s sheworking?l itgoing?

staying?r we

are J youetc.[ they

Wbob are you doing?

Are you feeling OK? Yes, Im fine, thank you.Is it raining? Yes, take an umbrella.Why are you wearing a coat? Its not cold.Whats Paul doing? Hes reading the newspaper.What are the children doing? Theyre watching television. Look, theres Sally! Wheres she going?Study the word order: is/are +subject +-ingIsheworking today?IsPaulworking today? (not Is working Paul today?)Where aretheygoing?Where arethose people going? (not Where are going those people?)

No, Im not.he 1hes-JNo, shes f not. or No, -she isnt.its Jitwere iwe INo, \ youre c not. or No, you arent.. theyre Jthey.I am doing =>UIN,J3 What are you doing tomorrow? =>Wmaquestions =>UNITS 43-46Who are you waiting for? Are you waiting for Sue?. EXERCISESUNIT

. EXERCISESUNIT

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4

Look at the pictures and write the questions.4.1

cry eat go laugh look at readLook at the pictures and complete the questions. Use one of these:Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.

(working / Paul / today?)(what / doing / the children?). WH&fc(you / listening / to me?),(where / going / your friends?)(your parents / television / watching?)(what / cooking / Ann?)(why / you / looking / at me?)(coming / the bus?),

Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn't, etc.)

Are you watching TV?4 Is it raining?Are you wearing a watch? 5 Are you sitting on the floor?

> a j-' ror a r1?110

(questions) =>I am doing and I do =>

(questions) =>I am doing and I do =>

I do/work/like etc. (present simple)

Theyre looking at their books.Hes eating an ice-cream.They read a lot.He likes ice-cream.They read / he likes /1 work etc. = the present simple:I/we/you/theyreadlikeworklivewatchdohavehe/she/itreadslikesworksliveswatchesdoeshasRemember:he works / she lives / it rains etc.I work in a shop. My brother works in a bank. (not My brother work)Linda lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.It rains a lot in winter.

I have > he/she/it has:John has a shower every day.

Spelling (=> Appendix 5):-es after -s / -sh / -ch:pass > passesfinish > finisheswatch watches-y > -ies: study studies tiy > tries also: do > doesgo > goesWe use the present simple for things that arc true in general, or for things that happen sometimes or all the time:1 like big cities.The shops open at 9 oclock and close at 5.30.Tim works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 oclock in the evening.The Earth goes round the Sun.We do a lot of different things in our free time.It costs a lot of money to stay at luxury hotels.

always/never/often/sometimes/usually + present simpleSue always arrives at work early. (not Sue arrives always)I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk. (not I go usually)Julia never eats breakfast.Tom lives near us. We often see him.

I dont... (negative) =>Do youalways/usually/often etc. (word order) => Ir-EXERCISES

r-EXERCISES

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5UNITWrite these verbs + -s or -es.(read) she3 (fly) it5 (have) she,(think) he 4 (dance) lie6 (finish) it.

5.2Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use these verbs: eat go live play play sleep

the piano.4tennis.Theyin a very big house. 5to the cinema a lot.a lot of fruit. 6eight hours a night.

Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:boil close cost cost like like meet open speak teach washMargaret ..speflks... four languages.In Britain the banks usuallyat 9.30 in the morning.The City Museumat 5 oclock in the evening.Tina is a teacher. Shemathematics to young children.My job is very interesting. 1a lot of people.Peterhis hair twice a week.Food is expensive. Ita lot of money.Shoes are expensive. Theya lot of money.Waterat 100 degrees Celsius.Julia and I are good friends. Iher and sheme.

' 5.4 Write sentences from these words. Put the verb in the right form (arrive or arrives etc.).(always / early / Sue / arrive) Sue always arrives early(basketball /1 / play / often) I(work / Margaret / hard / usually)(Jenny / always / nice clothes / wear)(dinner / we / have / always / at 7.30)(television / Tim / watch / never)(like / chocolate / children / usually)(Julia / parties / enjoy / always)

Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/sometimes/usually.

(watch television) I never watch television. /1 usually w&bch television ihe eveiuwj. (etc.)(read in bed) I(get up before 7 oclock);

I don7!... (present simple negative)negativeI

wedo not

you(dont)workthey

likehedoes notdosheit(doesnt)have

She doesnt drink coffee.He doesnt like his job.positiveIworkwelikeyoudotheyhave

worksnelikesshedoesI drink coffee but I dont drink tea.Sue drinks tea but she doesnt drink coffee.You dont work very hard.We dont watch television very often.The weather is usually nice. It doesnt rain very often.Gerry and Linda dont know many people.

Remember:

I/we/you/they dont... I dont like football.he/she/it doesnt... He doesnt, like football.I dont like Fred and Fred doesnt like me. (not Fred dont like)My car doesnt use much petrol, (not My car dont use)Sometimes he is late but it doesnt happen very often.

We use dont/doesnt + infinitive (dont like / doesnt speak / doesnt do etc.):I dont like washing the car. I dont do it very often.Sandra speaks Spanish but she doesnt speak Italian. (not doesnt speaks)Bill doesnt do his job very well. (not Bill doesnt his job)Paula doesnt usually have breakfast. (not doesnt... has)[20]

I do/work/like etc. (present simple) =>Do you ... ? (present simple questions) =>EXERCISES

EXERCISES

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UNIT66.1Write the negative.I play the piano very well.Jane plays the piano very well.They know my phone number.We work very hard.He has a bath every day.You do the same thing every day.

dont pUufihe piano verq welt.

Jane] BilEnd, Rose like classical musiCarolclass

Bill and Rose

CarolTStudy the information and write sentences with like.

6.3Write about yourself. Use: I never... or I often ... or I don't... very often.(watch TV)| dLovnt woticH TV very . CPK..!..Q.?...!..(go to the theatre)(ride a bicycle)(eat in restaurants)(travel by train)

6 AComplete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + one of these verbs: cost go know read see use wearI buy a newspaper every day but sometimes Iit.Paul has a car but heit very often.They like films but theyto the cinema very often.Amanda is married but shea ring.Imuch about politics. Im not interested in it.Its not an expensive hotel. Itmuch to stay there.Brian lives near us but wehim very often.

6.5

Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.1 Margaretfour languages English, French, German and Spanish, (speak)2I..!*!??:... my job. Its very boring, (like)Wheres Martin? Im sorry. I (know)Sue is a very quiet person. Shevery much, (talk)Jima lot of tea. Its his favourite drink, (drink)Its not true! Iit! (believe)Thats a very beautiful picture. Iit very much, (like)Mark is a vegetarian. Hemeat, (eat)UNITEXERCISES

123

Unit

AWe use do/does in present simple questions:positive questionIweyoutheyworklikedohavedoIweyoutheywork?like?heworksdoeshedo?shelikes

have?itdoes

she

has

it

m| Do you ... ? (present simple questions)BStudy the word order:do/does + subject + infinitive

Doyouworkin the evening?

Doyour friendslivenear here?

DoesChrisplaytennis?Wheredoyour parentslive?

How oftendoyouwashyour hair?Whatdoesthis wordmean?

How muchdoesitcostto fly to Rome?

Questions with always/usually/often:

Doyoualwayshavebreakfast?

DoesChrisoftenplaytennis?Whatdoyouusuallydoat weekends?What do you do? = Whats your job?: What do you do? I work in a bank.Remember:do I/we/you/they ... does he/she/it... Do they like music? Does he like music?shortanswersYes,I/we/you/they do.

he/she/it does.No,1 /we/you/they don t.

he/she/itdoesnt.miI do/work/like etc. =>I dont... (negative) =>questions =>UNITS 43-4677.1Write questions with Do...? and Does ...?I like chocolate. And you?Do you like chocolate?I play tennis. And you?youTom plays tennis. And Ann?AnnYou live near here. And vour friends?You speak English. And your brother?I do exercises every morning. And you?Sue often goes away. And Paul?I want to be famous. And you?7 7You work hard. And Linda?Write questions. Use the words in brackets (...) + do/does. Put the words in the right order.

(where / live / your parents?). 4$..ypwr(you / early / always / get up?)..PPJ4PP(how often / TV / you / watch?)(you / want / what / for dinner?)(like / you / football?)(your brother / like / football?)(what / you / do / in the evenings?)(your sister / work / where?)(to the cinema/often/you/go?)(what / mean / this word?)(often / snow / it / here?)(go / usually / to bed / what time / you?)(how much / to phone New York / it / cost?)

7.3 Complete the questions. Use these verbs:!o do enjoy go

teachwork(you / for breakfast / have / usually / what?)likestart1> A A

| What 4- .?

it?What timein the morning?on Saturdays?Howto work?And your husband. What ?work in a bookshop. Its OK.At 9 oclock. Sometimes.Usually by bus.Hes a teacher.Write short answers (Yes, he does. / No, I don't, etc.).

Do you watch TV a lot? . No, I don t. OR Yes, I do.Do you live in a big city?Do you often ride a bicycle?Does it rain a lot where you live?Do you play the piano?UNIT

I am doing and I do(present continuous and present simple)

Jim is watching television. He is not playing the guitar.But Jim has a guitar.He often plays it and he plays very well.Jim plays the guitar but he is not playing the guitar now.Is he playing the guitar?No, he isnt.(present continuous)Does he play the guitar?Yes, he does.(present simple)Present continuous (I am doing) now, at the time of speaking:Im doingpast now futurePlease be quiet. Im working, (not I work)Tom is having a shower at the moment, (not Tom has)Take an umbrella with you. Its raining.You can turn off the television. Im not watching it.Why are you under the table? What are you doing?

Present simple (I do) in general, all the time or sometimes: Idopast now futureI work every day from 9 oclock to 5.30.Tom has a shower ever)7 morning.It rains a lot in winter.I dont watch television very often.What do you usually do at the weekend?

We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):likelovewantknowunderstandrememberdependpreferhateneedmeanbelieveforget

Use the present simple only with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.):Im tired. I want to go home, (not Im wanting)Do you know that girl? Yes, but 1 dont remember her name.

EXERCISES

EXERCISES

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81Answer the questions about the pictures.o

Im a. f photograph er.,

UNIT8Does he take photographs? YMj h& .4.&S,.. 1What is he doing? Hes ho-vlng a. baih,Is she driving a bus?What is she doing?Does he clean windows?What is he doing?Are they teaching?What do they do?S he taking a photograph? .N?... Does she drive a bus? Is he cleaning a window?.Do they teach?82Put in am/is/are or do/don't/does/doesn't.C\Excuse me, ...4....you speak English? Wheres Ann? Iknow.

Whats funny? Whyyou laughing?Whatyour sister do? Shes a dentist.Itraining. Iwant to go out in the rain.Whereyou come from? Canada.How muchit cost to phone Canada?George is a good tennis player but heplay very often.83Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or the present simple (I do).Excuse me.,|>e!*k... (you/speak) English?Wheres Tom?(he/have) a shower.J... (1/not/watch) television very often.Listen! Somebody(sing).Sandra is tired(she/want) to go home now.7 How often(you/read) a newspaper?

Excuse me but(you/sit) in my place. Oh, Im sorry.Im sorry,(I/not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?Its late(I/go) home now

(you/come) with me?What time(your father / finish) work in the evenings?

111213You can turn off the radio(I/not/listen) to it.Wheres Paul? In the kitchen(he/cook) something.Martin(not/usually/drive) to work. He(usually/walk).EXERCISESg

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Unit

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I have... / I've gotIve got blue eyes, (or I have blue eyes.)Tim has got two sisters, (or Tim has two sisters.)Our car has got four doors. Diane isnt^ou can say I have or Ive got, he has or hes got:IweyoutheyhaveORIweyoutheyhave got(Ive got) (weve got) (youve got) (theyve got)he

he

(hes got)shehoefeelingORshehoc got(shes got)well. Shes got a headache, (shes got = she has got) They like animals. Theyve got a horse, three dogs and six cats.

havent got / have you got? etc.B

negativequestionshort answersIweyoutheyhave not (havent)gothehas not

she(hasnt)

it

Yes,No,Iweyoutheyhave.havent.Yes,hehas.No,shehasnt.

it

Ive got a motor-bike but I havent got a car.Mr and Mrs Harris havent got any children.Its a nice house but it hasnt got a garden.Have you got a camera? No, I havent.What have you got in your bag? Nothing. Its empty.Has Ann got a car? Yes, she has.What kind of car has she got?

In negatives and questions you can also use do/does ... :They dont have any children. ( They havent got any children.)Its a nice house but it doesnt have a garden. (= it hasnt got a garden)Does Ann have a car? (= Has Ann got a car?)How much money doyou have? (= How much money have you got?)

had / didnt have (past) =>UNITS 11-12have breakfast / have a shower etc.UNIT 57dont have / do you have? etc.somc/any =i>

9.1

nUNT9.4Write the short form (weve got / he hasnt got etc.).we have got ...we..ve...jpfc. 3 they have got 5 it has gothe has got 4 she has not got6 have not got.

Write questions.(you / an umbrella?)HtolipU. got ftn UWibreOft?...(you / a passport?)(your father / a car?)(Carol / many friends?)(you / any brothers or sisters?)(how much money / we?)

What has Tina got? What have you got? Look at the information and write sentences about Tina and yourself.(a camera) Ttna. bos gofc a camera Ve got (OR 1 Hityenfc got) a. caniercc.(a bicycle) Tina(long hair)

Put in have got ('ve got), has got ('s got), haven't got or hasn't got.Sarah fc . a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.They like animals. They 9?.A.. .. three dogs and two cats.

r\

Charles isnt happy. Hea lot of problems.They dont read much. Theymany books.Whats wrong? 1something in my eye.Wheres my pen? I dont know. 1it.Julia wants to go to the concert but shea ticket.

(brothers/sisters)

9-5 Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven't/hasn't got + one of these:|a lot of friends four wheels six legs a headache a toothache| a key much timeIm not feeling very well. Its a nice house but itJ? 9?A AMost cars

was/were

Now Robert is at work.At midnight last night he wasnt at work.He was in bed.He was asleep.am/is (present) was (past):I am tired, (now)Where is Ann? (now)The weather is good today.

are (present) > were (past):You are late, (now)They arent here, (now)

was tired last night.Where was Ann yesterday?The weather was good last week.

You were late yesterday.They werent here last Sunday.Bpositive

negative

question

IwasIwas not

wasi?he

he(wasnt)

he?she

she

she?it

it

it?wewerewewere not

werewe?you4-1

youthey(werent)

you?4-1tOLast year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs.We were hungry after the journey but we werent tired.The hotel was comfortable but it wasnt expensive.Was the weather good when you were on holiday?Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive?Why were you late this morning?

shortanswers

No,I/he/she/it wasnt.I/he/she/it was.

we/you/they werent.UNITS 1 -2I was doing =>

am/is/are =S>Were you late? No, I wasnt.Was Ted at work yesterday? Yes, he was.Were Sue and Steve at the party? No, they werent.12

12

EXERCISESUNIT

[29J

10.1Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon?

\ George- w a s b e d..42 Carol and Jack 5\ George- w a s b e d..4Carol and Jack 5Sue 6 And you? I

10"10.2vPut in am/is/are (present) or was/were (past).-vLast year she ..WAS... 22, so she ..*... 23 now.Today the weathernice, but yesterday itvery cold.Ihungry. Can I have something to eat?I feel fine this morning but Ivery tired last night.Whereyou at 11 oclock last Friday morning?Dont buy those shoes. Theyvery expensive.I like your new jacketit expensive?This time last year Iin Paris.Wherethe children? I dont know. Theyin the garden ten minutes ago.

10.3Put in was/were or wasn't/weren't.We werent happy with the hotel. Our room ...WAS . very small and it.. w.ASn t vei-y dean.Georgeat work last week because heill. Hes better now.Yesterdaya public holiday so the shopsclosed. Theyre open today.Sue and Bill at the party? Suethere but Bill Where are my keys? I dont know. Theyon the table but theyre not there now. Youat home last night. Whereyou?

10.4Write the questions. Use the words in brackets (...) in the correct order + was/were.(late / you / this morning / why?) Whywere you hnte tints morning?(difficult / your exam?)The traffic was bad. No, it was easy.They were on holiday. 1 -Sixty pounds. Because you were late. Yes, it was beautiful.(last week / where / Ann and Chris?) (your new camera / how much?) (angry / you / yesterday / why?)worked/got/went etc. (past simple)They watch television every evening. (present simple)

They watched television yesterday evening. (past simple)watched is the past simple:watched/we /you /they he/she/it

start > started dance dancedclean cleaned arrive > arrivedwork > worked stay > stayedThe past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:I clean my teeth every morning. This morning 1 cleaned my teeth.Terry worked in a bank from 1986 to 1993.Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight.

Spelling (=> Appendix 5):try triedstudy > studiedcopy > copiedwas/were =>UNIT10I didnt... / Did you ... ? (negative and questions) =>UNITUNIT19stop > stoppedplan > plannedSome verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs (see also Appendix 23):beginbeganfall ->fellleave-> leftsell -soldbreakbrokefindfoundloselostsitsatbringbroughtflyflewmakemadesleepsleptbuildbuiltforgetforgotmeetmetspeakspokebuyboughtgetgotpaypaidstandstoodcatchcaughtgivegaveputputtaketookcomecamegwentreadread /red/I usually get up early but this morning I got up at 9.30.We did a lot of work yesterday.Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.Jim came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.

telltolddodidhavehadringrangthinkthoughtdrinkdrankhearheardsaysaidwinwoneatateknowknewseesawwritewrote* pronunciationUNITEXERCISES

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11start stay want11-1 Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the past simple: clean die enjoy finish happen open rainI. my teeth three times yesterday.It was hot in the room, so 1the window.The concertat 7.30 andat 10 oclock.When 1 was a child, Ito be a doctor.The accidentlast. Sunday afternoon.Its a nice day today but yesterday itall day.Weour holiday last year. Weat a very nice place.Anns grandfatherwhen he was 90 years old.

11.2go 10 knowthink 1 I put ....copy 12 speakget.4pay7see .5visit8play6buy9

Write the past simple of these verbs.11*3 Read about Lisa's journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form.

fly,gethaveleave, drive arrive, park, go have, go wait, depart arrive takeLast Tuesday Lisa (1)from London to Madrid. She (2)upat six oclock in the morning and (3)a cup of coffee. At 6.30she (4)home and (5)to the airport. When she(6), she (7)the car and then (8)to the airportcafe where she (9)breakfast. Then she (10)throughpassport control and (11)for her flight. The plane (12)on time and (13)in Madrid two hours later. Finally she(14)a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid.11.511.4Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.). Jim always goes to work by car. Yesterdayto woA. ky caJrRachel often loses her keys. Shelast week.Kate meets her friends every evening. Sheyesterday evening.1 usually buy two newspapers every day. Yesterday IWe usually go to the cinema on Sundays. Last Sunday weI eat an orange every day. Yesterday 1Tom always has a shower in the morning. This morning heOur friends come to seeus every Friday. Theylast Friday.

Write sentences about what you did yesterday.I ployed volleyball ye-sterdALJ -4 5 ....6....UNITEXERCISES

UNITEXERCISES

133

133

I didn't... Did you...?(past simple negative and questions)AWe use didquestion

Iplay?

westart?

youwatch?didtheyhave?

hesee?

shedo?

positivenegativeIplayedl

playwestartedwe

startyouwatchedyoudid notwatchtheyhadthey(didnt)havehesawhe

seeshedidshe

doin past simple negatives andquestions:infinitiveplaystartwatchhaveseedogoB do/does (present) > did (past):I dont watch television very often.I didnt watch television yesterday.Does she often go away?Did she go away last week?We use did/didnt + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.):1 watched but I didnt watch (not I didnt watched) they wentdid they go? (not did they went?)

he hadhe didnt haveyou diddid you do?I played tennis yesterday but I didnt win.Did you do the shopping? No, I didnt have time.We went to the cinema but we didnt enjoy the film.

DStudy the word order in questions:did + subject + infinitive

Didyour sisterphoneyou?Whatdidyoudoyesterday evening?Howdidthe acciden thappen?

Wheredidyour parentsgfor their holiday?shortanswersYes,I/we/you/they1/_1/--i-didNo,1/we/you/theyhc/shc/itdidnt.12.1Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative.12I saw Barbara but I..Jane.They worked on Monday but theyon Tuesday.We went to the post office but weto the bank.She had a pen but sheany paper.

r'OA12.3

Jack did French at school but heGerman.

Write questions with Did ...?I watched TV last night. And you? .TV.I enjoyed the party. And you?I had a good holiday. And you?I finished work early. And you?I slept well last night. And you?

V1 (watch TV)watched TV OR I didn 't watch TV2(get up before 7 oclock) (have a shower)(buy a magazine)(eat meat)(go to bed before 10.30)

612.4 Write B's questions. Use:arrive cost go go to bed late happen have a nice time stay win1 A: We went to New York last month. B: Where 1 you stay?5 A: We came home by taxi.B: How much?A: With some friends.A: Ten pounds.2 A: I was late this morning.B: What time?6 A: Im tired this morning.B:?A: Half past nine.A: No, but I didnt sleep very well.3 A: I played tennis this afternoon.B:?7 A: We went to the beach yesterday.B:?A: No, I lost.A: Yes, it was great.4 A: I had a nice holiday.B: Good. Where?8 A: The window is broken.B: 1 low?A: To the mountains.A: 1 dont know.The party wasnt very good, so welong, (stay)It was very warm in the room, so Ia window, (open)

Did

Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question.you go

We went to the cinema but the film wasnt very good. Wee*lJ0y it. (enjoy) to theTimsome new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket and a pullover, (buy)yesterday? No, it was a nice day. (rain)

bankthismorning?No, Itime. (have)1 cut my hand this morning. Howthat? (do)EXERCISES

I was doing (past continuous)

It is 6 oclock now.Sarah is at home.She is watching television.At 4 oclock she wasnt at home. She was at the sports club.She wasnt watching television.

Bwas/were + -ing is the pastcontinuous: *positive1wasdoinghe

watchingsheit

playingwewererunningyouthey

livingetc.negative1was notdoinghe(wasnt)watchingsheit

playingwewere notrunningyouthey(werent)livingetc.questionwasidoing?

liewatching

sheitplaying?werewerunning?

youtheyliving?etc>[341was/were => UD3B03 I was doing and I did (past continuous and simple) = What were you doing at 11.30 yesterday? Were you working?She was playing tennis.Ann was cot Home. She was wafccHmtj TV.Carol and JackTheyTom

^6 And you? TSarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

8.10-8.25Jnmm8.30-9.10hi?9.30-10.00g|g?i10.20-11.0011.30-12.00

1 At 9.45 ..she- was wasHhig Her car.4 At12.50Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why if necessary.

1 (you/live) Miere were y?u Uymg m 1990?In London.(you/do)at 2 oclock? T was asleep.(it/rain)when you got up?No, it was sunny.(Ann/drive)so fast? Because she was in a hurry(Tim/wear)a suit yesterday?No, a T-shirt and jeans.

A13.4Look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write positive o negative sentences.

13.1Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon? And what were they doing? Write two sentences for each picture.

(wear / a jacket) ...He wasnt wearing a jackei.(carry / a bag)(go / to the dentist)(eat / an ice-cream)(carry / an umbrella)(go/home)

What happened? The phone rang, (past What was Jack doing when the phone rang? He was reading a book.(past| (past simple)What did he do when the phone rang?He stopped reading and answered the phone.Jack began reading before the phone rang.So: When t]he phone rang, he was reading.

he began

the phone

he stopped

he answeredreacting

rangI

reading

the phone V-HE WAS READINGpastI was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple)

simple)He stopped reading.

v... v ... /. y,we were playing(unfinishedJack was reading a book when the phone

rang.Were you watching television when I phoned you?It wasnt raining when I got up.

A: What were you doing at 10.30? B: We were playing tennis.beginning (10 oclock)we played (complete action)Jack read a book yesterday. (= from beginning to end)Did you watch the film on television last night?It didnt rain while we were on holiday. A: What did you do yesterday morning? B: We played tennis, (from 10 to 11.30)beginningend(10 oclock)(11.30)[36JI did (past simple) =sI was doing (past continuous) => IUHITwhile => I UNSB past simple/'"vEXERCISESUNIT

/'"vEXERCISESUNIT

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1414.1ThetrainLook at the pictures and put the verbs in the correct form, past continuous or past simple.1

her room. She(fall) off the ladder.Carol(break) her arm lastweek. It(happen)when she(paint)

(arrive)at the station and Paula(get) off. Two friends of hers, John andJenny,(wait) tomeet her.Yesterday Sue(walk) along the road when she(meet) Jim.He(go) to thestation to catch a train and he(carry) a bag.They(stop) totalk for a few minutes.Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple.

rm3 . (ring)?A: What .w.I started work at 9 oclock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working.

It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out)I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop.Jenny fell asleep while she was reading.?1. 499.... (you/do) when the phone,I have done (present perfect 1)

I have done (present perfect 1)

1

1

He is cleaning his shoes.His shoes are dirty.He has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes arc clean now)They are at home.They are going out.

They have gone out.( they are not at home now)pastparticipleIhave (ve)cleanedwehave not (havent)finishedyou

startedthey

lost

doneshehas (s)beenit,has not (hasnt)gone(have + post participle):

has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect

r Icleaned?havewefinished?

youstarted?

l theylost?

hedone?has irregular verbsUNITS 16-19UNIT 24, APPENDIX 2-3UNITEXERCISES

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1515.1Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from:go to bed elean-his shoes stop raining close the door fall down have a bath/NO,-15.2beforenow

Complete the sentences with a verb from the list.break buy decide fmish forget go go invite see not/seeCan I have this newspaper? Yes, 1 YA freshed. with it.Isome new shoes. Do you want to see them? Where is Liz? Sheout.Im looking for Paula youher? Look! Somebody thatwindowDoes Lisa know that youre going away? tI cant find my umbrella. Somebody Yesit.9 Im looking for Sarah. Where ^^?

10 1 know that woman but I her name.1 1 Sue ic having a party tonight She~ 1take tellher.

I've just... I've already.(present perfect 2)I haven't... yetIve just...just = a short time agoA: Are Diane and Paul here? B: Yes, theyve just arrived.A: Are you hungry?B: No, Ive just had dinner.A: Is Tom here?They have just arrived. B: No, Im afraid hes just gone (= he hasjust gone)

BIve already ... already:

before you expected / before I expectedA: What time are Diane and Paul coming?: Theyve already arrived. (= before you expected)Its only nine oclock and Ann has already gone to bed. (= before I expected)A: John, this is Mary.B: Yes, I know. Weve already met.CI havent... yet / Have you ... yet?yet = until nowYou can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. yet in negative sentences:A: Are Diane and Paul here?B: No, they havent arrived yet.(but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon) A: Does John know that youre going away?B: No, I havent told him yet.(but B is going to tell him soon)Margaret has bought a new dress but she hasnt worn ityet.

The film hasnt started yet. yet in questions:

A: Have Diane and Paul arrived yet?B: No, not yet. Were still waiting for them.A: Has Linda started her new job yet?B: No, she starts next week.A: This is my new dress.B: Oh, its nice. Have you worn it yet?r~EXERCISES

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UNIT16

with just for each picture.TVieyve just arrived,He

TheyThe race

16.2Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect.What time is Paul arriving? Do Sue and Hes already arrlved.Bill want to see the film? Dont forget No, theyit.to phone Tom. When is Martin going Iaway? Do you want to read the Henewspaper? When does Linda start herInew job?Sheo weeks

Hello, BillHello. Ive been >n holiday. Ive j>een to Spain

Bill has been to Spain.BILL(= he went to Spain but now he is back) I cant find Susan. Where has she gone? (= Where is she now?)Who is that man? I dont know. Ive never seen him before.

17.117You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever... ? Write the questions.17.2 Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.)(New York) Helen Vices been to New York twice.(Australia) Helen(Chinese food)(drive / a bus)

Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?(New York) I(play / tennis)(fly / in a helicopter)

Q

17.3 Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?htWtibeall over the worlda lot of interesting thingsdowritenT r r\ 144- 4- irtkp nrCttij UllLCl 111 JUUoa lot of interesting peopletravelmeetten booksmarried three times1 [ELEN WUH}(be / late for work or school)

AovA |(Tnndrm?) Have uou ever been to London?

No, never.2(play /gnlP) Have now ever placed golf?

Yes, many times.3(Australia?) Have

No, never.4(lose /your passport?)

Yes, once.5(fly / in a helicopter?)

No, never.6(eat / Chinese food?)

Yes, a few times.7(New York?)

Yes, twice.8(drive / a bus?)

No, never.9(break /your leg?)

Yes, once.

*sJ

SHe Has Had many different jobs. SheCompare:present simple Mark and Liz are married.Are you married?Do you know Sarah?I know Sarah.Linda lives in London.I have a car.MondayShe has been inT r i i J .since Monday.IrelanQ J for three day'has been = present perfect

She is in Irelandnow-is = present

Jill is on holiday in Ireland. She is there now.She arrived in Ireland on Monday.Today is Thursday.How long has she been in Ireland?She has been in frifiidsi1* Monday- ,'( for three days.Compare is and has been*NOWThursdaypresent perfect simple (have been/have lived/have known etc.)They have been married for five years, (inot. They are married for five years.)How long have you been married? (not How long are you married?)How long have you known her? (not How long do you know her?)Ive known her for a long time. (not I know her for ...)How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life. How long have you had your car? Ive had it since April.present continuouspresent perfect continuous (have been + ing)Im learning German.How long have you been learning German? (not How long are you learning German?) Ive been learning German for two years.David is watching TV.How long has he been watching TV?Hes been (= He has been) watching TV since 5 oclock.Its raining.Its been (= It has been) raining all day.UNITEXERCISES

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18.1181989.Complete these sentences.Jill is in hospital. She.. ia hospital since Monday.

know Sarah. Iher for a long time.

Linda and Frank are married. Theymarried sinceBrian is ill. Heill for the last few days.We live in Scott Road. Wethere for ten years.years.up this morning.Catherine works in a bank. Shein a bank for fiveAlan has a headache. Hea headache since he got18.3

(l live in Wales)

Im learning English. IEnglish for six months.18.2Make questions with How long... ?:

ir >Jill is on holiday.

How tong has she bee on holiday ?2Mike and Judy are in Brazil.

How long?3I know Margaret.

How long you?4Diana is learning Italian.

?5My brother lives in Canada.

?6Im a teacher.

?7It is raining.

?Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Your sentence must end with one of these: for ten minutes all day all her life for ten years since he was 20 since SundayThey Have been married, for ten years.SheTheyThe sunSheHe

Which is right?

Mark 4s-/ has been in Canada since April. has been is right Jane is agood friend of mine. I know / have known her very well.Jane is a good friend of mine. I know / have known her for a long time.Sorry Im late. How long are you / have you been waiting? Not long. Only five minutes.Martin works / has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job very much.Linda is reading the newspaper. She is / has been reading it for two hours.How long do you live / have you lived in this house? About ten years.Is that a new coat? No, I have / Ive had this coat for a long time.Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / has been there for the last three days.

for since agoA

We use for and since to say how long.for three days, Jill is in Ireland. She has been theresince Monday.for and sinceWe use for + a period of time (three days / We use since + the start of the period two years etc.):(Monday / 9 oclock etc.):start of the periodMonday > Tuesday > Wednesdaysince MondayMondayfor three daysforthree daysten minutesan hourtwo hoursa weekfour weeksa monthsix monthsfive yearsa long timesinceMondayWednesday9 o'clock12.3024 JulyChristmasJanuaryI was ten years old1985we arrivedpastnowpastNORichard has been in Canada since January. (= from January to now)We've been waiting since 9 oclock. (= from 9 o'clock to now)I've lived in London since I was ten years old.ago = before now:Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (= three weeks before now)When did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago. (= ten minutes before now)I had dinner an hour ago.Life was very different a hundred years ago.

We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).Compare ago and for:When did Jill arrive in Ireland?She arrived in Ireland three days ago.How long has she been in Ireland?She has been in Ireland for three days.[46]present perfect + for/sinceUN13Q8from/until/since/for =>QHQ99for and during =>UNIT

UNIT

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FXFRCISFS19Write for or since.

Jill has been in Ireland .$^**5*'Monday.Jill has been in Irelandthree days.My aunt has lived in Margaret is in her office. She has been there7 oclock. India has been an independent country 1947.The bus is late. Weve been waiting20 minutes.

19.28 Mike has been ill.a long time. He has been in hospital.October.OAnswer these questions. Use ago.I When was your last meal? 1Ihre^hqurs ago.When was the last time you were ill?When did you last go to the cinema?When was the last time you were in a car?

5 When was the last time you went on holiday?19.3 C/'"N..) + for or agoJill arrived in Irelandago.Jill has been in Ireland f0r..fyre*' Linda and Frank have been marriedLinda and Frank got marriedDan arrivedWe had lunchSilvia has been learning EnglishHave you known LisaI bought these shoesAustralia15years.19.4Complete the sentences with for or since.Jill is in Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago...hM.tegfl..fPT. three- Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He hasIts raining. It started an hour ago. Its been1 know Sue. 1 first met Sue two years ago. IveI have a camera. I bought it in 1989. IveThey are married. They got married six months ago.

TheyveLiz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago.

She hasDave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old.

Dave has:123(three days) (three days) (20 years)(20 years)(ten minutes) (an hour)(six months) (a long time) (a few days)19.5 Write sentences about yourself. Begin with the words in brackets (...).1(Ive lived)2(Ive been)3(Ive been learning)4(Ive known)Nobody lives in those houses. They have been emptymany years.UNIIEXERCISES

UNIIEXERCISES

[4'

[4'

UNIT

we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.):

finished time yesterday last week six months ago

pastnowpast simple+ finished time

yesterday.

last week.We arrivedat 3 oclock.

in 1991.

six months ago.A With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.),I have done (present perfect) and I did (past simple)Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time:1 saw Paula yesterday, (riot I have seen)Where were you on Sunday afternoon? (not Where have you been)We didnt have a holiday last year, (not We havent had)What did you do last night? I stayed at home.William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems.

Use the past simple to ask When ... ? or What time ... ?:When did they arrive? (not When have they arrived?)

B Compare: present perfect1 have lost my key.post simple(= I cant find it now)Bill has gone home. (= he isnt here now) i lost my key last week.Have you seen Ann? (= where is she now?)

Bill went home ten minutes ago.finished timetime until now|48|pastnowHave you ever been to Spain?(= in your life, until now)My friend is a writer. He has written many books.The letter hasnt arrived yet.Weve lived in Singapore for six years. (= we live there now)

present perfect =>pastNOWDid you go to Spain last year?Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems.The letter didnt arrive yesterday.We lived in Glasgow for six years but now we live in Singapore.

past simple =>UNITS 11-12UNITS 15-182020.1 Use the words in brackets (...) to answer the questions.12 A

(5 minutes ago)Yes, 1 saw her 5 minutes ago.

Have you seen Ann?

2Have you started your new job?

(last week)Yes, Ilast week.3Have your friends arrived?

(at 5 oclock)Yes, they4Has Sarah gone away?

(on Friday)Yes,5Have you worn your new shoes?

(yesterday)Yes,Right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.)20.2RIGHT....WRONG_:.._.Di4>..ypw. seeIVc lost my key. I cant find it.Have you seen Ann yesterday?Ive finished my work at 2 oclock.Im ready now. Ive finished my work.What time have you finished your work?Sue isnt here. Shes gone out.Jims grandmother has died in 1989.

8 Where have you been last night?IrS\2*S20.3 Put the verb in the present perfect or past simple.1My friend is a writer. He ....(write) many books.2We ..MT* bJfl.TY.?'... (not/have) a holiday year. last3I(play) tennis yesterday afternoon.4What time(vou/go) to bed last night?5

(you/ever/meet) a famous person?6The weather(not/be) very good yesterday.7My hair is wet. I(just/wash) it.81(wash) my hair before breakfast this morning.9Kathy travels a lot. She(visit) many countries.10Is Sonia here? No, she(not/come) yet. Put the verb in the present perfector past simple.1 A- Have- you ever been (you/cvcr/bc) to Florida?B: Yes, wew.*?*... (go) there on holiday3 Rose works in a factory. She(work) there for six

months. Before that shetwo years ago.A:(you/have)(be) a waitress in a restaurant. She (work) there for twoa good time?B: Yes, it(be) great.years but she

(not/enjoy) it very much.2 A: Wheres Alan?(you/see) him?B: Yes, he(go) out a4 A: Do you know Martins sister?B: I(see) her a few

times but Ifew minutes ago.A: And Julia?B: 1 dont know. I(never/speak) to her

(you/ever/speak) to her?

A: Yes. I(meet) her(not/see) her.at a party last week. Shes very nice.

is done was done (passive 1 )

The office is cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday.Compare active and passive:Somebody cleans .the office every day. (active) (passive)The office is cleaned every day.Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (active) r--The office was cleaned yesterday.(passive)present simple pastam/is/arewas/were+cleanedpastparticipledoneThe passive is:The past participle of regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/damaged etc.).For a list of irregular past participles (done/built/taken etc.), see Appendix 2-3.Butter is made from milk.Oranges are imported into Britain.How often are these rooms cleaned?I am never invited to parties.This house was built 100 years ago.These houses were built 100 years ago.When was the telephone invented?We werent invited to the party last week.Was anybody injured in the accident? Yes, two people were taken to hospital.

was/were bornI was born in London in 1962. (not I am born)Where were you born?

Passive + by...We were woken up by a loud noise. (= The noise woke us up.)The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876.My brother was bitten by a dog last week.is being done / has been done =>

UNIT 22irregular verbs;UNIT 24, APPENDIX 2-3by =>UNIT 104EXERCISES2i 1 Write sentences from the words in brackets (...). Sentences 1-7 are present.(the office / clean / every day)offiotas cleaned. every day,(these rooms / clean / every day?)Are iHese tooros cleaned, every day 7(glass / make / from sand) Glass(stamps / sell / in a post office)(this room / not / use / very often)

M6 (we / allow / to park here?)r7 (how / this word / pronounce?)Sentences 8-15 are past.(the office / clean / yesterday) Thewas cletwaed, yesterday.(the house / paint / last month) The house

/''V1 (three people / injure / in the accident)(my bicycle / steal / a few days ago)

(when / this bridge / build?)

(you / invite / to the party last week?)

(how / these windows / break?)

(I / not / wake up / by the noise)- 1.Correct these sentences.

( This house built) 100 years ago.buti-

fc ...Football plays in most countries of the worldWhy did the letter send to the wrong address?A garage is a place where cars repairWhere are you born?How many languages are speaking in Switzerland?Somebody broke into our house but nothing stolen

n tt n< 1 was/were + -ing(past continuous) => Unit 13I was working when she arrived.It wasnt raining, so we went out. What were you doing at three oclock?be + past participle (cleaned/made/eaten etc.)The room is cleaned every day.Im never invited to parties.Oranges are imported into Britain.

am/is/are + past participle (passive present simple )=> Unit 21was/were + past participle (passive past simple )=> Unit 21The room was cleaned yesterday.These houses were built 100 years ago. Plow' was the window broken?Where were you born?have/has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been etc.)Ive cleaned my room.Tom has lost his passport.Barbara hasnt been to Canada.Where have Paul and Linda gone?

have/has + past participle (present perfect)=> Units 15-18do/does/did + infinitive (clean/like/eat/go etc.)I like coffee but I dont like tea.Chris doesnt go out very often.What do you usually do at weekends?Does Barbara live alone?

do/does + infinitive (presentsimplenegative and questions) => Units 6-7did + infinitive(past simple negative anaquestions)=> Unit 12I didnt watch TV yesterday.It didnt rain last week.What time did Paul and Linda go out?[541irregular verbs[unit 24, APPENDIX 2-3UNIT

UNIT

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EXERCISES23.1 Put in is/are/do/does.231PSomebody broke this window last night, (past simple)Somebody has broken this window, (past participle - present perfect)This window was broken last night, (past participle - passive past)list of irregular verbsHHIH12S3spelling (regularfflHH95?.. you work in the evenings?

62Where they going?73Whyyou looking at me?84.Bill live near you?95.you like cooking?1023.2 Put in am not / isn't / aren't / don't / doesn't. All these sentences are negative.the sun shining?What timethe shops close?Ann working today?Whatthis word mean?Tomwork in the evenings. Im very tired. Iwant to go out this evening. Im very tired. Igoing out this evening.Georgeworking this week. Hes on holiday.5 My usuallyparents at homeareTheyyou feeling all right?go out very often.Barbara has travelled a lot but shespeak any foreign languages.You can turn off the television. Iwatching it.Theres a party next week but wegoing.1 Where ...were... your shoes made? What timeshe go?Whenthese houses built?Jim arrived yet?Whyyou go home early? How longthey been married? you go out last night?Whatyou doing at 10.30?Whereyour mother born? Barbara gone home?Put in was/were/did/have/has.Put in is/are/was/were/have/has.Ijust made some coffee. Wouldyou like some? Glassmade from sand.This is a very old photograph. Ittaken a long time ago. Joebought a new car.Joelost his passport.This bridgebuilt ten years ago.you finished your work yet?This town is always clean. The streetscleaned every day.Whereyou born?Complete the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form.

damage eat enjoy go go away listen open pronounce rain understand useIm going to take an umbrella with me. Its....Why are you so tired? Did you 9to bed late last night?Where are the chocolates? Have youthem all?How is your new job? Are youit?My car was badlyin the accident but I was OK.Chris has got a car but she doesntit very often.Mary isnt at home. She hasfor a few days.I dontthe problem. Can you explain it again?Martin is in his room. Hesto music.I dont know how to say this word. How is it?How do youthis window? Can you show me?UNITEXERCISES

UNITEXERCISES

Regular and irregular verbsRegular verbsThe past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:clean > cleanedlive livedpaint > paintedstudy > studiedPast simple (=> Unit 11)I cleaned my shoes yesterday.Charlie studied engineering at university.

Past participlePresent perfect = have/has + past participle (=> Units 15-18):1 have cleaned my shoes.Jane has lived in London for ten years.

Passive = be (is / are / were / has been etc.) + past participle (=> Units 21-22)These rooms are cleaned every day.My car has been repaired.Irregular verbs

The past simple and past participle o(irregular verbs are not -ed:

makebreakcutpast simplemadebrokecutpast participlemadebrokencut

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:make findbuy cutpast simple i made foundpast participlebought cut1 made a cake yesterday, (past simple)1 have made some coffee, (past participle - present perfect)Butter is made from milk, (past participle passive present) Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:

breakknowbegingpast simplebrokeknewbeganwentpast participlebrokenknownbegungoneComplete these sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form.cost drive fly rake meet sell speak swim tell think wake up win24.424.1 Write the past simple / past participle of these verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same for all the verbs in this exercise.) 24.2 Write the past simple and past participle of these verbs.24.3I

6 enjoy11 hearmak cut

7 buy12 put

e

8 sit13catch

9 leave ....14watch

10 happen15understand1break bpoke-...broken6 run

2begin

7 speak11take3eat

8 write

4drink

9 come12g5drive

.... 10 know13give

14throwPut the verb in the right form.

15forget11 .washedniy hands because they were dirty, (wash)

2Somebody has...broke-nthis window, (break)

3I feel good. I....

very well last night, (sleep)

4Wea very good film yesterday, (see)

5It... a lot while we were on holiday, (rain)

6Ivemy bag. (lose) Have you

. it? (see)7Rosas bicyclewaslast week, (steal)

8I...to bed early because I was tired, (go)

9Have you

.. your work yet? (finish)

10The shopping centre was.about 20 years ago. (build)11Annto drive when she was 18. (leam)

12Ive never

.. a horse, (ride)

13Julia is a good friend of mine. Iveher for a long time, (know)14Yesterday I

... andmy leg. (fall / hurt)24I havesome coffee. Would you like some?Have youJohn about your new job?We played basketball on Sunday. We didnt play very well but weI know Gary but Ive neverhis wife.We wereby loud music in the middle of the night.Stephanie jumped into the river andto the other side.Did you like the film? Yes, Iit was very good.Many different languages arein the Philippines.Our holidaya lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel.Have you evera very fast car?All the tickets for the concert werevery quickly.A birdin through the open window while we were having our dinner.

s25.1EXERCISESUNIT

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Dave used to work in a factory. Now he works in a supermarket.Dave used to work in a factory = he worked in a factory before but tie doesnt work there now: he used to work ihe works pastNOWYou can say I used to work.../she used to have ... /they used to be ... etc.:I/you/we/theyhe/she/itused tobeworkhaveWhen I was a child, I used to like chocolate.I used to read a lot of books but I dont read much these days.Liz has got short hair now but it used to be very long.They used to live in the same street as us, so we often used to see them. But we dont see them very often these days.Ann used to have a piano but she sold it a few years ago.

The negative is I didnt use to ...When 1 was a child I didnt use to like tomatoes.

The question is did you use to ... ?: Where did you use to live before you came here?We use used to ... only for the past. You cannot say I use to ... (present):I used to play tennis. These days 1 play golf, (not 1 use to play golf)We usually get up early. (not 4We use to get up early.)

I used to25Look at thepictures.

SHe used to Have Long Hair.

football

in the country.

25.2 Karen works very hard and has very little free time. A few years ago, things were different.

^... nday and I play volleyball. Yes,Do you go out in the evenings?%Do you play a musical most evenings.instrument?Yes, the guitar.KAREN NOW

I work very Hard in my job.I dont Have any - free time.Do you like reading? Do you travel much?Yes, I read a lot.Yes, I go away two or three timesa year.Write sentences about Karen with used to ....SHe used to go swimming every day.4She 5 .. 6..

Complete these sentences. Use used to or the present simple (I play / he lives etc.).

1 wsed to ploy tennis. 1 stopped playing a few years ago.Do you do any sport? Yes, Ibasketball.Have you got a car? No, Ione but I sold it.Georgea waiter. Now hes the manager of a hotel.Do you go to work by car? Sometimes but most days Iby train.When I was a child, I nevermeat, but I eat it now.Mary loves watching TV. SheTV every evening.Wenear the airport but we moved to the city centre a few years ago.Normally I start work at 7 oclock, so Iup very early.What gamesyouwhen you were a child?

A

They are playing tennis (now).

He is playing tennis tomorrow.What are you doing tomorrow?We use am/is/are + -ing (present continuous) for something happening now:Where are Sue and Caroline? Theyre playing tennis in the park.Please be quiet. Im working.

We also use am/is/are + -ing for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow.Im not working next week.

B I am doing something tomorrow I have arranged to do it, 1 have a plan to do it:

Alice is going to the dentist on Friday.

(= she has an appointment to see the dentist)Were having a party next weekend.Are you meeting Bill this evening?What are you doing tomorrow evening?Im not going out tonight. Im staying at home.

You can also say Im going to do something (=> Unit 27).Do not use the present simple (I stay / do you go etc.) for plans and arrangements:Im staying at home this evening. (not I stay)Are you going out tonight? (not Do you go)Ann isnt coming to the party next week. (not Ann doesnt come)

But we use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses etc.:The train arrives at 7.30.What time does the film finish?

Ipresent continuous usually for peopleIm going to a concert tomorrow.What time are you leaving?

present simple timetables, programmes etc.The concert starts at 7.30.What time does your train leave ?

presene continuous =>UNITS 3-4present simple =>UNITS 5-7Im going to> | MBCompare:26.1EXERCISESUNIT

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26.226.326.4A: My26Look at thepictures.WhatarethesepeopledoingnextFriday?

. Andrew ...tejjlrtgjiig.r4lunch with Ken.Richardto the cinema. 5Barbara

Write questions. All the sentences are future.(you / go / out / tonight?)Are you going owfc tonight?(you / work / next week?)(what / you / do / tomorrow evening?)(what time / your friends / arrive?)(when / Liz / go / on holiday?)

Write sentences about yourself. What are you doing in the next few days?Jm...stoujuuj oJ>Im going to the thetctre on Monday .

Put the verb in the present continuous (he is leaving etc.) or present simple (the train leaves etc.).Ar&.ypu gotnA(you/go) out this evening? No, Im too tired.*S

I'm going toShe is going to watch TV this evening.We use am/is/are going to... for the future:1am

do ...he/she/itis(not) going todrink...we/you/theyare

watch...am 1

buy ... ?is he/she/it are we/you/theygoing toeat... ? wear... ?B I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it:pastNOWfuturedecided to do it Im going to do it

C27.1EXERCISESUNIT

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27.2Complete the sentences. Use going to + one of these verbs: eat do give lie down stay walk wash watch wear My hands are dirty. L1?them.What 9Im going to buy some books tomorrow.

Sarah is going to sell her car.Im not going to have breakfast this morning. Im not hungry.What are you going to wear to the party tonight?Your hands are dirty. Yes, I know. Im going to wash them.Are you going to invite John to your party?

We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangements (=> Unit 26): I am playing tennis with Julia tomorrow.Something is going to happenSomething is going to happen = it is clear now that it is sure to happen:Look at the sky! Its going to rain.

(black clouds now > rain)Oh dear! Its 9 oclock and Im not ready.

m going to be late.(9 oclock now and not ready > late)A ypw flPki JiPto the party tonight?I dont want to go home by bus. IJohn is going to London next week. Hewith some friends.Im hungry. Ithis sandwich. Its Sharons birthday next week. Weher a present. Sue says shes feeling very tired. Shefor an hour. Theres a good film on TV this eveningyouit? WhatRachelwhen she leaves school?

'27.3 Look at the pictures. What is going to happen?1 . 2 flTTX

34 Ty, "V-V Us

/

as

/ - JjJtiL 1 K1 V ^-1& ^7 AS

| Its., going to ram,3 The carThe shelf. 4 He...

What are you going to do today or tomorrow? Write three sentences.

ImUNIT

UNIT

wili/shall (1 )Sarah goes to work every day. She is always there from 8.30 until 4.30.A

will + infinitive (will be / will win / will come etc.):At 11 oclock yesterday she was at work. At 1 1 oclock tomorrow, she will be at work.It is 11 oclock now. Sarah is at work.

be?willI/we/you/theywin?

he/she/iteat?

come? etc.

beI/we/you/they 1will (ll)winhe/she/it )will not (wont)eatcome etc.ll = will: Ill (I will) / youll / shell etc.wont = will not: I wont (= I will not) / you wont / she wont etc.0 We use will for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow shell be in Rome. Next week shell be in Tokyo.You can phone me this evening. Ill be at home.Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it.Well probably go out this evening.Will you be at home this evening?I wont be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)Dont drink coffee before you go to bed. You wont sleep.

We often say I think... willI think Diana will pass the exam.I dont think it will rain this afternoon.Do you think the exam will be difficult?We do not use will for things we have arranged or decided to do (=> Units 26-27):

Were going to the cinema on Saturday (not We will go)Im not working tomorrow. (not I wont work)Are you going to do the exam? (not Will you do)

Q ShallYou can say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will): I shall be late tomorrow, or I will (Ill) be late tomorrow. I think we shall win. or 1 think we will (well) win.But do nor use shall with you/they/he/she/it:Tom will be late, (not Tom shall be)28.1EXERCISESUNIT

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'AMSTER DAM.28.2Yesterday she waIts very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?

Shall I phone you this evening? Yes, please.Im going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?Its a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?Where shall we go for our holidays this year?Lets go out this evening. OK, what time shall we meet?Tomorrow

. in Paris.in Amsterdam.3 Last weekin Barcelona.4 N ext weekin London.5 At the momentin Brussels.6 Three days agoin Munich.7 At the end of her tripvery tired.Where will you be? Write sentences about yourself. Use:HELEN

BRUSSELS .(NOW)S PARIS^ /YESTERDAY) mu*nich (3(DAYS AGO)

Ill be... or Ill probably be ... or I dont know where Ill be.Helen is travelling In Europe. Complete the sentences with she was, she's or she'll be.(at 10 oclock tomorrow)(

Ill probably be on the beach. OR ill be al work. OR I dont know where Ill be.(one hour from now)(at midnight tonight)(at 3 oclock tomorrow afternoon)(two years from now)

Put in will ('ll) or won't.

Dont drink coffee before you go to bed. You ...won t.sleep.Are you ready yet? Not yet. Ibe ready in five minutes.Imgoing away for a few days. Im leavingtonight, so I be at hometomorrow.Itrain, so you dont needtotake an umbrella.A: 1 dont feel very well this evening.

B: Well, go to bed early and youfeel better in the morning.ItsBills birthday next Monday. Hebe 25.Imsorry I was late this morning. Ithappen again.

Write sentences beginning I think... or I don't think....

(Diana will pass the exam) I think Diana, will pass the- exarn. (Diana wont pass the exam) I don t think Diana, will pass the exam.(well win the game)(I wont be here tomorrow)(Sue will like her present)(they wont get married)(you wont enjoy the film)Which is right? (Study Unit 26 before you do this exercise.)

WCll-yo / Were going to the theatre tonight. Weve got tickets. Were going is rightWhat will you do / are you doing tomorrow evening? Nothing. Im free.Theyll go / Theyre going away tomorrow morning. Their train is at 8.40.Im sure shell lend / shes lending us some money. Shes very rich.Why are you putting on your coat? Ill go / Im going out.Do you think Claire will phone / is phoning us tonight?Steve cant meet us on Saturday. Hell work /Hes working.Will / Shall you be at home tomorrow evening?EXERCISES

UNIT

[661

will/shall (2)

Ill phone you tomorrow, OK? OK, goodbye.We often say I think Ill... / I dont think Ill... when we decide to do something:Im tired. I think Ill go to bed early tonight.Its a nice day. I think Ill sit in the garden.Its raining. I dont think Ill go out.Do not use the present simple (I go / I phone etc.) in sentences like these:Ill phone you tomorrow, OK? (not I phone you)I think Ill go to bed early. (not I go to bed)

Do not use Ill... for something you decided before (=> Units 26-27):Im working tomorrow, (not Ill work)Theres a good film on TV tonight. Im going to watch it. (not Ill watch)

What are you doing tomorrow? => LetsI m going towill/shaU (1)=> flHTTTIWhat are you doing at the weekend? (not What will you do) I... ? Shall we ... ?29.1 Complete the sentences. Use I'll (I will) + one of these verbs:

\\ carry do eatsend show sit stay/I1My bag is very heavy.

! it carry t for you

2Enjoy your holiday.

Thank youvou a postcard.3I dont want this banana.

Well, Im hungryit.4Do you want a chair?

No, its OKon the floor.5Did you phone Jenny?

Oh no, 1 forgotit now.6Are you coming with me?

No, I dont think sohere.7How do you use this camera?1 >

Give it to me andyyou.Complete the sentences. Use I think I'll... or I don't think I'll... + one of these verbs:

buy ge have play1 Its coldIm hungry. Isomething to eat.I feel tiredtennis.This camera is too expensiveit.

today.!,..out.I phene / I ll phone you tomorrow, OK? Ill phone S rightI havent done the shopping yet, I do / Ill do it later.I like sport. I watch / Ill watch a lot of sport on TV.I need some exercise. I think I go / Ill go for a walk.Jim is going to buy / will buy a new car. He told me last week.This letter is for Rose. OK. I give / Ill give / Im going to give it to her.A: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening?

B: Yes, Im going / Ill go out with some friends.

turn on make turn off openBsome sandwiches the television the windowthe lightI... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B.Its very warm in this room. ThisSbafi I pen the wmdw ?programme isnt very good.Im hungry. Its dark in this room.i29.4Writesentences withShallWhich is right?

Write sentences with Shall we... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B.might

It might rain.( it is possible that it will rain)

Where are you going if or your Holidays-?

firn not sure might go to New YorkHe might go to New York.(= it is possible that he will go to New York) might + infinitive (might go / might be / might rain etc.):beI/we/you/they might (not)ghe/she/itplaycome etc.I might... = it is possible that I will... :I might go to the cinema this evening. (= it is possible that 1 w ill go)A: When is Barbara going to phone you?

B: I dont know. She might phone this afternoon.Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)Are you going out tonight? I might. (= I might go out)

Study the difference:Im playing tennis tomorrow, (sure)

I might play tennis tomorrow, (possible)Barbara is going to phone later, (sure)Barbara might phone later, (possible)

The negative is might not:I might not go to work tomorrow. (= it is possible that I will not go)Sue might not come to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come)

mayYou can use may in the same way. I may ... = I might... :I may go to the cinema this evening. ( I might go)Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come)

May I... ? = Is it OK to ... / Can I... ?:[68]will =>units 28-29UNIT 31May I ask a Question? (= Can I ask?)UNIT

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EXERCISES3030.1 Write sentences with might.(its possible that Ill go to the cinema)1te tm& cinema..(its possible that Ill see you tomorrow) i (its possible that Ann will forget to phone)(its possible that it will snow today)(its possible that Ill be late tonight)Write sentences with might not.(its possible that Mary will not be here)(its possible that I wont have time to meet you)

30.2 Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas but you are not sure. Choose from the list and write sentences with I might.

fish go away Italy Mondaynew car taxi1Where are you going for your holidays?

Im not sure. ! m.iAHt.gp to |taiy.2What are you doing at the weekend?

i dont know. I3When will you see Ann again?

Im not sure4What are you going to have for dinner?

I dont know5How are you going to get home tonight?

Im not sure6I hear you won some money. What are

I havent decided yet

you going to do with it?

30-3 You ask Bill questions about his plans. Sometimes he is sure but usually he is not sure

1Are you playing tennis tomorrow? Are youYes, in the afternoon.2going out in the evening? Are you going toPossibly.3get up early? Are you working tomorrow?Perhaps.4Will you be at home tomorrow morning?No, Im not.5Are you going to watch television? Are youMaybe.6going out in the afternoon?I might.7Are you going shopping?Yes, I am.8

Perhaps.Now write about Bill. Use might where necessary.He's pUujinj tewus tomorrow cufternoon,

He might .30 out Mis everimg.He

304 Write three things that you might do tomorrow.

23

He can play the piano, can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come etc.):D Icando

doI/we/you/they 1canplayhe/she/it jcannot (cant)see

come etc.something = 1 know how to do it or it is possible for me to do it:

do?

I/we/you/theyplay?

he/she/itsee?

come? etc.can and couldI can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.Sarah can speak Italian but she cant speak Spanish.Can you swim? Yes, but Im not a very good swimmer.Can you change twenty pounds? Im sorry, I cant.Im having a party next week but Paul and Jenny cant come.

C For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use could/couldnt:When I was young, I could run very fast.Before Anna came to Britain, she couldnt understand much English. Now she can understand everything.I was tired last night but I couldnt sleep.I had a party last week but Paul and Jenny couldnt come.

D Can you ... ? Could you ... ? Can I... ? Could I... ?We use Can you ... ? or Could you ... ? when we ask people to do things:Can you open the door, please? or Could you open the door, please?Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait... ?

We use Can I have ... ? or Could I have ... ? to ask for something:(in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? or Could I have ... ?

Can I... ? or Could I... ? = is it OK to do something?:Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, could I borrow your umbrella?(on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Gerry, please? or ... could I speak ... ?31.1

Ask Steve if he can do these things:

10 KILOMETRES/YOO 7Z

STEVECom you swim ?

23

Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use I can or I can't.I91110 12

31.231.3Complete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs: conic find hear see speakIm sorry but we . A to your party next Saturday.I like this hotel room. Youthe mountains from the window.You are speaking very quietly. Iyou.Have you seen my bag? Iit.Catherine got the job because shefive languages.

Complete these sentences. Use can't or couldn't + one of these verbs:cat decide find go go sleepI was tired but 1a sfqep..I wasnt hungry yesterday. 1my dinner.Ann doesnt know what to do. SheI wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but Ihim.

Jimto the concert next Saturday. He has to work. Paulato the meeting last week. She was ill.

31.4What do you say in these situations? Use can or could. Use the words in brackets (...).1 (open)

2 (pass)'CouUl you open tl dooiy please.?3 (turn off)^7UNIT31

5 (give)SALT yarn \

6 (borrow) /

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[#]I have to ... =>

must mustn't needn't

somethingUse must when you think it is necessary to domust + infinitive (must do / must see etc.)

doI/we/you/theymuststophe/she/it

gwrite etc.The windows are very dirty. 1 must clean them.Its a fantastic film. You must see it.We must go to the bank today. We havent got any money.

For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use had to ... (not must):We had to go to the bank yesterday, (not 4Wc must go ... yesterday)I had to walk home last night. There were no buses, (not I must walk)

mustnt (= must not)

mustnt (do something) = it is necessary not to do it, it is the wrong thing to do:

I must hurry. I mustnt be late.I mustnt forget to phone Julia.

(= I must remember to phone her)Be happy! You mustnt be sad. (= dont be sad)You mustnt touch the pictures.

(= dont touch the pictures)neednt (= need not)neednt (do something) = it is not necessary to do it, I dont need to do it:

1 neednt clean the windows. They arent very dirty.You neednt go to the bank today. I can give you some money

You can also say dont need to ... (= neednt):I dont need to clean the windows.You dont need to go to the bank today

Compare neednt and mustnt:You neednt go. You can stay here if you want.You mustnt go. You must stay here.3232.2

32.1Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs: be go go learn meet wash winWe . !X!Wsfc.30to bank today. We havent got any money.Marilyn is a very interesting person. Youher.My hands are dirty. Ithem.

Youto drive. It will be very useful.1to the post, office. I need some stamps.

The game tomorrow is very important for us. WeYou cant always have things immediately Youpatient.

Putin I must or I had to.f.... go to the bank yesterday to get some money.Its latego now.I dont usually work on Saturdays but last Saturdaywork.get up early tomorrow. Ive got a lot to do.I went to London by train last week. The train was full andstand all the way1 was nearly late for my appointment this morningrun to get there on time.1 forgot to phone David yesterdayphone him later today.

Complete the sentences. Use mustn't or needn't + one of these verbs: elean forget hurry lose wait write

The windows arent very dirty Youthem.We have a lot of time. WeKeep these documents in a safe place. Youthem.Im not ready yet but youfor me. You can go now and Ill come later.Weto turn off the lights before we leave.Ithe letter now. I can do it tomorrow.

Find the sentences with the same meaning.AWemust stay until the end.1BWecouldnt stay until the end.2CWecant stay until the end.3DWeneednt stay until the end.4EWecan stay until the end.532-5 put in must / had to / mustn't / needn't. Yougo. You can stay here if you want.Its a fantastic film. You see it.Weve got enough food, so wego shopping.We didnt have any food yesterday so wego shopping.I want to know what happened. Youtell me.Youtell Sue what happened. I dont want her to know.Ihurry or Ill be late.Why were you so late? Iwait half an hour for a bus.Wedecide now. We can decide later.UNIT

UNIT

175]

A

should +