Grammar I compound words Grammar I compound words.

Grammar I compound words

Grammar I compound words

Look at these compound words from the module

Keyboard Type 1: one wordCD-ROM Type 2: two words with “-”Mobile phone Type 3: two words

CD-ROM hardware

keyboard mobile phone

high-speed computer system

search engine software

credit card text message

internal call video camerainternational call

Decide what type these words are.

CD-ROM

hardware

keyboard

mobile phone

high-speed

computer system

search engine

software

credit card

text message

internal call

video camera

international call

Type 1:

Type 2:

Type 3:

hard

key

web

net

note

soft

Make compound words, using words from the boxes. Ex2 P 54

board site

book traffic

browser ware

disk word

pad work

hardware hardboard hard disk

keyboard key word

website web browser

network

notebook notepad

software

Keys:

1. 合成词在英语中比较活跃。合成名词的数量很大，可以在句中作主语、宾语等。如：

Sightseeing took up the whole morning.

（作 ________)主语

Finally they reached a cross-roads. ( ） ( 作 _________)

（观光）

十字路口宾语

Smoking is not allowed during take-off. (___________) ( 作 ___________)飞机的起飞介词宾语

合成词常见的构词方法如下：

名词＋名词： Earthworm ( ) earthquake ( ) 蚯蚓地震形容词＋名词： shorthand ( ) double-dealer ( )

速记的 , 速记言行不一的人

动名词＋名词： sleepingpills ( ) waiting-room ( )

安眠药片候车室

动词＋名词： break-water ( ) pick-pocket ( )

防波堤扒手

名词＋动名词： sun-bathing( ) hand-writing ( ) 日光浴手写

动词＋副词： get-together( ) break-through ( )聚会突破副词＋名词：

downfall ( ) outbreak ( )垮台 , 堕落爆发

另外，还有一些其他方式构成的合成名词：

go-between 媒人，中间人

good-for-nothing 无益的，无价值的

by-product 副产品

touch-me-not 含羞草

2. 合成形容词很多，多数作定语，有些也可作表语 :

They helped us to map out a long-term ( ) plan. ( )长期的作定语Open-air ( )exercises will do you good. ( )

户外的作定语

Are you airsick? ( ) ( )晕机的作定语

He is lively and outgoing. ( ) ( )外向的作表语

合成形容词常见的构此法如下 :

形容词 + 名词 +-ed:

good-tempered ( )好脾气的 noble-minded ( )高贵的，高尚的

形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking ( ) 长得好看的easy-going ( ) 容易相处的

副词 + 现在分词 : hard-working ( ) 努力工作的far-reaching ( )深远的，广泛的

名词 + 过去分词 : state-owned ( ) heart-felt ( ) 国有的衷心的

名词 + 现在分词 : peace-loving ( ) epoch-making ( )

爱好和平的开新纪元的

副词 + 过去分词 well-known ( )

widespread ( )

著名的

传播广的

名词 + 形容词 :

duty-free ( )

self-satisfied ( )

免税的自我满足的，自负的

kind-hearted ( ) ready-made ( )

好心肠的做好的，现成的

口香糖被雪覆盖的

三条腿的新建的

造纸的

Exercise Translate the words ① well-being ____________ ② has-been ____________ ③ data-bank ____________ ④ credit card ____________ ⑤ bystander _____________ ⑥ chewing gum ____________ ⑦ snow-covered ___________ ⑧ three-legged ___________ ⑨ newly-built ____________ ⑩ paper-making ___________

幸福，福利过时的人或物

数据库信用卡旁观者

Plural forms:

1. gentleman

2. good-for-nothing

3. looker-on

4. passer-by

5. comrade-in-arms

gentlemen

good-for-nothings

lookers-on

passers-by

comrades-in-arms

Plural forms

6. sister-in-law

7. man doctor

8. woman teacher

9. girl student

10. boy student

sisters-in-law

men doctors

women teachers

girl students

boy students

Grammar II The definite article and zero article

Grammar II The definite article and zero article

冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。冠词也可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种：即定冠词 (definite article) 、不定冠词 (indefinite article) 和零冠词(zero article) 。不定冠词有两个形式，一个是 a, 另一个是an. a 用在辅音 ( 指的是音标不是指字母 ) 开头的词前 ,an 用在以元音开头的词前。a university, an umbrella, a European, an example a one-act play an hour

不定冠词的基本用法 ①泛指某一类人或事物的一个。例如：A boy is waiting for you.②表示某一类人或事物，相当于 any, 例如：A horse is an animal.③用于首次提到的人或物的单数名词前面。An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.

④用于描写自然现象的名词前，表示“一阵”、“一场”、“一种”等。例如： snow---- a snow 一场雪 shower---- a shower 一阵暴雨

⑤用在抽象名词之前表示具体介绍：是什么样的人，是什么样的事物。例如：

The little girl is a joy to her parents.

He is a success.

It is a pleasure to work with you.

He did me a great kindness.

What a great surprise you gave me.

定冠词的基本用法 ① 特指某个或某些人或事物，或指谈话双方

都知道的人或事物，或重复上文提到的人或事物。例如：How do you like the film?There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby is very fat. ②指世界上独一无二的事物。例如：The earth is biggest than the moon, but smaller than the sun. the sky; the universe; the atmosphere

③用在单数可数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。如： The lion is more fierce than the wolf.

The compass was invented in ancient China.

④ 常用在乐器的名称之前。例如：play the violin/piano

⑤ 用在某些专有名词前：在江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊、群岛的名词之前： the Changjiang River; the Yellow River

the Salt Lake

含有普通名词的专有名词之前the Great Wall; the Tang Dynasty; the White House不加冠词的情况： ①在大多数专有名词、泛指的抽象名词和物质名词前： We love science. She is fond of music. ② 在星期、月份、季节或节假日等名词前：

National Day; New Year’s Day; Women’s Day ③ 在称呼语、表示头衔或职务的名词前

What’s wrong with you, Uncle?

This is Comrade Yang, chairman of the

Students’ Union.

He reported this to Mr Black, headmaster

of the school.

在三餐饭和球类运动、棋类运动的名词前：I like rice for supper.

Let’s go and watch them play chess.

Look at the words. We usually use the definite articles (the) with them. Why do you think this is necessary?

the Internet the World Wide Web the head teacher the universe the world the sun the official language the moon the president the capital

The key: Because they are all unique—

there is only one of them.

Finish activity 2. Possible Answers:

Continents: Asia, Europe, Oceania; America,AntarcticaCountries:

China, Argentina, Australia, India, France (exceptions: The Netherlands, The Netherlands, The Lebanon)

Cities: Beijing, London, New York, Sydney, Shanghai (exceptions: The Hague)

Plural and uncountable nouns in general statements:

Snow is cold. Guns are dangerous.

Finish activity 3. Choose the correctarticle to complete each question.

a

a

the

a

a

1. Is there (a/the) computer at your school?2. Do you have (a/the) lesson in the computer room?3. Can you access (an/the) Internet at school?4. Have you got (a/ the) phone at home?5. Have you got (a/the) computer at home?

1. Does ______ headmaster know how to use a

computer?

2. Are_______ computer important?

3. Can you access ______ Internet at school?

4. You need ______ software to use a

computer?

5. _______ World Wide Web is full of _____

websites.

the

/

the

/

The /

Complete the sentences with the definite article if necessary.

Choose the best anwsers

1. In Hangzhou Mr Green was so struck by____ beauty of _____ nature that he stayed for another night.A. /;/ B. /; the C. the; / D. the; the 2. Many people are still in _____habit of writing silly things in ______ public places.A. the; the B. /; / C. the; / D. /; the 3. Five years ago her brother was ____ university student of _____ physics.A. a; the B. an; the C. an; / D. a; /

C

C

D

4. ---Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here

this morning.

--- Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it

somewhere.

A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a

5. I love ____ history because it give us

______ knowledge of past events.

A. the, a B. /;a C. /; / D. a; the

D

B

6. Summers in ___ south of France are for ___

most part dry and sunny.

A. /; a 　 B. the; / C. /; / D. the ; the

7. I don’t like talking on ____ telephone; I

prefer writing _____letters.

A. a; the B. the ; 不填　C. the; the D. was killing

D

B

8. Jumping out of ___airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ____exciting experience.A. /; the B. /;an 　C. an; an D. the; the 9. ---I don’t like_____New York at all.---But this isn’t_____ New York you remember.A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; a

C

B

Fill in blanks

_____ Internet is _____ biggest

source of_____ information in

____ world, and it’s accessible

through _____ computer.

The the

/

the

a

The rules for how to use articles:

世界独一二次现，序词形容高级前；富人伤员按天算，方位乐器影视院；群岛河山江湖海，普专复合姓氏前；双知年代击中脸，特指事物及习惯。不用冠词有几点，呼语头衔职务前；星期月季节假日，专名球类及三餐；听音下棋各学科，正午睡觉是习惯；名前代词这那限，泛指事物不用冠。

1. take/catch sb. by the arm

2. hit sb. in the face/ on the head

3. wound sb. in the leg

4. pat sb. on the shoulder

Something important we should pay attention to when using articles:

the People’s Republic of China

the Great Wall

the United States

Tian An Men Square

Bei Hai Park

Beijing University=the University of Beijing

The 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。纯专有名词前一般不用 the 。

1. in open in the open2. be in hospital be in the hospital3. at table at the table4. go to bed go to the bed5. take place take the place of6. by day by the day7. in place of in the place of 8. in future in the future9. in class in the class10. in secret in the secret

11. He is still in office, so he still has the

right to make this big decision.

He is still in the office, as the light in his

office is on.

12. Miss Tian is in charge of our class.

Class one is in the charge of Miss Tian.

Things of a kind come together, so do people of a mind.

Translate :

物以类聚，人以群分。a= the same

A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.

a= a certain = someIt is a most useful book.

most=very

1. Which is ________ larger country, Canada

or Australia?

2. --If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue

one.

-- OK, but do you have ____ bigger size in

blue?

This one’s a bit tight for me.

3. English is _____ most difficult subject to

learn, but it’s not _____ most difficult one.

the

a

a

the

For more exercises, click here.

高考题1. (10 福建 ) It’s ___ good feeling for people to admire

the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ___

pleasure.

A. 不填 , a B. a, 不填 C. the, a D. a, the

考点：冠词的使用解析： good feeling 并非特指，故用 a ； pleasure 是

抽象名词，无需冠词。句意为“人们喜欢上海世博会给它们的快乐，这是（一）种不错的感觉” a good

feeling , 一种不错的感觉， give sb pleasure 。

B

2. —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. [2007 全国卷 II]A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /3. ________ walk is expected to last all day, so bring------- packed lunch. [2007 山东卷 ]A ． A; a B ． The; 不填 C ． The ; a D ． A ; 不填

B

C

4. —How about _______ Christmas evening

party?

—I should say it was______ success. [2007 福建卷 ]

A. a; a B. The; a

C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填5. I looked under _____bed and found

______book I lost last week. [2007 北京卷 ]

A. the; a B. the; the

C. 不填 ; the D. the; 不填

B

B

6. Polar bears live mostly on______ sea ice,

which they use as ______ platform for hunting

seals. [2007 湖南卷 ]

A. a; a B. a; the

C. 不填 ; a D. the; 不填7. We have every reason to believe that _____

2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be_____

success.[2007 江苏卷 ]

A. / … a B. the … /

C. the … a D. a … a

C

C

8. Many people have come to realize

that they should go on ___ balanced

diet and make ____ room in their

day for exercise. [2007 江西卷 ]

A. a; / B. the; a

C. the; the D. /; a

A

9. In_______film Cast Away.Tom Hanks plays

___ man named Chuck Noland. [2007 陕西卷 ]

A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a

10. How about taking ______ short break?

I want to make _______ call. [2007 四川卷 ]

A. the ； a B. a ； the C. the ； the D. a; a

11. I wanted to catch ________early train, but

couldn’t get ________ ride to the station. [2007

天津卷 ]

A. an, the B. /, the C. an, / D. the, a

B

D

D

12. I like _____ color of your skirt. It is _____

good match for your blouse. [2007 浙江卷 ]

A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the

13. Gorge couldn’t remember when he first met

Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _____

Sunday because everybody was at _______

church. [2007 重庆卷 ]

A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a

C

C

WritingWriting

Read the short passage. The teacher

asks some questions about the passage.

2) Please find out the supporting

sentences.

1) What is the idea that the author

supports?

I agree with this idea, especially on the subject of learning English. In my class, there are 45 students, and our English lessons last for 50minutes. That means that we each other have one minute of our teacher’s time! Our English teacher is excellent, but she can’t help everyone in the class in 50 minutes.

It would be much better if we spent

the time working on a computer. There

are 45 computers in our school, so we

could do that. If we work independently,

we can learn much more. And we can

learn about the subjects that we are

interested in.

What is the idea that the author

supports?The author’s opinion is that we can

learn all we need on the Internet.

Please find out the supporting sentences.

1) . especially on the subject of learning

English.

2). That means that we each other have

one minute of our teacher’s time!

3). but she can’t help everyone in the

class in 50 minutes.

4). It would be much better if we spent

the time working on a computer.

5). There are 45 computers in our

school, so we could do that.

6). If we work independently, we can

learn much more.

Write a paragraph giving the opposite

view. Try to use some of these words

and expressions.

I don’t agree with this opinion…

In my opinion…

It’s very important to…

It would be very difficult to…

•the importance of having a teacher

•the importance of working together

as a class

•the danger of spending too much time

looking at a computer

While doing this, refer to the following:

The teacher may let students discuss it

with their partners and make a list of

supporting ideas. e.g:

1) The teacher plays an important part

in our class. And when we have some

questions, we can communicate with

our teacher and turn to the teacher

for help.

2) Working together may train our team

work. It is necessary to work with

others.

3) In reality/fact, however, after leaving

school, you will find that almost all the

work in many fields is done in teams.

4) On the Internet, other students think

that there is some information that is

not good for the students. Spending

too much time on line will do harm to

our health.

Possible Version as follows.

I don’t agree with this opinion

that we can learn all we need on the

Internet. The teacher plays an

important part in our class. And when

we have some questions, we can turn to

the teacher for help and the teacher

will explain it vividly.

It is very important to have a sense

of team work. If we work independently,

we will find that there are a lot of

questions that can not be solved by

oneself. It is necessary to work with

others. In reality, however, after leaving



On the Internet, other students

think that there is some information that

is not good for the students. Spending


our health.

In my opinion, we can learn

something with the help of teachers and

the Internet.

人们对于学生网上交友持不同的意见。请你用英语写一篇关于网上交友的短文 , 介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。

赞成的理由反对的理由你的看法 1. 广交朋友 2. 可自由表达思想 3. 利于外语学习

1.浪费时间 2.影响学习 3. 可能上当受骗

注意 : 1.文章必须包括表中的全部内容。 2. 词数为 100左右。 3. 参考词汇 :

网络朋友 online friends

上当受骗 to be cheated

Should students make friends

online? Some people say yes. The

Internet helps us to make many friends.

Chatting online, students can express

their feelings and opinions freely, and

even get help with their foreign

language studies.

Others, however, think students

should not. They say making friends

online is a waste of time, which should be

spent more meaningfully on study.

Besides, some students get cheated

online.

It’s my opinion that students should

place their study, health and safety

before other things. As for friendship, we

can readily find it in our classmates and

other people around us.