Grammar Hey There 2

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GRAMMAR HEY THERE 2

UNIT 1

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

Use the simple present to talk about activities that happen regularly, such ashabits, customs, routines.

People in the United States celebrate Thanksgiving.

I get up at six every morning.

Use adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) oradverbial expressions of frequency (twice a week, every day, and so on) with

the simple present tense to say how often an activity happens.

She never drinks coffee.

We usually go out on Saturdays.I go to the swimming pool twice a week.

Use the simple present to talk about perceived permanent situations.My fatherworks in a bank.

Use the simple present to talk about scientific facts.Waterboils at 100 Celsius.

Use the simple present to talk about schedules.The flight to Miami takes offat 3 p.m.

Affirmative statements

For third person singular subjects (he, she, it), use the base form of a verb + -s, ores.

He runs fast.

For I, you, and plural subject, use the base form of a verb.I run fast

Negative statements

To form negative statements with third person singular subjects (he, she, it),use does + not + the base form of a verb.

He doesnt (does not) run fast.


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To form negative statement with I, you, and plural subjects, use do + not +the base form of a verb.

I dont (do not) run fast.

Affirmative statements Negative statements

I play soccer I dont play soccer

You play chess You dont play chess

He / She plays chess He / She doesnt play chess

We / They play soccer We / They dont play soccer

Adverbs of frequency

Always Usually Often Sometimes Never

100%__________________________________0%

I always get up early. I am never late for school

YES / NO QUESTIONS

The word order in Yes/No questions is: Do/Does + subject + base form of amain verb.

Do I, you, we, they run fast?

Does he, she, it run fast?

Use do or does in short answers.Do you run fast?

Yes, I do

Does she run fast?

Yes, she does.

Yes/No questions Short answers

Do you play sports? Yes, I do. / No, I dont.

Does he play chess? Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt

Information questions

The word order in information (Wh-) questions is:Question word + do/does + subject + base form of a main verb.


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What I

How often You

Where We

When They

What he

How often she

Where it

When

Information questions Short answers

How often does he visit? Once a week

Where do you work? In the cityWhen does school start? At 9 a.m.

Who gets up early? Tzu-Lee.

SPELLING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT VERBS: THIRD PERSON

SINGULAR (HE, SHE, IT)

For most verbs, adds.run = runs eat = eats ride= rides

For verbs that end in s, x, sh, ch or z, addes.kiss = kisses catch = catches

mix = mixes buzz = buzzes

rush = rushes

Addes to do and godo = does go = goes

With verbs than end in a consonant + -y, changey toI and addes.try = tries fry = fries

Do eat?

Do es eat?


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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

Adverbs of frequency are used to give information about how often anaction takes place.

I play tennis every WednesdayThey are sometimes late for school.

Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb of a sentence.We often go to concerts.

Adverbs of frequency come after the verb be.I am always on time.

LIKE / DONT LIKE + - ING

Like and dont like can be followed by a gerund (base form of verb + ing). Agerund is a verb that ands ining but that functions as a noun.

Other verbs that can follow by verb + - ing are love, like, enjoy, prefer,dont mind, and hate.

I love skiing.

I likeplaying in the snow.

I enjoy relaxing on the beach.I prefer reading a book to watching a movie.

I dont mind feeling hot.

I hate cooking.


I like reading I dontlike shopping

You like reading You dontlike shopping

He likes reading He doesnt like shopping

She likes reading She doesnt like shoppingWe like reading We dontlike shopping

They like reading They dontlike shopping


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UNIT 2

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Use the present continuous to talk about activities that are happening now, atthe time you are speaking.Were studying the present continuous.

Use the contracted form in speech and in informal writing. These are some verbs that we dont normally use in the present continuous:

Verbs of thinking and opinionAgree, believe, expect, forget, imagine, know, mean, prefer, realize,

remember, suppose, think, and understand.

Verbs of emotion and feelingFeel, hate, hope, need, like, love, want, wish.

Verbs of the sensesHear, look, notice, recognize, see, seem, smell, taste.

Verbs of having and beingBe, belong, contain, have, own.

To form the present continuous, use the verb be + the ing form of the mainverb.Were eating dinner.

Hes playing volleyball

To form the - ing form of most verbs, just adding to the infinitive.Eat = eating watch = watching

When the verb ends ine, delete thee and adding.Have = having write = writing

When a one syllable verb ends in a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant(CVC), double the last consonant before addinging.

Put = putting sit = sitting


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When the consonant is ay or aw, just adding.Say = saying row = rowing

The word order for information questions is this:Questions word + a form of be + subject + verb ing.

What are you doing?


Im working. Im not working.

Hes working. He isnt working.

Theyre working. They arent working.

Information questions Answers

What are they doing? Theyre working.Where is he working? In a restaurant

THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

o Use the present continuous to talk about an action that is happening now.Im studying English this year.

Shes watching TV right now.

oUse the simple present to talk about personal information, generalstatements of truth, permanent situations, routines and habits, and fixed

times and schedules.

I live in Texas.

The sun rises in the east.

She teaches English.

I usually visit her once a month.

School starts at 7:30.

o Use the simple present with verbs like know, believe, and understand.These verbs are not normally used in the present continuous.

I go to my music lesson every Monday.

Im on my bike. Im riding to my music lesson now.


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THE SIMPLE PAST OF BE

o Use the simple past of be to talk about states or situations that are finished.They were at the movies yesterday.

o Use was withI, he, she and it.I

He at the movies

She

It

o Use were withyou, we and they.You

We at the moviesThey

o In informal writing and speaking, use wasnt and werent in negativestatements and short answers.

He wasnt at home.

Was he at home? No, he wasnt.

o Use past time phrases like yesterday, last night and last month with simplepast statements with be.She was at Julies house yesterday

We were at the movies last night.

o To change statements with the simple past of be into Yes/No questions,switch the positions of the subject and the form of be.

Statements Yes/No questionsHe was sick. Was he sick?

They were happy. Were they happy?


I was here yesterday. I wasnt at the game.

You were here yesterday. You werent at the game.

He was here yesterday. He wasnt at the game.

They were here yesterday. They werent at the game.

Was

Were


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Was I here yesterday? Yes, you were. /No, you werent.

Were you here yesterday? Yes, I was. /No, I wasnt.

Was he/she here yesterday? Yes, he/she was. /No, he/she wasnt.Were we/they here yesterday? Yes, we/they were. / No, we/they

werent.

UNIT 3

THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

o Use the simple past to talk about a completed action in the past.o Past-time expressions such as yesterday, last month, last night and lastweekendare frequently used with the simple past.

We enjoyed the concert last night.

o Today, this morning, and this afternoon can be used with the simple past ifthey mean before now.

I walked to school this morning.

o For negative statements in the simple past, used did not (didnt) + the baseform of the verb.

They didnt like the movie.


I

He

They

I

He

They

I

He

They

I

He

They

Watched a movie

last night

Didnt watch TV

Went to the movies

last night

Didnt go to the mall


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REGULAR VERB

o To form the simple past of many regular verbs, add ed to the base form ofthe main verb.

Work = Worked Play = Played

o If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, replacey withi and addedCarry = carried

o If the verbs ends ine, addd.arrive = arrived invite = invited

o If a one syllable verb ends in a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant (CVC),double the last consonant and added

tap = tapped shrug = shrugged

IRREGULAR VERBS

o The simple past form of irregular verbs varies. You should memorize them.Last night I went to my favorite restaurant.

She heard a noise.

o Here are some irregular verbs in the simple past.Base form The simple pas formBecome Became

Begin Began

Bring Brought

Buy Bought

Catch Caught

Choose Chose

Come Came

Do Did

Drink Drank

Eat Ate

Fall Fell

Feel Felt

Find Found

Get Got

Give Gave

Go Went


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Have Had

Know Knew

Leave Left

Make Made

Say Said

See SawSit Sat

Sleep Slept

Speak Spoke

Take Took

Teach Taught

Tell Told

Think Thought

Write Wrote

YES/NO QUESTIONS

o The word order in Yes/no questions is: Did + subject + the base form of amain verb.

Did I work?

Dis she work?

o Use did or didnt in short answers.Did she eat lunch?

Yes, she did.

Did they go to the sports complex?No, they didnt.


Did you watch a movie last night? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt.

Did she watch a movie last night? Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.

Did he go to the movies last night? Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.

Did they go to the movies last night? Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.


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INFORMATION QUESTIONS

o In information questions about the subject, the word order is:Question word + the simple past form.

Subject Verb

Who came to the mall?

What happened last night?

o In order information questions, the word order is:Question word + did + subject + the base form of a verb.

Question Word Did subject Base form of verbWhere did I put my phone

How often did you call her?Who did he/she see?

What did it looklike?

When did we eat luch?

Why did they go to the park?


What movie did she watch? A thriller

When did she watch a movie? Last night

Where did he go last night? To the moviesWhy did they go to the movies? Because they had nothing to do.


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UNIT 4

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

o Use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare two people,two place, or two things.

Sandy is taller than Maria.

China is bigger than Japan

The black phone is nicer than the red one

RULES FOR FORMING THE COMPARATIVE

Short adjectives

o For most one syllable adjectives, add er and - than to form thecomparative.Adjective Comparative form

High Higher than

Long Longer than

Small Smaller than

Strong Stronger than

Tall Taller than

Warm Warmer than

Long adjectives

o For adjectives that have more than one syllable, use more + adjective + than.Adjective Comparative form

Beautiful More beautiful than

Comfortable More comfortable than

Expensive More expensive than

Useful More useful than

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVESo The comparative forms of irregular adjectives vary. You should memorize

them.

Adjective Comparative form

Bad Worse thanGood Better thanFar Farther than


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SPELLING RULES: COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

o Some adjectives change their spelling in the comparative:a) When a one syllable adjective ends in a consonant, vowel, and consonant

(CVC), double the last consonant and adder.


big bigger than

hot hotter than

b) When a two syllable adjective ends iny, changey toi and adder.


busy busier than

easy easier than

c) When the adjective ends ine, just addr.Adjective Comparative form

large larger than

nice nicer than

o There are some exceptions to these rules. Fun and tired are one syllableadjectives that follow the rules for long adjectives.


fun more fun than

tired more tired than

o Quiet and simple are two syllable adjective that follow the rule for onesyllable adjectives.


quiet quieter than

simple simpler than

REGULAR ADJECTIVES

John is taller than val.

My jokes are funnier than your jokes.

Pop music is more exciting than opera.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

bad worse than

good better than

far further / farther than


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SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

o Use the superlative form of an adjective to say that one person, place, orthing in a group is outstanding.

Sandy is the tallest girl in our family.

China is the biggest country in Asia.

The black phone is the nicest one of all.

RULES FOR FORMING THE SUPERLATIVE

Short adjectives

o For most one syllable adjectives, use the and the suffix est to form thesuperlative

Adjective Superlative form

high the highestlong the longest

small the smallest

strong the strongest

tall the tallest

warm the warmest

Long adjectiveo For adjective that have more than one syllable, use that most + adjective

Adjective Superlative formbeautiful the mostbeautiful

comfortable the most comfortable

expensive the most expensive

useful the most useful


o The superlative forms of irregular adjectives vary. You should memorizethem.


bad the worstgood the bestfar the farthest


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SPELLING RULES: THE SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

o Some adjectives change their spelling in the superlative:a) When a one syllable adjective ends in a consonant, vowel, and consonant

(CVC), double the last consonant, then addest.


big thebiggest

hot the hottest

b) When a two syllable adjective ends iny, changey toi and addest.


busy the busiest

easy the easiest

c) When the adjective ends ine, just addst.


large the largest

nice the nicest

o There are some exceptions to these rules. Fun and tired are one syllableadjectives that follow the rules for long adjectives.


fun the most fun

tired the most tired

o Quiet and simple are two syllable adjective that follow the rule for onesyllable adjectives.


quiet the quietest

simple the simplest

REGULAR ADJECTIVES

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

Macys is the most famous store in New York.


bad the worst

good the best

far the farthest


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UNIT 5

THE PAST CONTINUOUS

o Use the past continuous to talk about an action that was in progress at aspecific time in the past.What were they doing at six last night?

They were walking the dog.

o To form the past continuous, use was orwere + verbing. Use was with I,he, she, and it. Use were with you, we and they.

I / he / she / it was workingjust now.

You / we / they were working just now.

o Use not to change past continuous affirmative sentences into negativesentences.It wasnt working at this time yesterday.

They werent working at this time yesterday.

o The past continuous is not usually used non-action verbs.Correct: We understood you perfectly

Incorrect: We were understanding you perfectly.

Affirmative Negative

Tilly was playing. She wasnt sleeping.

They were running for help. They werent jogging.

YES/NO QUESTIONS

o To change past continuous statements into Yes/No questions, switch thepositions of the subject and was/were.

Statements Yes/No questions

He was playing badminton Was heplaying badminton?

They were playing badminton Were theyplaying badminton?

o Use was and were in affirmative short answers; wasnt or werent innegative short answers.


Was Sarah working at this

time yesterday?

Yes, she was. /No, she wasnt.

Were they working at this

time yesterday?

Yes, they were. /No, they werent


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INFORMATION QUESTIONS

o The word order in information questions is as follows:Questions word + was/were + subject + verbing


Why was she crying this morning? Because she got a D in history.

Who was she calling? Her mom.

o Use the past continuous with the simple pas to describe an action that was inprogress at a specific time in the past when it was interrupted by another

action. Use the simple past in the when clause (the interrupting action).

I was doing homeworkwhen the doorbell rang.

o Use the past continuous in the while clause to introduce the action that wasin progress and that was interrupted by another action

While I was doing homework, I was listening to music.

o Then when and while clauses can come at the beginning orat the end ofthe sentence. The meaning is the same. Use a comma (,) when or while

clause comes at the beginning of the sentence.

When the doorbell rang, I was doing homework.

I was doing homeworkwhen the doorbell rang.


Was Tilly swimming? Yes, She was /No, She wasnt

Were they running for help? Yes, they were / No, they werent


What was she doing? She was playing on the beach.

Why were they running? They were running to tell the manager.


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THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS

o Use the past progressive to focus on the duration of an action, not itscompletion.

Robbie was writing his report on last night (Were not sure if Robbie

finished writing the report).

o Use the simple past to focus on the completion of the action.Robbie wrote his report last night (Robbie finished writing his report).


I was riding a bike when I fell I wasnt reading when the lights went

out.

They were studying when the

phone rang

We werent eating when you arrived.


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UNIT 6

COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUS

o Common nous are eithercount ornoncounto Objects that can be counted are count nouso Objects that cannot be counted are noncount nouns.o Count nous can be singular or plural.o You can use a oran with singular count nouns.o Do not use a or an with noncount nous

Count Noncount

Singular PluralA shirt Several shirt fruit

A chair Several chairs WaterOne car Three cars Music

o Noncount nous do not have a plural form. They always take singular verbsand singular pronouns.

o Some noncount areWater Milk Juice Coffee

Soda Bread Pasta Rice

Count nous Noncount nous

Singular Plural

Apple Apples Milk (no plural form)

Potato Potatoes Rice (no plural form)

EXPRESSING QUANTITIES

o Use many, some and a lot of with plural count nous in affirmativestatements.

Manypeople attended the party.

You have a lot offriends.

They bought some clothes.

o Use any with plural count nous in negative statements and in questions. I dont have any friends in my new school.Do you have any new magazines?

o Use any moncount nous in negative statements and in questions.We dont have any money?

Do we have any milk?

o Use much with noncount nous in negative statements and in questions.Theres not much homework today.

Did she do any work at all?


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We have some / a lot ofapple They ate some / a lot ofrice

We dont have any / much rice. They didnt eat any/ many apples.

QUESTIONS ABOUT QUANTITIES

o Use How Much? to ask about the quantity of noncount nous.How much money do you have?

How much milk you need?

o Use How many? to ask about the quantity of plural count nous.How manyposters do you have?

How manypeople are there?

o You dont need to repeat the noun afte How much orHow many if the nouswas mentioned before.

A: I want some eggs.B: How many do you want?

A: I need some money

B: How much do you need?


How many apples do we have? How much rice did they eat?

Do we have any/many apples? Did they eat any / much rice.

THE PRESENT PERFECT:

Have/has + past participle

o Use the present perfect to talk about something that happened at an indefinitetime in the past.

They have eaten octopus. (We dont know when they ate octopus.)

o To form the present prefect, use have/has + the past participle. Use havewith I, you, we, and they. Use has with he, she, and it.

They have been to Thailand

It has gone wrong before.

oTo form the past participle of regular verbs, add d ored to the base form.The spelling rules are the same as for the simple past.

o The past participle of irregular verb varies. You have to memorize them.Here is a is of the past participle of some common irregular verb:


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Base form Past partiple form

Be Been

Buy Bought

Do Don

Eat EatenGet Gotten

Give Given

Go Gone

Have Had

Know Known

Make Made

Meet Met

Put Put

Read Read

Say Said

See Seen

Sleep Slept

Speak Spoken

Tell Told

Think Thought

Write Written

o Use never to form the negative of the present perfect. Never comes betweenhave/has and the past participle.

Ive never played polo.Shes never taken the train.


Ive eaten couscous Ive never eaten sashimi

Shes/ hes eaten couscous Shes / Hes never eaten sashimi.

Weve /theyve eaten couscous Theyve nevereaten sashimi.

Ive = I have Hes = she has

Youve= you have Weve= we have

Shes= she has Theyve they have


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YES/NO QUESTIONS

o To change statements in the present perfect into Yes/No questions, switchthe positions of the subject and have/has.


He has played golf before. Has he played golf before?

They have taken a plane before. Have they taken a plane before?

o Use Never orNot to give a negative answer.Have you played golf before? No, Never. Or No, I havent.


Have you eaten sashimi? Yes, I have. / No, I havent.

Has she eaten sashimi? Yes, she has. /No, she hasnt.

Have they eaten sashimi? Yes, they have. / No, they havent.


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UNIT 7

HAVE TO / NOT HAVE TO FOR OBLIGATION

o Have to expresses a necessity or an obligation that is imposed, for example,by another person or a company.

o To express obligation, use have to / not have to + base form of a verb.o Use have withI, you, we, and they. Use has with he, she and it.

I / You / We / They have to be home at 5:00.

He /She / It has to do the dishes.

o Use not have to to say that something is not necessaryYou dont have to do the laundry today. I can do it tomorrow.

o To make yes/no questions with have to, use do ordoes before the subject.YES/NO QUESTIONS

Do I / you / we / they have to eat dinner now?

Yes, I / you / we / they do.

No, I / you / we / they dont.

Does he / she / it have to eat dinner now?

Yes, he / she / it does.

No, he / she / it doesnt.


She has to wash the dishes. She doesnt have to wash the dishes.

They have to leave at 4:00 They dont have to leave at 4:00


Does she have to wash the dishes? Yes, she does. /No, she doesnt.

Do they have to leave at 4:00? Yes, they do. / No, they dont.


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MUST FOR RULES

Affirmative statements

o Must is used in written rules, signs, and notices.Students must wear uniforms at all times during school hours.

o In American English, have to is more commonly used to express necessity.I have to go to school very early today.

o Must is used in spoken English when the speaker is in a position of power.You must do as I say! (The person speaking is either a parent or an older

person.)

Negative statement

o Must not is used to express prohibition in writing such as in signs andnotices.

Visitors must not enter the building without ID.

o Cant is more commonly than must not in American English.

Questions

o Must is rarely used for questions. To ask a question about an obligation or anecessity, use have to.

Do I have to wear a uniform today?


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Students must wear uniforms every day.

You must come to class on time.

SHOULD / SHOULDNT FOR ADVICE

o Use should / shouldnt to give advice.o Should and shouldnt have the same form I, you, he, she, it, we and they.We shouldnt be late for class.

He should do his homework every day.

o Should and shouldnt refer to the present or future.You should call your mother now.

We shouldnt go to the mall tomorrow.

YES/NO QUESTIONS

oTo change statements with should into Yes/No questions, switch thepositions of the subject and should.


I should play basketball. Should Iplay basketball?

They should take the train. Should they take the train?


You should take an umbrella. It might

rain.

You shouldnt talk when your mouth

if full.


Should I wear a tie? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldnt.


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CAN / CANT FOR PERMISSION

o Use can to ask for permission and to make requests. May is more formal.Can is used in informal situations.

Can we go to Mayas house?Can I go to the bathroom?

o To make yes/no questions with can, follow this order:Can + subject + the base form of the verb.

Can we go to the movies tonight, Mom?

o Use can and cant in short answers.Questions Short answersCan Shelly come over today? Yes, she can. / No, she cant.

Yes/No questions Short answersCan I go out tonight? Yes, you can. /No, you cant.

Can you take me to the mall? Yes, I can. /No, I cant.


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UNIT 8

BE GOING TO FOR PLANS AND INTENTIONS

o Use be going to, to talk about definite plans that were made before now.What are they going to do tomorrow?

Theyre going toplay in the soccer game.

o Use the base form of the verb afterbe going to.Were going to surfnext week.


Shes going to do a card trick Im not going to recite a poem.


What are you going to do tomorrow? Im going to visit my cousins.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE PLANS

o You can use the present continuous form (be + verb ing) to talk aboutfuture plans that have been prearranged. It is normally used with a future

time reference to show that it is not happening at the time of speaking.

Im seeing my cousin on Thursday evening.


Im sleeping late tomorrow. Im not getting up early.

Were having a party tonight. Theyre not coming to the party.


What are you doing tonight? Im staying home. I have to study.


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WILL FOR PREDICTIONS AND FOR SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS

o Use will to make predictions.You willbe very rich some day.In fifty years, cars wont need gas to turn.

o Use will to make spontaneous decisions.a) Im going for a walk.

b) Ill go with you.

o Use the base form the verb afterwill orwont.School will be fun tomorrow.

We will get home at 2:30.

o Below are the contractions of the subject pronouns and will.Affirmative ContractionsI will Ill

You will Youll

He will Hell

She will Shell

It will Itll

We will Well

They will Theyll

o The contraction ofwill not is wonto Use the contracted forms in speech and informal writing.

Prediction

The school show will be fun It wont be boring!

Spontaneous decisionIll go with you to the show I wont go.

Information questions AnswerWhat will you become? Ill be a famous actor.

Youll see me on TV!


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THE FIRST CONDITIONAL: IF + THE SIMPLE PRESENT

o Use the first conditional to talk about future activities under certainconditions.

If theres no school tomorrow, Ill get up late.

o The first conditional has two parts: The ifclause (if+ subject + the simplepresent) and the main clause in the future (will/wont + base form of

verb). The ifclause states the condition, the main clauses states the result.

Ifyou eat sweets every day, youll put on weight.

IfI dont get to bed before ten, I wont get up in time for school.

o Then ifclause can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Usea comma (,) after the ifclause if it comes at the beginning.

Ifyou clean my room today, Ill clean yours next week.

Ill clean your room today ifyou clean mine next week.

If + the simple present, will + base form

Ifyou study, you will pass your exams.

Ifyou dont study, you wont pass.

Grammar Hey There 2

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