Grammar for Spoken English

7/25/2019 Grammar for Spoken English

1/41

Utilizarea coloca iilor pentru a nv a limba englez

Ce sunt coloca iile n limba englez?

Coloca ia const din anumite cuvinte care sunt utilizate de regul mpreun cu un alt cuvnt.

De exemplu, trei cuvinte care pot fi asociate cuvntului "friend" sunt "best", "good" i

"loyal". Iat cteva exemple de propozi ii

"!e tal#s to er bestfriend every day."

$best%

"&e lives 'it some goodfriends."

$good, close%

( Cuvntul "close" reprezint o alt coloca ie care poate fi utilizat n locul cuvntului

"good", de exemplu "&e lives 'it some closefriends.""!e as been a loyalfriend for many years."

$loyal, real, trusted, true, faitful%

( )oate cuvintele dintre paranteze pot fi folosite n locul cuvntului "loyal". *cestea sunt

exemple de coloca ii pentru cuvntul "friend".

Informatii despre gramatica ce se aplica la engleza vorbita

Ca sa obtineti fluenta in engleza pentru studentii +!, studiind gramatica poate sa incetineze

procesul de invatare. -ramatica de baza este necesara dar daca sunteti atent prea mult la

gramatica atunci o sa va incetineze progresul in invatatrea limbii engleze vorbite. -ramatica

este foarte folositoare sa va imbunatatiti comunicarea si scrierea dar aceasta dupa ce o sa

aveti o baza solida si fluenta in engleza.

Dac studia i pentru un examen sau dori i s aprofunda i regulile gramaticale, pute i consulta

sec iunea noastr dedicat gramaticii azele gramaticii engleze.

Ceea ce este coum tutoro oamenilor este ca invatam sa vorbim inainte de a invata gramatica.

/orbirea este primul pas pentru oricine vrea sa invete engleza. Daca sunteti incapator va

rugam sa va focusati pe vorbire si ascultare inainte de gramatica. Dupa ce o sa vorbiti engleza

fluent gramatica o sa vi se para foarte usoara. Dar nu merge in ordine inversa. 0luenta in

englez vorbita o sa va a1ute la studiul gramaticii dar daca studiati gramatica 23 o sa va a1ute

la vorbire.

Din cauza acestiu punct de vedere nu exista o sectiune ma1ora despre gramatica. +xista doar

reguliel gramaticate esentiale pe care un oncepator trebuie sa le stie inainte de a studia

engleza. /a rugam sa le studiati mai inati si apoi sa treceti la lectiile despre vorbire si asculareCe este subiectul?
http://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/Grammar.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/Grammar.aspx


2/41

!ubiectul ntr4o propozi5ie este persoana sau lucrul despre care se vorbe6te. 0iecare propozi5ie

are nevoie de un subiect. Dac nu ave5i un subiect, atunci propozi5ia este incorect 6i nimeni

nu va n5elege despre ce vorbi5i.

7n alte limbi, subiectul nu este ntotdeauna necesar. 7n exprimarea oral, persoana care v

ascult va n5elege despre ce vorbi5i, a6adar subiectul nu este obligatoriu. 7n limba englez,subiectul este ntotdeauna necesar.

Iat cteva exemple de propozi5ii scurte, n care subiectul este subliniat.

"I am ungry"

"8y broter is very smart"

")at computer is very expensive"

"9e are going to te store no'"

"8y sister and I 'ill be 'aiting ere"")e building is very big"

"9en are you going to eat lunc:"

"9y are tey 'aiting in line:"

"9o is going to ta#e you to te store:"

Ce este predicatul?

;redicatul dintr4o propozi5ie este componenta care informeaz persoana cu privire la ce este

sau ce face subiectul. +ste o structur care con5ine un verb. /erbul este ntotdeauna predicat.

&aide5i s analizm propozi5iile pe care le4am folosit n lec5ia despre subiect, pentru a

identifica predicatele. *cestea vor fi subliniate.

"I am ungry"

"8y broter is very smart"

")at computer is very expensive"

"9e are going to te store no'"

")e building is very big"

7n propozi5iile scurte de mai sus, am identificat subiectul 6i predicatul. 7n ma1oritatea

propozi5iilor de baz, este nevoie de un subiect 6i de o ac5iune asociat cu subiectul. &aide5i

s trecem la verbe pentru a n5elege acest lucru mai n detaliu.

Ce este verbul?

3n verb desemneaz o ac5iune, o existen5 sau un fapt care se ntmpl. 7n propozi5iile simple


3/41

pe care le4am folosit pn acum, verbul este n general n forma existen5ial. *ceste forme

sunt


4/41

"* building..."

"* amburger..."

!e folose6te


5/41

@ regul de baz pe care trebuie s o re5ine5i este aceea c nu se folosesc articole atunci cnd

v referi5i la un nume propriu.

")urn rigt at te burger store"

")urn rigt at 8cDonalds"

")e boy 'as running very fast""8i#e 'as running very fast"

3n alt exemplu de situa5ie n care nu se folose6te articol este atunci cnd v referi5i la lucruri

generale n conversa5ie.

")oo muc alcool is bad for you"

"Cigarettes can cause lung cancer"

*tunci cnd v referi5i la sporturi, nu ave5i nevoie de articol.

"I love playing badminton""0ootball is a dangerous sport"

7n ma1oritatea cazurilor, nu ave5i nevoie de articol cnd v referi5i la o 5ar, cu excep5ia

situa5iei n care numele se refer la mai multe 5ri sau regiuni. De exemplu, dac spune5i

Aingdom= sau


6/41

B. *ctive /oice and ;assive /oice

BJ. Indicative, Imperative, !ub1unctive 8ood

BK. *uxiliary /erbs 4 Ge,G GDo,G G&aveG

L. *uxiliary /erbs 4 G9illM9ould,G G!allM!ouldG

B. *uxiliary /erbs 4 GCanMCould,G G8ayM8igtM8ustG. ;repositions 4 G@n,G G*t,G GInG

. ;repositions 4 G@f,G G)o,G G0orG

E. ;repositions 4 G9it,G G@ver,G GyG

F. Con1unctions 4 Coordinating and Correlative

H. Con1unctions 4 !ubordinating

. Con1unctive *dverbs

J. *rticles 4 Indefinite and DefiniteK. Inter1ections

L. Capitalization

%ingular and &lural Nouns

* noun names a person, place, ting, or idea.

3sually, te first page of a grammar boo# tells you about nouns. 2ouns give namesof

concrete or abstract tings in our lives. *s babies learn "mom," "dad," or "mil#" as teir

first 'ord, nouns sould be te first topic 'en you study a foreignlanguage.

0or te plural form of most nouns, add s.

bottle N bottles

cup N cups

pencil N pencils

des# N des#s

stic#er N stic#ers

'indo' N 'indo's

0or nouns tat end in c, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

box N boxes

'atc N 'atces

moss N mosses

bus N buses

0or nouns ending in f or fe, cange f to v and add es.

'olf N 'olves
http://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/active-passive-voice.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/mood.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-be-do-have.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-will-would-shall-should.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-can-could-may-might-must.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-on-at-in.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-of-to-for.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-with-over-by.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctions-coordinating-correlative.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctive-adverbs.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/articles.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/interjections.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/capitalization.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/active-passive-voice.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/mood.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-be-do-have.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-will-would-shall-should.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/auxiliary-verbs-can-could-may-might-must.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-on-at-in.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-of-to-for.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/prepositions-with-over-by.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctions-coordinating-correlative.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/conjunctive-adverbs.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/articles.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/interjections.aspxhttp://ro.talkenglish.com/Grammar/capitalization.aspx


7/41

'ife N 'ives

leaf N leaves

life N lives

!ome nouns ave different plural forms.

cild N cildren

'oman N 'omen

man N men

mouse N mice

goose N geese

2ouns ending in vo'els li#e y or o do not ave definite rules.

baby N babiestoy N toys

#idney N #idneys

potato N potatoes

memo N memos

stereo N stereos

* fe' nouns ave te same singular and plural forms.

seep N seep

deer N deer

series N series

species N species

Count Nouns vs' Non(Count Nouns

Count nouns

Can be counted as one or more.

pen, computer, bottle, spoon, des#, cup, television, cair, soe, finger, flo'er, camera,

stic#, balloon, boo#, table, comb, etc.

)a#e an s to form te plural.

pens, computers, bottles, spoons, des#s, cups, televisions, cairs, soes, fingers,

flo'ers, cameras, stic#s, balloons, boo#s, tables, combs, etc.

9or# 'it expressions suc as $a fe', fe', many, some, every, eac, tese, and te number

of%.

a fe' pens, a fe' computers, many bottles, some spoons, every des#, eac cup, tese


8/41

televisions, te number of cairs, a fe' soes, a fe' fingers, many flo'ers, some cameras,

every stic#, eac balloon, tese boo#s, te number of tables, many combs, etc.

9or# 'it appropriate articles $a, an, or te%.

a pen, te computer, a bottle, te spoon, a des#, te cup, a television, te cair, a soe,

te finger, a flo'er, te camera, a stic#, te balloon, a boo#, te table, a comb, etc.Do 2@) 'or# 'it much$for example, you 'ould never say much pensor much computers%.

Non(count nouns

Cannot be counted. )ey usually express a group or a type.

'ater, 'ood, ice, air, oxygen, +nglis, !panis, traffic, furniture, mil#, 'ine, sugar,

rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunsine, etc.

-enerally cannot be pluralized.9or# bot 'it and 'itout an article $a, an, or the%, depending on te context of te

sentence.

!ugar is s'eet.

)e sunsine is beautiful.

I drin# mil#.

&e eats rice.

9e 'atc soccer togeter.

)e 'ood is burning.

9or# 'it expressions suc as $some, any, enoug, tis, tat, and muc%.

9e ate some rice and mil#.

I ope to see some sunsine today.

)is meat is good.

!e does not spea# muc !panis.Do you see any traffic on te road:

)at 'ine is very old.

Do 2@) 'or# 'it expressions suc as $tese, tose, every, eac, eiter, or neiter%.

&ossessive Nouns

;ossessive nouns are used to indicate o'nersip.

;ossessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrope $G% and s.?onGs boo#


9/41

AerryGs car

-randmaGs mirror

9en a noun is plural and ends in s, 1ust add an apostrope $G%.

)e #idsG toys

8y parentsG ouse

)e teacersG lounge

If t'o people o'n one ting, add te apostrope and s to te second person only.

?on and 8aryGs ne' ouse

David and !ueGs 'edding

)om and DougGs car

If t'o people o'n separate tings, add te apostrope and s for eac person.!usanGs and etGs boo#s

?eanGs and DanGs pants

enGs and ?imGs offices

&ronouns

* pronoun ta#es te place of a noun.

Example story8ary is one of te eads of te )o?i Corporation. 8ary 'or#s 'it 8r. ?ames and 8r. ?amesG

son )om. 8r. ?ames and 8r. ?amesG son )om are experts in biocemistry. 8ary, 8r. ?ames,

and )om researced and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

If the story above is written using pronouns

8ary is one of te eads of te )o?i Corporation. !e 'or#s 'it 8r. ?ames andis son

)om. &e and is son )om are experts in biocemistry. )ey researced and invented a drug

for cancer treatment.

&ersonal &ronouns

;ersonal pronouns refer to a person

I go to scool.

Oou are a student.

)ey are Aoreans.

&e 'or#s ere.9e gave er food.


10/41

)e 'ord PitG refers to an ob1ect

I dran# it.

It is big.

)ey cut it into alves.

8emorize te personal pronouns

)irst %econd*"ird

+ale )emale Neutral

%ingular %ub,ect I Oou e se it

%ingular -b,ect me Oou im er it

%ingular .efle/ive myself Oourself imself erself itself

&lural %ub,ect 'e Oou tey

&lural -b,ect us Oou tem&lural .efle/ive ourselves Oourselves temselves

0e0 1erbs

* verb so's action or a state of being.

I go ome. &ome is my place to rest. I li#e te smell of my ouse. I feel totally relaxed.

&ome refreses me. *t ome, I get ready for a ne' day.

"e" verbs indicate a state of being./erbs must matc sub1ects.

I am a doctor.

&e is sleepy.

9e are ere.

2egative sentences need PnotG after te verb.

I am not a doctor.

&e is not sleepy.

9e are not tere.

)e verb comes first in interrogative sentences.

*m I a doctor:

Is e sleepy:

*re 'e tere:

"*re not" $is not% can be sortened to "arenGt" $isnGt%.&e isnGt sleepy.


11/41

9e arenGt tere.

>emember te variations of "be" verbs

&resent Negative Interrogative

I am I am not *m I:Oou are Oou are not $arenGt% *re you:

&e is &e is not $isnGt% Is e:

!e is !e is not $isnGt% Is se:

It is It is not $isnGt% IsnGt it:

9e are 9e are not $arenGt% *re 'e:

Oou are Oou are not $arenGt% *re you:

)ey are )ey are not $arenGt% *re tey:

2ction 1erbs

*ction verbs express action and are te most common verbs.

*ction verbs need s at te end 'it tird4person, singular sub1ects.

&e eats bread.

!e 'al#s to te station.

It floats on te sea.2egative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.

I do not eat bread.

&e does not eat bread.

Oou did not 'al# to te station.

It does not float on te sea.

Interrogative sentences begin 'it do, does, or did.

Do you eat bread:

Does e eat bread:

Does se 'al# to te station:

Did tey finis it:

Do not can be sortened to donGt, does not to doesnGt, and did not to didnGt.

I donGt eat bread.

!e doesnGt 'al# to te station.It doesnGt float on te sea.


12/41

)ey didnGt finis it.

>emember te variations of action verbs

2ffirmative %entence Negative %entence Interrogative %entence

I sing a song. I do not $donGt% sing a song. Do I sing a song:Oou sing a song. Oou do not $donGt% sing a song. Do you sing a song:

&e $se% sings a song. &e $se% does not $doesnGt% sing a song. Does e $se% sing a song:

9e sing a song. 9e do not $donGt% sing a song. Do 'e sing a song:

)ey sang a song. )ey did not $didnGt% sing a song. Did tey sing a song:

2d,ectives

*d1ectives describe or modify nouns.I li#e fairy tales. * fairy tale is an imaginary story tat as unrealistic caracters in

a fantastic bac#ground. It ma#es me forget about te real 'orld and refreses my tired mind.

*d1ectives generally appear immediately before te noun.

* pretty girl

>ed flo'ers

* long stic#

&eavy boxes

9arm 'eater

Commonly, ad1ectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix suc asun, in,

or dis.

clear N unclear, important N unimportant, predictable N unpredictable, believable N

unbelievable, common N uncommon, a'are N una'are, ambiguous N unambiguous,

conventional N unconventional, certain N uncertain

definite N indefinite, correct N incorrect, comparable N incomparable, complete N

incomplete, evitable N inevitable, expensive N inexpensive

able N disable, assemble N disassemble, content N discontent, similar N dissimilar

9en using a string of ad1ectives, tey sould appear in a set order sizeMsape Q age Q color

Q origin Q material.

* big bro'n ouse

* small old +nglis des#

* beautiful blac# Italian leater purse


13/41

Delicious Cinese food

TheQ ad1ective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.

te old, te young, te poor, te ric, te oppressed, te omeless, etc.

)is popular )/ so' is loved by t"e old.

Comparative and %uperlative 2d,ectives

Comparative ad1ectives compare t'o tings. !uperlative ad1ectives compare more tan t'o

tings

Commonly, ad1ectives tat contain only one syllable or end in GyG use GerG to form comparatives

and GestG to form superlatives. 0or ad1ectives ending in y, cange te GyG to GiG before adding te

GerG or GestG.

old N older N oldest

young N younger N youngest

pretty N prettier N prettiest

long N longer N longest

sort N sorter N sortest

brigt N brigter N brigtest

close N closer N closest

appy N appier 4 appiest

*d1ectives 'it t'o or more syllables do not cange but instead add moreto form

comparatives and mostto form superlatives.

respectable N more respectable N most respectable

beautiful N more beautiful N most beautiful

preferable N more preferable N most preferable

ard'or#ing N more ard'or#ing N most ard'or#ing

!ome ad1ectives ave different forms of comparatives and superlatives.

good N better N best

bad N 'orse N 'orst

little N less N least

muc $many% N more N most

far N furter 4 furtest

)e 'ord thantypically appears in comparative sentences.

*my is smarter tan etty.


14/41

Cad is stronger tan Dan.

-reg is more diligent tan is broter.

I ave more apples tan e.

!e li#es im more tan me.

!uperlatives are typically accompanied by te 'ord the.

)om is te oldest man in to'n.

;aul is te tallest boy in te neigborood.

)at sade of blue is te most beautiful color.

)is is te longest song tat I ave ever eard.

2dverbs

*dverbs modify a verb, an ad1ective, or anoter adverb.

*n adverb tells more about a verb in te sentence.

)e fire engine runs fast.

isten to is speec carefully.

I bro'se te 'eb freRuently.

It rained ard.

*n adverb describes more about an ad1ective in te sentence.)e ne's is very surprisingS

)e coffee is extremely ot, so be careful.

2ature is really amazingS

*n adverb modifies anoter adverb in te sentence.

It rains very ard.

Computers run muc faster tese days.

I clean my room less freRuently because I am busy.

Commonly, ad1ectives can be canged to adverbs by adding GlyG.

slo' N slo'ly

Ruic# N Ruic#ly

comfortable N comfortably

loud N loudly

clear N clearly)o cange ad1ectives ending in GyG into adverbs, cange te GyG to GiG and add GlyG.


15/41

appy N appily

easy N easily

%imple *ense

/erb tense tells you 'en te action appens. )ere are tree main verb tenses present, past,and future. +ac main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect

progressive tenses.

&resent &ast )uture

%imple finis finised 'ill finis

&rogressive amMisMare finising 'asM'ere finising 'ill be finising

&erfect aveMas finised ad finised 'ill ave finised

&erfect &rogressive aveMas been finising ad been finising 'ill ave been finising

)ings to remember about simple tense

a. ;resent tense is te original verb form.

b. ;ast tense as a fe' patterns.

c. 0uture tense needs 'ill $sall% Q verb.

run

I run a maraton t'ice a year. $present%

I ran a maraton last year. $past%

I 'ill run a maraton next year. $future%

eat

I eat lunc in my office.

I ate lunc an our ago.

I 'ill eat lunc in one our.

see

I see a movie once a 'ee#.

I sa' a movie yesterday.

I 'ill see a movie tomorro'.

3no4

I #no' it.

I #ne' it te day before yesterday.

I 'ill #no' it by tomorro'.


16/41

learn

I learn +nglis.

I learned +nglis te last t'o years.

I 'ill learn +nglis next year.

coo3

I coo# my supper every nigt.

I coo#ed our dinner already.

I 'ill coo# brea#fast tomorro'.

&rogressive and &erfect *ense

&rogressive *ense

)e progressive tense involves action tat is, 'as, or 'ill be in progress at a certain time. In

te progressive tense, verbs are formed 'it a "be" verb Q ing.

run

I am running a maraton rigt no'. $present progressive%

I 'as running a maraton at tis time last year. $past progressive%

I 'ill be running a maraton next !unday. $future progressive%

eat

I am eating lunc no'.

I 'as eating lunc 'en you sa' me.

I 'ill be eating lunc in te meeting.

learn

I am learning +nglis at my des#.

I 'as learning +nglis te last t'o years.I 'ill be learning +nglis ten.

coo3

I am coo#ing my supper no'.

I 'as coo#ing our dinner 'en you called me.

I 'ill be coo#ing brea#fast by te time you come ome.

&erfect *ense


17/41

)e present perfect tense describes an action tat started in te past and continues to te

present time. 3se has/haveQ te past participle form of te verb.

)e past perfect tense describes an action tat started and ended in te past. 3sehadQ te past

participle form of te verb.

)e future perfect tense describes future actions tat 'ill occur before some oter action.3se will haveQ te past participle form of te verb.

run

I ave run several maratons tis year. $present perfect%

I ad run many maratons in te past. $past perfect%

I 'ill ave run a maraton by te time I turn L. $future perfect%

learn

I ave learned a lot about +nglis grammar tis semester.

I ad learned te basics of +nglis grammar in elementary scool.

I 'ill ave learned a lot about +nglis grammar 'en I finis college.

3no4

I ave #no'n er since I 'as young.

I ad #no'n er until se passed a'ay.

I 'ill ave #no'n er for L years next mont.coo3

I ave coo#ed supper every nigt tis 'ee#.

I ad coo#ed supper every nigt until te stove bro#e.

I 'ill ave coo#ed supper every nigt by te time tis diet ends.

&erfect &rogressive *ense

)e perfect progressive tense describes actions tat repeated over a period of time in te past,are continuing in te present, andMor 'ill continue in te future.

)e present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action tat 'as initiated in

te past and finised at some point in te pastT o'ever, te action as some relation to te

present time. 3se have/has + been + ing.

It as been raining, and te street is still 'et.

I ave been running, and I am still tired.

!e as been practicing te piano, and se is muc better no'.)e past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in te past tat 'as


18/41

completed before anoter past action. 3se had + been + ing.

It ad been raining, and te street 'as still 'et.

I ad been running, and I 'as still tired.

!e ad been practicing te piano, and se ad gotten muc better.

)e future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action tat 'ill be completed in

te future. 3se will + have + been + ing.

y tonigt, it 'ill ave been raining several ours, and te street 'ill be very 'et.

y next summer, I 'ill ave been running for almost a year, and I 'ill be fit and

ealty.

y te time of te concert, se 'ill ave been practicing te piano for several monts,

and se 'ill be muc better.

Irregular 1erbs

>egular verbs form teir past and past participle by adding ed$d%.

ase 1erb &ast &ast &articiple

learn learned earned

study studied !tudied

coo# coo#ed Coo#edsolve solved !olved

as# as#ed *s#ed

'atc 'atced 9atced

listen listened istened

Irregular verbs do not ave definite rules, but tere are a fe' patterns.

ase 1erb &ast &ast &articiple

gro' gre' gro'n

#no' #ne' #no'n

begin began begun

dra' dre' dra'n

drive drove driven

fly fle' flo'ngive gave given


19/41

spea# spo#e spo#en

s'im s'am s'um

go 'ent gone

ta#e too# ta#en

find found foundspend spent spent

teac taugt taugt

pay paid paid

feel felt felt

buy bougt bougt

meet met met

ave ad ad

feed fed fed

#eep #ept #ept

cut cut cut

it it it

set set set

sut sut sut

fit fit fit

#erunds

* gerund $verb Q ing% acts li#e a noun in a sentence.

!eeing is believing.

>unning a maraton is not an easy ting to do.

9atcing )/ is sometimes armful.

+ating is al'ays fun.

8y obby is painting.

!e loves babysitting er sister.

I li#e listening to music.

I 'asted all my afternoon by ta#ing a nap.

I am afraid of singing a song on a stage.

@ften, a possessive noun or pronoun comes before a gerund.I ope tat you donUt mind my using your pen.


20/41

DonUt be mad about my leaving early.

I donUt 'ant you misunderstanding.

Oou 'ill be amazed by my 'riting.

Infinitives &art 5

*n infinitive is a verb combined 'it te 'ord to. 8ost often, an infinitive acts as a noun in

te sentence. ess freRuently, it acts as an ad1ective or an adverb.

I 'ant to go ome early today.

I ope to be cosen as a member.

I prefer to go tere earlier.

Oou need to consider various rules in 'riting sentences.

Oou ave to explain your reasoning in detail.

Oou migt 'is to act as a teacer.

)o leave for a vacation is my only 'is at tis time.

* common mista#e in a relationsip is not to trust te oter person.

&elp me to save te treesS

)o be mentally ealty, you must read boo#s.

Do you 'ant me to fill out tis form:

&ere is our to4do list.

It 'as nice to meet you.

It is time to move on.

I am young enoug to cange my abits.

DonUt forget not to ma#e grammar mista#es.

Oou are reRuired to leave all your belongings ere.I came to see a doctor today.

Oou ave to 'or# arder to succeed.

I need to ta#e tree more classes to finis my graduate study.

I got closer to te spea#er to listen clearly.

e sure to cec# if you ave tic#ets.

I am going to buy te ne' computer.

-enerally, it is not common to split to and te verb except for 'en you 'ant to empasize

te verb.


21/41

I 'ant you to immediately stop doing tat.

Oou ave to seriously 'or# ard to succeed.

Oou need to definitely explain your reasoning in detail.

Infinitives &art 6

Commonly, an infinitive is used 'it te sub1ect it. )e sentence structure is "It

is Q infinitive.V" It refers to te infinitive. )is expression is used in many

'ays.

It is time to do mat.

It is common to tin# tat 'ay.

It is appropriate to #eep a lo' profile.

It 'as nice to see you.

It 'as my pleasure to meet you.

It 'as my onor to ave dinner 'it you.

It is good to see you.

It 'as great to go on a trip 'it tem.

ot gerunds and infinitive prases can function as nouns, in a variety of 'ays. -erunds and

infinitives can follo' certain verbs but not oters. Oou need to remember 'ic verbs can befollo'ed by only a gerund or only an infinitive.

1erbs t"at can precede only gerunds7

consider, suggest, en1oy, deny, avoid, miss, mind, practice, postpone, resist, finis, Ruit, give

up, put off

1erbs t"at can precede only infinitives7

offer, decide, ope, attempt, promise, agree, afford, deserve, refuse, underta#e, learn, fail,

seem, appear, tend, pretend, coose, demand, desire, guarantee, claim, manage, determine,

expect, 'ant, 'is

1erbs t"at can precede eit"er gerunds or infinitives 4it"out c"anging meanings7

continue, li#e, love, begin, start, propose, neglect, stand, ate


22/41

1erbs t"at can precede eit"er gerunds or infinitives but c"ange meanings7

forget, remember, stop, try

I stopped 'atcing te movie. $I no longer 'atced te movie.%

I stopped to 'atc te movie. $I stopped 'at I 'as doing to 'atc te movie.%

2ctive 1oice and &assive 1oice

/erbs are eiter active or passive in voice. In te active voice, te sub1ect and verb

relationsip is straigtfor'ard te sub1ect is a do4er. In te passive voice, te sub1ect of te

sentence is not a do4er. It is so'n 'it by Q do4er or is not so'n in te sentence.

;assive voice is used 'en te action is te focus, not te sub1ect. It is not important $or not

#no'n% 'o does te action.

)e 'indo' is bro#en. $It is not #no'n 'o bro#e te 'indo', or it is not importantto #no' 'o bro#e te 'indo'.%

)e class as been canceled. $)e focus is on te class being canceled. It is not

important to #no' 'o canceled it.%

)e passive voice is often used. $)e focus is on te passive voice. It is not important

to explain 'o te 'riter is.%

;assive voice sould be avoided 'en you 'ant more clarity in 'riting. &o'ever, in some

cases, you need to use passive voice to stress te action, not te actor. *lso, passive voice canbe considered more polite, as it sounds less aggressive or dramatic.

)at building 'as built in BKKL.

)e car 'as invented about a undred years ago.

I 'as told tat 8ary moved to a different country.

Oour business is appreciated.

!e 'as elected to city council.

It 'as rumored tat te company 'ould lay off a fe' people soon.

It is recommended tat te billing process be sortened.

Oou can easily re'rite an active sentence to a passive sentence. )e ob1ect in te active

sentence becomes a sub1ect in te passive sentence. )e verb is canged to a


23/41

* ne' bridge 'as built by te government.

I recommend tat you apply for tis position.

It is recommended tat you apply for tis position.

+ood for #rammar

* mood so's te 'riterUs attitude to'ard 'at eMse is saying.

Indicative +oodstates an actuality or fact.

9e 'ill go to see a movie tis !unday.

IUll follo' you.

Imperative +oodma#es a reRuest.

etUs go to see a movie tis 'ee#endS

;lease stop bugging meS

%ub,unctive +oodexpresses a doubtful condition $contrary to fact% and is often used 'it an

"if" clause.

If I 'ere you, I 'ouldnUt buy a ouse.

I 'is I 'ere more organized.

)e follo'ing verbs often attract te sub1unctive mood as#, recommend, suggest, 'is,

insist, order, commend, reRuest, and demand.* verb in te sub1unctive mood may ave a

different form. )e sub1unctive for te present tense tird4person singular drops te s or es so

tat it loo#s and sounds li#e te present tense for everyting else. In te sub1unctive mood,

te verb to be is be in te present tense and 'ere in te past tense, regardless of 4"at t"e

sub,ect is.

Incorrect If I 'as you, I 'ould ta#e any offer.

Correct If I 'ere you, I 'ould ta#e any offer.

$)e verb follo's PifU and expresses a non4factual condition.%

Incorrect I 'is I 'as able to spea# +nglis fluently.

Correct I 'is I 'ere able to spea# +nglis fluently.

$)e second verb is in a clause follo'ing a verb expressing a 'is. It suggests a non4factual

or doubtful condition.%

Incorrect @ur suggestion is tat everyone on te team does te survey.

Correct @ur suggestion is tat everyone on te team do te survey.Incorrect !e recommended tat eac student ta#es a note.


24/41

Correct !e recommended tat eac student ta#e a note.

2u/iliary 1erbs 8e98 8:o98 8;ave8

*n auxiliary verb elps te main $full% verb and is also called a "elping verb." 9it auxiliary

verbs, you can 'rite sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. *uxiliary verbs are be,do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought,etc.

I tin# I sould study arder to master +nglis.

I am aving a cup of coffee.

Oou ave been practicing ard.

It 'as 'ritten by a petitioner.

Oou may coose 'at you li#e.

)e verb forms of be, do, and havecan be used eiter as a main $full% verb or an auxiliary

verb. )e follo'ing examples so' tese verbs used as auxiliary verbs.

B. "e" as an auxiliary verb

a.3sed in progressive sentences

I am ta#ing a bat.

!e is preparing dinner for us.

)ey ave been studying all nigt.

b.3sed in passive sentences

I 'as given a free meal.

&e 'as seen by fans at te airport.

)is song as been sung by all nations.

."Do" as an auxiliary verb

a. 3sed in negative sentencesI do not #no' te trut.

!e doesnUt agree 'it me.

)ey didnUt arrive ere yet.

b.3sed in Ruestions

Do you 'ant to ave anoter one:

Did e finis is ome'or#:

Do 'e need to #eep going straigt:

."&ave" as an auxiliary verb


25/41

a. 3sed in perfect sentences

I ave been follo'ing you for a mile.

9e ave done a lot so far.

!e ad been Rueen of te to'n.

2u/iliary 1erbs 8


26/41

%"all

8ainly used in *merican +nglis to as# Ruestions politely $it as more usages in ritis

+nglis%. 0or te future tense, 'ill is more freRuently used in *merican +nglis tan sall.

!all 'e dance:

!all I go no':

etUs drin#, sall 'e:

@ften used in formal settings to deliver obligation or reRuirement

Oou sall abide by te la'.

)ere sall be no trespassing on tis property.

!tudents sall not enter tis room.

%"ould >past form of s"all

@ften used in auxiliary functions to express an opinion, suggestion, preference, or idea

Oou sould rest at ome today.

I sould ta#e a bus tis time.

&e sould be more tougtful in te decision4ma#ing process.

3sed to express tat you 'is someting ad appened but it didnUt or couldnUt $sould Q

ave Q past participle%Oou sould ave seen it. It 'as really beautiful.

I sould ave completed it earlier to meet te deadline.

9e sould ave visited te place on te 'ay.

3sed to as# for someoneUs opinion

9at sould 'e do no':

!ould 'e continue our meeting:

!ould 'e go tis 'ay:

9ere sould 'e go tis summer:

3sed to say someting expected or correct

)ere sould be an old city all building ere.

+verybody sould arrive by H p.m.

9e sould be tere tis evening.

2u/iliary 1erbs 8Can=Could8 and 8+ay=+ig"t=+ust8

Can


27/41

3sed to express ability $to be able to do someting%

I can ma#e 1e'elry.

&e canUt spea# 0renc.

Can you open tis 1ar:

3sed to as# for permission

Can I use your batroom:

Can I leave no':

Can I raise te volume:

3sed to ma#e reRuests or suggestions

Can I ave more nap#ins:

Can I ave te bill:Oou can ta#e tis spot if you li#e.

Oou can do 'atever you 'ant.

Could >past form of can

Describes an ability tat someone ad in te past

I could s'im 'en I 'as young.

Oou could see te boat sin#ing.

)ey could tell e 'as nervous.

@ften used in auxiliary functions to express permission politely

Could I ta#e tis 1ac#et 'it me:

Oou could borro' my umbrella.

Could you please let me pass you:

Could I get you more 'ater:

3sed to express possibility

*ll of tem could ride in te van.

Oou could al'ays stay at our ouse.

Could it be true:

)is plan could really 'or# out.

+ay

3sed to as# for formal permission


28/41

8ay I come in:

8ay I say someting no':

8ay I as# one Ruestion:

3sed to suggest someting tat is possible

!e may agree 'it tis plan.

)ey may not be appy about 'at appened.

It may so'er tonigt.

+ig"t >past form of may

3sed to suggest a smaller possibility tan may does $actually, migt is more common tan

may in *merican +nglis%

&e migt ave finised it.

I migt go see a doctor.

I migt not come tis time.

It migt be rigt.

Oou migt ave lost it.

)e store migt ave been closed today.

+ust

3sed to express someting formally reRuired or necessary

I must complete te pro1ect by tis 'ee#.

)e government must provide ealt care for everybody.

+veryone must save te natural resources of te eart.

)e building must ave a fire alarm.

Oou must ans'er my Ruestion rigt no'.

3sed to so' tat someting is very li#ely

&e must be a genius.

Oou must be 1o#ingS

)ere must be an accident.

!e must be very tired.

&repositions 8-n98 82t98 and 8In8


29/41

* preposition is a 'ord tat lin#s a noun, pronoun, or noun prase to some oter part of te

sentence.

;repositions can be tric#y for +nglis learners. )ere is no definite rule or formula for

coosing a preposition. In te beginning stage of learning te language, you sould try to

identify a preposition 'en reading or listening in +nglis and recognize its usage.to te office

at te des#

on te table

in an our

about myself

* preposition is used to so' direction, location, or time, or to introduce an ob1ect.

&ere are a fe' common prepositions and examples.

-n

3sed to express a surface of someting

I put an egg on te #itcen table.

)e paper is on my des#.

3sed to specify days and dates

)e garbage truc# comes on 9ednesdays.

I 'as born on te BEt day of ?une in BKJJ.

3sed to indicate a device or macine, suc as a pone or computer

&e is on te pone rigt no'.

!e as been on te computer since tis morning.

8y favorite movie 'ill be on )/ tonigt.

3sed to indicate a part of te body)e stic# it me on my soulder.

&e #issed me on my cee#.

I 'ear a ring on my finger.

3sed to indicate te state of someting

+veryting in tis store is on sale.

)e building is on fire.

2t

3sed to point out specific time


30/41

I 'ill meet you at B p.m.

)e bus 'ill stop ere at FEF p.m.

3sed to indicate a place

)ere is a party at te club ouse.

)ere 'ere undreds of people at te par#.

9e sa' a baseball game at te stadium.

3sed to indicate an email address

;lease email me at abcWdefg.com.

3sed to indicate an activity

&e lauged at my acting.

I am good at dra'ing a portrait.

In

3sed for unspecific times during a day, mont, season, year

!e al'ays reads ne'spapers in te morning.

In te summer, 'e ave a rainy season for tree 'ee#s.

)e ne' semester 'ill start in 8arc.

3sed to indicate a location or place!e loo#ed me directly in te eyes.

I am currently staying in a otel.

8y ometo'n is os *ngeles, 'ic is in California.

3sed to indicate a sape, color, or size

)is painting is mostly in blue.

)e students stood in a circle.

)is 1ac#et comes in four different sizes.

3sed to express 'ile doing someting

In preparing for te final report, 'e revised te tone tree times.

* catc prase needs to be impressive in mar#eting a product.

3sed to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling

I believe in te next life.

9e are not interested in gambling.


31/41

&repositions 8-f98 8*o98 and 8)or8

-f

3sed for belonging to, relating to, or connected 'it

)e secret of tis game is tat you canUt ever 'in.

)e igligt of te so' is at te end.

)e first page of te boo# describes te autorUs profile.

DonUt touc it. )atUs te bag of my friendUs sister.

I al'ays dreamed of being ric and famous.

3sed to indicate reference

I got married in te summer of LLL.

)is is a picture of my family.

I got a discount of BL percent on te purcase.

3sed to indicate an amount or number

I dran# tree cups of mil#.

* large number of people gatered to protest.

I ad only four ours of sleep during te last t'o days.

&e got a perfect score of F on is 'riting assignment.

*o

3sed to indicate te place, person, or ting tat someone or someting moves to'ard, or te

direction of someting

I am eading to te entrance of te building.

)e pac#age 'as mailed to 8r. Aim yesterday.

*ll of us 'ent to te movie teater.

;lease send it bac# to me.

3sed to indicate a limit or an ending point

)e sno' 'as piled up to te roof.

)e stoc# prices rose up to BLL dollars.

3sed to indicate relationsip

)is letter is very important to your admission.

8y ans'er to your Ruestion is in tis envelop.Do not respond to every little ting in your life.


32/41

3sed to indicate a time or a period

I 'or# nine to six, 8onday to 0riday.

It is no' BL to five. $In oter 'ords, it is EFL.%

)or

3sed to indicate te use of someting

)is place is for exibitions and so's.

I ba#ed a ca#e for your birtday.

I put a note on te door for privacy.

!e as been studying ard for te final exam.

3sed to mean because of

I am so appy for you.

9e feel deeply sorry for your loss.

0or tis reason, IUve decided to Ruit tis 1ob.

3sed to indicate time or duration

&eUs been famous for many decades.

I attended te university for one year only.

)is is all I ave for today.

&repositions 8


33/41

)is is te soup tat I made 'it rice and barley.

&e cut my air 'it is gold scissors.

3sed to indicate feeling

I am emailing you 'it my sincere apology.

&e came to te front stage 'it confidence.

3sed to indicate agreement or understanding

*re you 'it me:

Oes, I am completely 'it you.

!e agrees 'it me.

-ver3sed to indicate movement from one place to anoter

Come over to my ouse for dinner sometime.

Could you roll over:

)ey sent over a gift for is promotion.

3sed to indicate movement do'n'ard

)e big tree fell over on te road.

Can you bend over and get te dis for me:

&e pused it over te edge.

3sed to indicate more tan an expected number or amount

)is amount is over our prediction.

Aids t'elve and over can 'atc tis movie.

)e pone rang for over a minute.

3sed to indicate a period of time

I 'or#ed tere over a year.

!e did not sleep tere over tis past mont.

y

3sed to indicate proximity

Can I sit by you:

&e 'as standing by me.)e post office is by te ban#.


34/41

3sed to indicate te person tat does someting in a passive voice sentence

)e micro'ave 'as fixed by te mecanic.

)e flo'ers 'ere delivered by a postman.

)e branc office 'as closed by te ead office.

3sed to indicate an action 'it a particular purpose

Oou can pass te exam by preparing for it.

I expressed my feeling to'ard er by 'riting a letter.

!e finally bro#e te record by pure effort.

3sed to indicate a mean or metod

;lease send tis pac#age to >ussia by airmail.

I came ere by sub'ay.

Coordinating Con,unctions and Correlative Con,unctions

* con1unction 1oins 'ords or groups of 'ords in a sentence.

I ate lunc 'it Aate and Derma.

ecause it is rainy today, te trip is canceled.

!e didnUt press te bell, but I did.

)ere are tree types of con1unctionsB.Coordinating Con1unctions

a.Connect 'ords, prases, or clauses tat are independent or eRual

b.and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not

.Correlative Con1unctions

a.3sed in pairs

b.botMand, eiterMor, neiterMnor, not onlyMbut also

.!ubordinating Con1unctionsa.3sed at te beginning of subordinate clauses

b.altoug, after, before, because, o', if, once, since, so tat, until, unless, 'en, 'ile,

'ere, 'eter, etc.

Coordinating Con,unctions

B.*ndXmeans "in addition to"

9e are going to a zoo and an aRuarium on te same day..utXconnects t'o different tings tat are not in agreement


35/41

I am a nigt o'l, but se is an early bird.

.@rXindicates a coice bet'een t'o tings

Do you 'ant a red one or a blue one:

E.!oXillustrates a result of te first ting

)is song as been very popular, so I do'nloaded it.

F.0orXmeans "because"

I 'ant to go tere again, for it 'as a 'onderful trip.

H.OetXindicates contrast 'it someting

&e performed very 'ell, yet e didnUt ma#e te final cut.

Correlative Con,unctions

B.otMand

!e 'on gold medals from bot te single and group races.

ot )/ and television are correct 'ords.

.+iterMor

I am fine 'it eiter 8onday or 9ednesday.

Oou can ave eiter apples or pears.

.2eiterMnor

&e en1oys neiter drin#ing nor gambling.2eiter you nor I 'ill get off early today.

E.2ot onlyMbut also

2ot only red but also green loo#s good on you.

!e got te perfect score in not only +nglis but also mat.

%ubordinating Con,unctions

B.*ltougXmeans "in spite of te fact tat"*ltoug it 'as raining, I ran ome.

!e so'ed up, altoug se felt sic#.

*ltoug my mom told me to come ome early, I stayed out late.

.*fterXindicates "subseRuently to te time 'en"

;lease text me after you arrive at te sopping mall.

9e 'ere forced to stop 'atcing )/ after te electricity 'ent out.

I al'ays tell my daugter tat se can ave dessert after se eats er dinner.

.eforeXindicates "earlier tan te time tat"


36/41

&e ad 'ritten a living 'ill before e died.

efore e contacted me, I 'as going to call im.

I need to finis te dises before my 'ife gets ome.

E.ecauseXmeans "for te reason tat"

ecause e 'as smart and 'or#ed ard, e 'as able to ma#e a lot of money.

)ey stopped building te ouse because it 'as pouring.

I love dogs because tey are so cute.

F.&o'Xmeans "te 'ay in 'ic"

I 'onder o' you did it.

&e explained o' e completed it in a fe' days.

Can you so' me o' you fixed te computer:H.IfXmeans "in te event tat"

If it is sunny tomorro', 'e can go to te beac.

If I receive a promotion, you 'ill be te first to #no'.

Oou can 'atc )/ if you finis your ome'or#.

.@nceXindicates "at te moment 'en"

@nce you see im, you 'ill recognize im.

@nce te ligt came on, 'e all souted 'it 1oy.

Call me once you start aving contractions.

J.!inceXmeans "from te time 'en"

IUve been a singer since I 'as young.

!ince e graduated, e as been doing noting.

)is building as been remodeled tree times since I lived ere.

K.!o tatXmeans "in order to"!o tat se could #eep er position, se didnUt complain at all.

&e finised is 'or# as fast as possible so tat e could leave early.

&e 'or#ed arder for a raise so e could buy a nice car.

BL.3ntilXmeans "up to te time tat"

DonUt go any'ere until I come bac#.

!e didnUt realize er talent in painting until er teacer mentioned it.

)ey 'onUt allo' us to sit until everyone arrives.

BB.3nlessXmeans "except, on te condition"


37/41

Oou 'ill not pass te exam unless you get a score of JL or iger.

I 'ill not tell you anyting unless you tell me 'at you #no' first.

3nless you as# er, you 'ill never #no'.

B.9enXmeans "at tat time"

9en I came in te room, everyone loo#ed at me.

I 'o#e up 'en my baby 'as crying.

I started loo#ing for a gas station 'en my gas ligt 'ent on.

B.9ileXmeans "during te time"

!omeone called you 'ile you 'ere at te meeting.

9e met 'ile 'e 'ere 'or#ing at te 3niversity.

8y dog started bar#ing 'ile I 'as tal#ing on te pone.BE.9ereXindicates "in te place"

)is is 'ere I came from.

;lease tell me 'ere you are going.

I need to #no' 'ere ?on id te present.

BF.9eterXmeans "if it is true or not"

9e 'ill ave a picnic 'eter it rains or not.

It is time to decide 'eter 'e sould ta#e action.

Oou need to decide 'eter or not you are ungry.

Con,unctive 2dverbs

Con1unctive adverbs are 'ords tat 1oin independent clauses into one sentence. * con1unctive

adverb elps you create a sorter sentence.

9en you use a con1unctive adverb, put a semicolon $T% before it and a comma $,% after it.

9e ave many different sizes of tis sirtT o'ever, it comes in only one color.

!ome examples of con1unctive adverbs are accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally,

however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, still,

therefore, then, etc.

)e due date for te final paper as passedT terefore, I could not submit mine on

time.

)ere are many istory boo#sT o'ever, none of tem may be accurate.

It rained ardT moreover, ligtening flased and tunder boomed.

)e baby fell asleepT ten, te doorbell rang.


38/41

)e la' does not permit drin#ing and driving anytimeT oter'ise, tere 'ould be

many more accidents.

Con1unctive adverbs loo# li#e coordinating con1unctions $and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor%T

o'ever, tey are not as strong as coordinating con1unctions and tey are punctuated

differently.* con1unctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In tis case, a comma $,% is used to

separate te con1unctive adverb from te sentence.

I 'o#e up very late tis morning. 2everteless, I 'asnUt late to scool.

!e didnUt ta#e a bus to 'or# today. Instead, se drove er car.

?ac# 'ants a toy car for is birtday. 8ean'ile, ?ill 'ants a dollouse for er

birtday.

)ey returned ome. i#e'ise, I 'ent ome.

Indefinite and :efinite 2rticles

)e 'ords a, an, and te are special ad1ectives called articles.

Indefinite 2rticles@a9 an

anXused before singular count nouns beginning 'it a vo'el $a, e, i, o, u% or vo'el sound

an apple, an elepant, an issue, an orange

aXused before singular count nouns beginning 'it consonants $oter tan a, e, i, o, u%a stamp, a des#, a )/, a cup, a boo#

:efinite 2rticle@t"e

Can be used before singular and plural, count and non4count nouns

5' Indefinite 2rticle >a9 an

3sed before singular nouns tat are unspecified

a pencil

an orange

3sed before number collectives and some numbers

a dozen

a gallon

3sed before a singular noun follo'ed by a restrictive modifier

a girl 'o 'as 'earing a yello' at

3sed 'it nouns to form adverbial prases of Ruantity, amount, or degree

I felt a bit depressed.


39/41

6' :efinite 2rticle >t"e

3sed to indicate a noun tat is definite or as been previously specified in te context

;lease close te door.

I li#e te clotes you gave me.

3sed to indicate a noun tat is uniRue

;raise te ordS

)e Columbia >iver is near ere.

3sed to designate a natural penomenon

)e nigts get sorter in te summer.

)e 'ind is blo'ing so ard.

3sed to refer to a time period

I 'as very naYve in te past.

)is song 'as very popular in te BKJLs.

3sed to indicate all te members of a family

I invited te a#ers for dinner.

)is medicine 'as invented by te !mits.

Inter,ections

*n inter1ection is a 'ord tat expresses some #ind of emotion. It can be used as filler.

Inter1ections do not ave a grammatical function in te sentence and are not related to te

oter parts of te sentence. If an inter1ection is omitted, te sentence still ma#es sense. It can

stand alone.

@ucS )at urts.

9ell, I need a brea#.

9o'S 9at a beautiful dressS

9en you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mar# $S%. * comma $,% can be

used for a 'ea#er emotion.

Inter1ections do te follo'ing

B.+xpress a feelingX'o', gee, oops, darn, geez, o

@ops, IUm sorry. )at 'as my mista#e.

-eezS Do I need to do it again:@, I didnUt #no' tat.


40/41

.!ay yes or noXyes, no, nope

OesS I 'ill do itS

2o, I am not going to go tere.

2ope. )atUs not 'at I 'ant.

.Call attentionXyo, ey

Oo, 'ill you tro' te ball bac#:

&ey, I 1ust 'anted to tal# to you about te previous incident.

E.Indicate a pauseX'ell, um, mm

9ell, 'at I meant 'as noting li#e tat.

3m, ere is our proposal.

&mm. Oou really need to be on a diet.

Capitalization

Capitalization means using a capital letter $for example, * instead of a%. )e use of capital

letters elps readers read your 'riting 'itout confusion.

*l'ays capitalize te follo'ing

)e first 'ord in a sentence.

I gre' up in India.

!e left a message on my pone.

)e pronoun I.

)is country is 'ere I dreamed of.

)e first letter of a proper noun $specific name%.

David 'ants to play soccer 'it us.

)is letter is from Cang.

I graduated from te 3niversity of 2e' Oor#.I li#e Coca4Cola.

!e li#es -odiva cocolates.

)e first letter of monts, days, and olidays $but not seasons%.

)oday is ?une J, LBB.

!usieUs birtday is tis )ursday.

)e sops are closed on +aster.

)is summer is going to be very ot.

)e first letter of nationalities, religions, races of people, and languages.


41/41

9e often eat Italian food.

I 'ant to master many languages, suc as !panis, Aorean, Cinese, and>ussian.

)ere is one Cristian curc in my to'n.

)e first letter in a personUs title.

)is is Dr. !imon.

I got it from 8r. )om.

-eograpic areas cities, states, countries, mountains, oceans, rivers, etc.

8y destination is ;aris, 0rance.

&a'aii is in te middle of te ;acific @cean.

&istorical periods.

)e >enaissance began in te BEt century.)e Zing Dynasty is te last dynasty in Cina.

)e first letter of eac ma1or 'ord in te title of a boo#, movie, article, etc.

)olstoyUs 9ar and ;eace is my favorite novel.

I found te article

Grammar for Spoken English

Documents

Transcript of Grammar for Spoken English