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Additional exercises for Grammar for Secondary 1‐5 Reference Book © Christine Xavier 2016 1

Grammar for Secondary 1–5

Unit 1 How to study grammar

2 WORDS AND WORD CLASSES

Identify the word class of the underlined words in the text below, according to one of the following: noun, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, determiner or pronoun.

Then explain how you identified the word class of the words by referring to pages 6–8 which have more on word classes.

The first one has been done for you.

Jingyan stood (1) before the glass window and looked (2) nervously into

the room. The room was crowded with girls in their (3) ballet tutus. Jingyan

could not decide (4) whether to attend the dance recital audition. She then

saw the same (5) friendly face (6) that she had seen earlier (7) that day.

The girl turned around and her (8) smiling eyes locked with Jingyan’s. The

girl waved at Jingyan and gestured (9) her to come into the room. In that

moment, Jingyan decided to audition for the dance recital. She had just

needed that little bit of encouragement to overcome (10) her nerves.



Word class Explanation

1 preposition

‘before’ is a preposition as it tells us about the relationship between an action ‘stood’ and a place ‘the glass window’. Prepositions usually appear before noun phrases (e.g. ‘the glass window’ here).

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10



Unit 2 Describing people and things

5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF NOUNS

There are 10 nouns in this short passage. Identify whether they are count or non-count nouns. Use your knowledge on the use of determiners (or not) with count and non-count nouns to help you.

Then find a rule from page 15 (which contains more on count and non-count nouns) to account for each of your answers.

The first one is done for you.

The country was in much chaos. Many tourists had been left stranded at the

overcrowded airport strewn with baggage. There was an air of desperation. No

help seemed to be available for the many frightened people left with no flights

out.



Noun Count or non-count

Rule

1 country count Count nouns which are singular must have a determiner.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10




6 FROM NOUNS TO NOUN PHRASES

There are 10 noun phrases underlined in the text below. Demonstrate your understanding of how noun phrases can be written and developed by breaking down the structure of the noun phrases in the table. You may refer to pages 24–28 for more on noun phrases.

‘Thirdhand Smoke’ May Pose Health Risk

In addition to the firsthand smoke that smokers inhale directly and the secondhand smoke that bystanders breathe in, scientists have recently become concerned about ‘thirdhand smoke’.

According to a new study, tobacco smoke also reacts with particles in the air to produce cancer-causing compounds that linger on surfaces for months. It’s possible that these compounds could seep through our skin on contact. They could also turn into dust that we breathe in. Babies and small children would be at greater risk, since they are most likely to touch floors and other surfaces.

“Many parents that smoke do it in ways that they think are protecting their children by, for example, smoking at certain times when their children are not present,” said Hugo Destaillats, a physical chemist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. “But the fact that these contaminants remain on some places in the absence of active smoking might be another route of exposure that people are not aware of.”

Nicotine from tobacco smoke seeps into rugs and other surfaces, and stays there for long periods of time. To see what happens to nicotine after it settles in, Destaillats and colleagues focused on the compound’s interaction with nitrous acid, produced by gas-burning appliances found in most homes and vehicle engines. The reaction between nicotine and nitrous acid produced substantial amounts of three types of toxic compounds, the scientists reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. All three compounds belonged to a group called nitrosamines, which are known to prompt tumour growth.

“Tobacco smoking is bad for people who smoke and people who don’t smoke, and here’s another way it might be bad for people who don’t smoke,” said Jonathan Samet, a pulmonary physician and epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. “This suggests that there may be residual contamination to surfaces relevant to the health of non-smokers. It’s a potential risk beyond inhalation.”

(Adapted from ‘Thirdhand Smoke’ May Pose Health Risk by Emily Sohn, taken from All About English Textbook Express 2, p. 100, (Hodder Education Singapore 2011)



Premodifier Head Postmodifier

Determiner Adjective Noun

1

2

3

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6

7

8

9

10




7 ABOUT DETERMINERS

Circle the correct determiner to be used in each sentence. Then explain the reason for your choice by referring to pages 30-37 which have more on determiners.


1 Let’s go and see these / those pretty flowers growing in the garden.

Explanation:

Determiners are used to say whether things or people are near or far

away from the speaker. The verb ‘go’ signals that the speaker needs to

go over to the flowers which then means that the flowers are far away

from the speaker. Hence the determiner ‘those’ should be used.______

2 The little girl enjoys reading about the/Ø dinosaurs in her spare time.

Explanation:

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3 The students were encouraged to inject a little/a few humour into their

speeches.

Explanation:

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4 I was given this/these antique vases two years ago by a friend.

Explanation:

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5 On the first day of school, our teacher told us to each write a/the creative

story.

Explanation:

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6 Sandra sprained her/the ankle when she was running up the stairs.

Explanation:

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7 How many/How much time was put into making this beautiful piece of

sculpture?

Explanation:

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8 The rich lady bought a/the most expensive painting at the art exhibition.

Explanation:

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9 Please give the dinner table another wipe as a/Ø rice is still on the table.

Explanation:

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10 That girl’s/Those girl’s posters were destroyed in the heavy rain.

Explanation:

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8 ABOUT ADJECTIVES

The adjectives in the sentences below have been underlined. Identify the types of adjectives according to where they appear in the sentences: attributive/postpositive/predicative.

Then write a sentence with the same adjective but in a different position. You may refer to pages 53–55 for more on the types of adjectives according to where they appear in sentences.


Sentence Type of adjective Rewrite the sentence with the same adjective but in a different position

1 The talk that we just attended on pyramids was very interesting.

predicative She made some interesting points at the meeting. (attributive)

2 Faridah seems really contented with how things have turned out.

3 Anita comes across as a very obnoxious girl but she is just the opposite.

4 We were asked to make something useful out of the cardboard boxes.

5 The responsible boy looked after his little sister when his mother was away at the medical clinic.

6 The hotel has many rooms available.



7 That is a quirky habit, isn’t it?

8 When Meiqi heard the news, she felt joyful.

9 My friends complimented me by saying that I looked gorgeous in white.

10 Kaili is a very outgoing girl and she is always ready for a challenge.




9 ABOUT PRONOUNS

In the sentences below, one pronoun is used incorrectly. Identify and circle the incorrect pronoun. Then write the correct pronoun that should be used. You may refer to pages 60–75 for more on the use of pronouns.

1 The twins are constantly arguing with themselves. _______________

2 Amirah and me have been best friends since we were in first year kindergarten. _______________

3 I like to take photographs of me. I have a lot of selfies. _______________

4 Look at the dresses we just bought. Your is prettier than mine. _______________

5 Tara enjoyed her at the music concert that she had attended with her friends. _______________

6 ‘The pink roses over there are so beautiful. I’ll buy these,’ my cousin said to the florist who was attending to her at the plant nursery. _______________

7 ‘Whom made this delicious chicken pie?’ my father asked us after taking a mouthful of it. _______________

8 Mrs Tan was one of the speakers at the seminar. I was very impressed by him. _______________

9 I have two black dresses in my wardrobe. Few are good choices for the party. _______________

10 We are thrilled that the teacher which taught us Science two years ago has won the President’s Award for Teachers. _______________



Unit 3 Describing what is happening

10 ABOUT VERBS

Complete the passage using the verbs in the brackets and the prompts given. You may refer to pages 82-87 for more on the form of verbs.

A court (1) __________ (hear – simple past tense) yesterday that a pair of teenage

brothers (2) ___________ (rob – past perfective) a convenience store on Amoy Street

the previous Thursday. The brothers (3) ___________ (accuse – past tense, passive

voice) of “attempted armed robbery”, as in addition to the robbery, they (4)

______________ (slash – past perfective) the store cashier’s hand with a knife when

he (5) ______________ (attempt– simple past tense) (6) _____________ (stop – to-

infinitive) them. Three passers-by (7) _____________ (run – simple past tense) after

the brothers upon (8) ________ (hear – progressive, non-finite) the store cashier (9)

____________ (shout – bare form, non-finite) for help. The passers-by (10)

___________ (catch – simple past tense) the brothers after a short chase.

*a legal term




11 FROM VERBS TO VERB PHRASES

There is one verb form error in each verb phrase underlined in the sentences below. Correct the verb form and state the rule from pages 90-91 (which have more on verb forms in a verb phrase) which you applied in making each of the corrections.


Sentence Correction Rule

1 The man is walk to the train station right now.

The man is walking to the train station right now.

The continuous auxiliary BE requires that the verb which comes immediately after it must be in the -ing participle form.

2 The old lady had live in that mansion before she died.

3 The theft that took place yesterday has been report in the newspapers.

4 The pretty china doll was broke by the neighbour’s daughter.

5 The flowers might had been watered by the gardener yesterday.



6 The seeds planted in the ground last week should have start to bud.

7 The students have been revised for their test since yesterday.

8 The girls must are feeling tired after that long run.

9 The boys have being playing computer games all morning.

10 The strawberry tarts in the refrigerator can be ate by the hungry children.




12 TIME, TENSE AND ASPECT

Identify the form of the underlined verb phrases (in terms of tense and aspect) in the sentences below. Find a rule from pages 98-103 (which has more on time, tense and aspect) to explain why each form of the verb phrase is used in the sentences.


Sentence Form of verb phrase Rule

1 The children were dancing in the garden when their mother called out to them.

past continuous Past continuous form is used here for an event that continued for some time in the past.

2 The Wong family went to London last June.

3 They have been waiting for the bus for almost two hours.

4 Rahman makes yearly trips to Singapore from Italy, where he has lived since 2000.

5 Karishma opened her bag to find out that she had forgotten by her purse.



6 ‘Daiwei is ill. He is sleeping right now. Please call back later,’ Dawei’s mother told me when I called him.

7 Shuhui had been playing the violin for three years before she joined the youth orchestra.

8 As part of her daily exercise regime, Celestine jogs for 30 minutes.

9 Mariam and Meiling have known each other for more than twenty years and they still meet regularly.

10 It was when Alicia was working in the hospital that she met her husband, who is a doctor.




13 ADVERBS

Look at the following pairs of sentences. In each pair, identify the word that appears in both sentences. In which pair of sentences (a or b) is it an adverb? Circle the adverb in each pair of sentences.

You will need to draw on your knowledge of nouns, adjectives, prepositions and verbs when doing this exercise. You may refer to pages 106-113 for more on the meaning, form and function of adverbs.

1 a The drunk driver drove straight into the crowded bus stop.

b He made sure his tie was straight before entering the meeting room.

2 a The suitcases are stored underneath the bed.

b He wore a jacket with a T-shirt underneath.

3 a Melia felt well after resting in bed that afternoon.

b Those who can sing well will be selected to perform in the school

musical.

4 a The man let the dogs run free in the field.

b We were told to free the butterflies we caught after our nature walk.

5 a Zhiqiang is in the right and so he won the case.

b It is important to eat right on a daily basis to keep healthy.

6 a Alicia jogs weekly at the park.

b I am looking forward to my weekly tennis game with my neighbour.

7 a The outside of the house has been decorated with Christmas lights.

b When I heard the loud explosion, I opened the door and looked outside

to see what had happened.



8 a We had to hold on to the railings to steady ourselves on the moving bus.

b While my father climbed the ladder, I held it steady.

9 a The package was delivered to my home last night.

b Thomas is still sleeping as he got home late last night.

10 a There is no other way to get to the other side except to swim across.

b The bakery selling those delicious buns is across the street.



Unit 4 Connecting ideas and information

14 ABOUT PREPOSITIONS

There are 10 prepositions in the passage below. First, identify the 10 prepositions. Second, decide whether the prepositions have been used correctly or incorrectly in the sentences. Third, if the preposition has been used incorrectly, indicate the correct answer. Finally, where the prepositions have been used incorrectly, explain why by referring to pages 118–120 which have more on the meaning of prepositions.


My brother and I had wondered over the old house on the hill. We had never seen

anyone near the house before. Feeling bored last Wednesday, we wanted to do

something adventurous. We decided to explore the house and so we walked on the hill

towards the house. When we reached the house, we peered at a dirty window. We

were taken aback to see a frail-looking old woman sitting in a broken-down dining table

surrounded with some scrawny cats. The house looked dark and neglected. Overcome

through pity, my brother and I ran home, packed some food for the old woman and

returned to give the old woman the food. She accepted it gratefully. What was

supposed to be an adventure became a good deed instead.

Preposition Used correctly /incorrectly

Correct preposition

Explanation

1 over incorrect about The correct preposition to be used here is ‘about’ which would show the relationship between the action ‘wondered’ and ‘the old house’, and ‘wonder(ed) about (something)’ is a fixed expression.



2

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6

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Unit 4 Connecting ideas and information

15 ABOUT CONJUNCTIONS

The following conjunctions have been incorrectly used in terms of their meanings. First, underline the conjunction which has been used incorrectly. Second, rewrite the sentence with the correct conjunction.

Finally, explain why the conjunctions are used incorrectly in terms of the meanings. You may refer to pages 123-126 for more on the meaning of conjunctions.


Sentence Correct sentence Explanation

1 I brought you a sweater although it is a cold day.

I brought you a sweater because/as it is a cold day.

The subordinate conjunction ‘although’ introduces a contradictory idea. The subordinate conjunction ‘because’/‘as’ introduces a reason.

2 Gayathri studied hard so she would get an A for her exam.



3 Rosian wrote the script for the play but he acted in it.

4 Mammals include great cats such as the cheetah or the jaguar.

5 Samuel had to undergo weekly medical treatment for over a year, and he always was cheerful.

6 Although I was hungry, but I did not take a single bite from the food on the table.



7 Firdaus was not feeling well, for he rested at home.

8 If he works hard for the test, he will fail it.

9 Until the students were streaming into the hall, the commenters were practicing on the stage.

10 Zhiwei has been so distracted provided he got the playstation.



Unit 5 Making meaning through sentences

16 SENTENCES AND CLAUSES

17 CLAUSE FUNCTIONS

Underline the SUBJECTs of the following sentences. Identifying the main verb phrase of each sentence will help you identify the SUBJECT in each sentence. You may refer to pages 132-134 for more on SUBJECTs.

1 Tanya sent her sister who is living in Australia a Christmas card.

2 The girls seem very pleased with their win at the tournament.

3 I consider John a brother.

4 Junkai has met the captain of the swimming team.

5 The old blanket in the cupboard smells.

6 The box in the car contains all the equipment needed.

7 The students from my class found the test really easy.

8 The exhausted children are sleeping.

9 My cousin wrote me an email about her sixteenth birthday party.

10 Peter loves to play football with his neighbours.




17 CLAUSE FUNCTIONS

First, identify the uses of the ADVERBIALs in the table below by referring to page 141. Then rewrite the sentences below by selecting a suitable ADVERBIAL from the table. Each ADVERBIAL may only be used once.

ADVERBIALS Uses

a unless you save some money

b since this morning

c as she had a lot of time on her hands

d daily

e from the market

f on the first of this month

g in spite of being rich

h than she looks

i upon seeing Alex and Jane together

j with a heavy heart



1 She goes to the gym.

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2 You will not be able to afford that necklace.

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3 She left the hospital. __________________________________________________________

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4 We have been waiting for the delivery person to arrive. __________________________________________________________

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5 She decided to go window shopping. __________________________________________________________

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6 I was shocked.

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7 I bought these beautiful fresh flowers. __________________________________________________________

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8 I should receive my exam results.

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9 He is extremely humble in his ways.

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10 My sister is much younger.

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18 COMBINING SENTENCES

Identify and underline the subordinate clauses in the following complex sentences. Identifying the verb phrases in the sentences will help you identify the clauses in the complex sentences.

You will recall that 1 Verb Phrase = 1 Clause, 2 Verb Phrases = 2 Clauses, etc. You may refer to pages 154-158 for more on subordinate clauses.


1 I believe that Sara will make a good president of the drama club.

2 Celia hopes to meet the President someday.

3 The woman who is standing over there is my English teacher.

4 We were late for the meeting because we missed the bus.

5 Cheering loudly, the crowd welcomed home the victorious national football team.



6 Everyone does not know why Ameer is upset.

7 The girl courageously returned to the place where the accident had

happened.

8 That the little boy escaped the fire unhurt is a miracle!

9 My mother taught me how to cook so well.

10 Although Andrew lives in a luxurious bungalow, he is very humble.




19 THE FUNCTIONS OF SENTENCES

Read the conversation below.

Mrs Menon and her two children, Ravi and Ragini, are at the supermarket, shopping for groceries.

Mrs Menon: (1) How crowded the supermarket is today!

(Mrs Menon points at a shelf carrying bottles of soya sauce.)

(2) Ravi, please get me a bottle of soya sauce.

Ravi: (3) One bottle is enough?

Mrs Menon : Yes, thank you, Ravi.

Ragini: (4) Mum, could we bake a cake today?

Mrs Menon: Yes, we can, Ragini.

(5) We need some milk, eggs and flour for the cake.

Ragini: (6) I will get all the necessary ingredients?

Mrs Menon: Yes, go ahead and do that, Ragini.

(7) Ravi, would you shop for the rest of the groceries on our grocery list with me?

(Ravi nods his head)

(8) (to Ragini) Meet us at the cashier’s in twenty minutes.

Mrs Menon and Ravi shop for the rest of the groceries while Ragini picks up the ingredients for the cake. Twenty minutes later, they all meet at the cashier. Mrs Menon pays for the groceries. They have several bags of groceries.

Mrs Menon: (9) Ravi, you can help me carry some of the shopping bags.

Look. Ragini has already picked up some of the bags.

Ravi: (10) Yes, I will help, Mum.



Identify the form and function of the numbered sentences identified in the conversation. You may refer to pages 161-164 for more on the functions of sentences.


1 Form: __Exclamative sentence____ Function: __Exclamation____________

2 Form: _________________________ Function: _________________________

3 Form: _________________________ Function: _________________________

4 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________

5 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________

6 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________

7 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________



8 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________

9 Form: _________________________

Function: _________________________

10 Form: _________________________ Function: _________________________




20 VARYING SENTENCE STRUCTURES

Change the direct speech in each question to indirect or reported speech. Then explain what you did. You may refer to pages 171–176 for more on direct and indirect speech.


1 ‘I am a really good artist.’

Alicia claims_that she is a really good artist.

Explanation:

a) the first person pronoun ‘I’ changes to third person ‘she’

b) ‘am’ is changed to ‘is’ and remains in the present tense as the tense of the

reported speech does not change if the saying (or reporting) verb is in the

present tense.

2 ‘Why did the children miss their music class?’

The teacher asked _______________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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3 ‘I placed the container with marbles on this table.’

My son told me that ______________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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4 ‘Present your project tomorrow during History class.’

My teacher instructed me __________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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5 ‘My sister has been waiting for the parcel since yesterday.’

Wei Hua said that ________________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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6 ‘My daughter jogs regularly at the sports stadium.’

Mr Lim said that _________________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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7 ‘The audition for the lead actor in the play is taking place now in the room.’

She informed Kumaran that ________________________________________ .

Explanation:

_______________________________________________________________

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8 ‘We may visit Jill in Australia during the holidays.’

The Lim family said that ____________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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9 ‘Lishi had been living in London since 2004.’

They told us that _________________________________________________ .

Explanation:

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10 ‘You must remember that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.’

Our Science teacher asked us ______________________________________ .

Explanation:

_______________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________




21 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Which form of the verb agrees with the SUBJECT? Underline the answer.

Then state the rule from pages 177-185 (which have more on SUBJECT-VERB agreement) which you applied in identifying the correct verb form that agrees with the SUBJECT.


1 The three slices of cake served at breakfast (was/were) delicious. Rule: _ When the SUBJECT is plural, its VERB must be plural.

2 I or she (need/needs) to unlock the door to the classroom tomorrow

morning.

Rule: ___________________________________________

3 One of the apples (has fallen/ have fallen) to the ground.

Rule: ___________________________________________

4 The advice given by the counselors (was/were) very helpful to the

students.

Rule: ___________________________________________

5 There (is/are) many paper cranes floating in the river.

Rule: ___________________________________________



6 Anne, along with her aunt, (arrive/arrives) in Singapore at midnight.

Rule: ___________________________________________

7 The red velvet cupcake and the chocolate chip muffin (is made/ are

made) by my neighbour who is a professional baker.

Rule: ___________________________________________

8 Everyone in school (appreciate/appreciates) the cleaners for their hard

work in keeping the school clean.

Rule: ____________________________________________

9 Her new trousers (was ruined/were ruined) by the hot iron.

Rule: _____________________________________________

10 The audience (is/are) chatting while waiting for the performance to start.

Rule: ______________________________________________



Unit 6 Exploring grammar in texts

22 TEXT AND GRAMMAR

Read the text below and answer the questions.

(Refer to pages 186–228 for more information on different types of texts.)

How rivers are formed

Rivers are formed through the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle is the continuous recycling of water between the atmosphere and the land surface.

Heat from the Sun causes water to evaporate into water vapour. When air parcels containing water vapour are heated, they become less dense and rise. As this moist air rises, it cools. Cooler air can hold less water vapour so it condenses into tiny water 5

droplets which sometimes form large, fluffy masses called clouds. If the clouds continue to rise and cool, the tiny water droplets will combine to form larger and heavier droplets which then fall as rain. In colder countries or at much higher elevations, the rising water vapour changes into light ice crystals known as snow.

Rain and snow are two types of precipitation which fall onto the Earth’s surface. The 10 precipitation may fall on the ground, directly into rivers, lakes and seas, or be intercepted by plants or trees. If there is a light shower which lasts for a short duration, little or no rain may reach the ground. The rainwater will be briefly held on leaves where it may be absorbed by the plants or evaporated.

If the rain is heavier and lasts for a longer period of time, the rainwater will drop from 15 the trees and infiltrate the soil. Moving slowly underground, some of this water will emerge from openings called springs and the water will eventually collect in lakes and rivers. In other locations, the groundwater remains above the bedrock where it forms layers of water-saturated soil or sand.

When the soil cannot absorb any more rainwater, the excess water will flow over the 20 land as surface runoff. This water, together with the slow moving groundwater, will eventually flow into streams, rivers or lakes.

(Adapted from Tieh, P & Pask, R, Eye for Geography, Hodder Education Singapore, 2007, p. 62)



1 What type of text is this?

____________________________________________________

2 What is the text structure? Indicate using line numbers.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

3 Identify 3 noun phrases that contain postmodifiers in paragraph 2 that tell

you how rivers are formed.

a __________________________________________________

b __________________________________________________

c __________________________________________________

4 Give 3 examples of verb phrases in the present tense in paragraph 4.

a __________________________________________________

b __________________________________________________

c __________________________________________________

Why would you find verb phrases in the present tense in this type of text? __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 Identify 2 examples of verb phrases used in the passive voice in

paragraph 3.

a __________________________________________________

b __________________________________________________

Why would you find the use of the passive voice in this type of text?



6 Identify 3 connectors used in the text in paragraph 2.

a _________________________

b _________________________

c _________________________

Why is using connectors important in this type of text?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________



USING PUNCTUATION

Some of these sentences contain incorrect punctuation. Edit them using the correct punctuation. In pairs, explain to your partner what punctuation mark(s) you have changed or added and say why. You may refer to pages 229-237 for more on punctuation.


1 Jason shut the door when you leave the room.

Jason, shut the door when you leave the room.

‘Jason’ is a vocative that is used with a directive here. Commas are

used when we address people.

2 There are seven continents in the world: Africa, Antarctica, Asia,

Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

3 We were excited to finally meet Lucas Lee the well-known

Singaporean sculptor at the launch of his exhibition.

4 ‘Shall we watch the original version of Alice in Wonderland at my

place tonight?’ Megan asked her friends.

5 It was a bright and sunny day; we just had to have a picnic outdoors.



6 When the school bell rang the children handed in their test papers.

7 Some elderly people – like my grandmother – are still active and able

to contribute to society in a variety of ways.

_______________________________________________________

8 What a lovely surprise to receive twenty one roses on your birthday!

9 I am feeling much better now: I could even get out of bed on my own.

10 Kate said excitedly, ‘Tomorrow is a wonderful day as its my birthday!’

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