GRAMMAR BOOKBy Zoilo Broach

Table of Contents

1. Nationalities2. Stem Changing Verbs3. Para4. IOP5. Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events

Stem Changing Verbs

o > ue

• Poder, Puede

e > i

• Pedir, Pide

e > ie

• Tener, Tiene

u > ue

• Jugar, Juega

Para

- Means “for” or “in order

to”

Indirect Object Pronouns

Tells “to whom” or “for whom” Can :

- Come before a verb- attach to an infinitive- attach to a gerund- attach to an affirmative command

Pronoun Placement

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated

verb

Gustar

Means “to like” Follows an indirect object pronoun

Example: He likes to eat. - Le gusta come.

Affirmative and Negative Words

NegativeNadaNadieNingunoNuncatampoco

AffirmativeAlgoAlguienAlgunaSiempreTambien

Superlatives

Expresses extremes in adjectives. Drop the last vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). If last consonant is c, g, or z then spelling is changed. c > qu g > gu Z > c

Reflexives

When the direct object is also the doer then a pronoun called a reflexive is added in front of the verb.

These are me, te, se, nos, and se. Use the correct pronoun, put in tu form

and drop the s. He shaves himself : Se afeita

Affirmative Tu Commands

When giving instructions/commands to someone.

Put verb in tu form and drop the s.

Example : Comer – Come

Negative Tu Commands

Telling someone not to do something Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel,

and add an s. ar > e er/ir > a

Example : No hables

Sequencing Events

Primero = First Entonces = Next Antes = Before Despues = After Por fin = Finally

Preterite (a snapshot in time)

-Ar verbs

e amos

Aste asteis

o aron

-Er verbs

I imos

iste isteis

io ieron

Trigger Words

Un dia One day

Una vez Once

Ayer Yesterday

A noche At night

Hace un ano A year ago

Ya Already

El mes pasado Last month

Anteayer Day before yesterday

Por una hora For one hour

Por fin Finally

Una dia One day

A las ocho At eight

Dos veces twice

-car –gar -zar

-car > que Tocar > toque

-gar > gue Jugar > jugue

-zar > ce Comenzar > comence

Deber

Deber = should Use Deber + infinitive

Example : Yo debo bailo.

Debo Debemos

Debes Debeis

debe Deben

Modal Verbs

Modal verb examples : deber, desear, necesitar, poder.

No side-by-side conjugated verbs

Example: Yo debo canto = Incorrect

Present Progressive

-er and –ir verbs change to –iendo -ar verbs change to –ando If verb ends in a double vowel (like leer) it

changes to yendo Example: Cantar > Cantando Mover > Moviendo

Adverbs

If ending in –o or –a adjective changes to –amente.

If ending in –e or a consonant then add –mente

Example: Feliz > Felizmente Rapido > Rapidamente