Grammar book aida wilkinson
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Transcript of Grammar book aida wilkinson
Grammar BookAida Wilkinson
Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Stem Changing3. Para4. Indirect Object Pronouns5. Object Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative Tú Commands + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement11. Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
12. Negative Tú Command + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement13. Irregular Negative Tú Commands14. Sequencing events 15. Preterite16. Trigger Words 17. –Car, -Gar, -Zar18. Deber + Infinitive19. Modal Verbs20. Present Progressive21. Adverbs22. Irregular Preterite Verbs
23. Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns24. Ordinal Numbers25. Prepositions26. Future27. Imperfect28. Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns29. Reflexives
Nationalities
Stem Changers
CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES
U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)
E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)
O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)
E - I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)
Para
Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…The recipient of items
…el regalo para tu mamáPurpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer.Implied purpose
Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.
Singular
me me
te you (familiar)
le you (formal), him, her
Plural
nos us
os you (familiar)
les you, them
Object Pronoun Placement
• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command• Place the pronoun before a conjugation
Gustar
Singular
me gusta nos gusta
te gusta os gusta
le gusta les gusta
Plural
me gustas nos gustas
te gustas os gustas
le gustas les gustas
When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those
things.
Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative Words
algo something
alguien someone
algún/agluno(a) some
siempre always
también also
Negative Words
nada nothing
nadie no one
ningún/ninguno(a)
none, not any
nunca never
tampoco neither, either
When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word.
Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender or the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms used before masculine singular nouns.
alguno algúnninguno ningún
Superlatives◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives,
drop the final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.
◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes are required.
c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)z c feliz felicísimo(a)
ReflexivesReflexive Pronouns
me nos
te os
se se
acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes
afeitarse levantarse
bañarse maquillarse
despertarse (e - ie) peinarse
dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa
ducharse quitarse la ropa
lavarse secarse
lavarse el pelo/la cabeza
Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
Give instructions or command to someone by usingthe affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.
caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!
comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa!
abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
Pronoun Placement1. Infinitive2. Gerund3. Before conjugate verb4. Affirmative command
DOPlolaloslas
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command
decir di
hacer haz
ir ve
poner pon
salir sal
ser sé
tener ten
venir venRemember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative command, the pronoun attaches to the command. EXAMPLE:
¡Ponte otra camisa!>Put on (youself) another shirt!
Typically, if you attach
the pronoun to the
command, you add an accent mark
over the 3rd to last
vowel.
Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense, dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.
-es –ar verbs-as –er amd –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú Command
hablar hablo ¡No hables!
volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
venir vengo ¡No vengas!
***** Irregulars on next slide! *****
Irregular Negative Tú Commands
A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.
EXAMPLE:¡No lo uses!
Don’t use it (the blowdryer).
Infinitive Negative tú Command
Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/Decir No dés/digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber No sepas
primero entonces luego/después
por fin
first then later/after finally
antes de/después de
before/after
por la … mañana/tarde/noche
in/during the … morning/afternoon/night
los lunes, martes, etc.
on the day
Sequencing events
Preterite = Past Tense It is a perfected action in the past.A snap shot in time!
ar verbs:
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
er verbs:
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
Trigger Words
Spanish English
Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces Twice
-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
El pretérito; -car, -gar, -zar-car yo -qué-gar yo -qué-zar yo -cé
EXAMPLES: Tocar Jugar Comenzar Yo = toqué Yo = jugué Yo = comencé
Deber + InfinitiveDEBER = SHOULD/OUGHT TO
The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do,use a conjugated form of deber with the inifinitive of another verb.
Deber Should/Ought to
Debo Debemos
Debes Debéis
Debe Deben
Examples: Debo barrer el suelo.Debes limpiar la cocina.Debe sacar la basura.
Modal VerbsWhen verbs are used in modal verb combinations – the 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado.”
Common Modal Verbs Meaning
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder Can, could, might, be able to
Querer Want, would like to
Saber Know, know how to
Soler Usually, used to
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places.
Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar…
Or attach them to the end of the present participle.estar + “ing”
ar andoer iendo
3 vowels yendoEXAMPLES:
Bailar = bailandoBeber = bebiendo
Leer = leyendo
Present Progressive Irregulars Some verbs you know have irregular presentParticiple forms.
• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo to form the present participle.• e I stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem• Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem.
Verb Irregular Present Participle
Leer Leyendo
Pedir Pidiendo
Dormir Durmiendo
Adverbs
_ly = _mente
To describe how something is done, use adverbs. Many adverbsin Spanish are made by changingan existing adjective.
• When an adjective ends in e, l, or z, simply add –mente to the end.
Adjective Adverb
reciente recientemente
frecuente frecuentemente
fácil fácilmente
normal normalmente
especial especialmente
feliz felizmente
• For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente to the feminine form.
End adjectives
with _a when
adding _mente.
Adjective Adverb
cuidadoso(a) cuidadosamente
rápido rápidamente
lento(a) lentamente
tranquilo(a) tranquilamente
Preterite = Past Tense It is a perfected action in the past.A snap shot in time!
ar verbs:
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
er verbs:
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
Irregular Preterite VerbsCucaracha Verbs
Yo = e Nosotros = imosTú = isteUsted = o Ustedes = ieron > “J” verbs drop “i” for –eronAndar = anduv…Estar = estuv…Poder = pud…Poner = pus…Querer = quis…Saber = sup…Tener = tuv…Venir = vin…Conducir = conduj…Producir = produj…Traducir = traduj… “J” verbsDecir = dij…Traer = traj…
HACERHice
HicisteHizo
HicimosHicieron
DAR/ VERd/vi
d/visted/vio
d/vimosd/
vieron
IR/SERFui
FuisteFue
FuimosFueron
SPOCK VERBS
SNAKEY Verbs!creer, destruir, construir
Change “I” to “Y” • Changes in third person only!!!
CREER DESTRUIR
CONSTRUIR
YO crerí destruí construí
TÚ cresite destruiste construiste
ÉL creyó destruyó construyó
NOSOTROS
creimos
destruimos
construimos
ELLOS creyeron
destruyeron
construyeron
Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns
Masculine
Feminine
Este Esta
Ese Esa
Aquel Aquella
Masculine
Feminine
Estos Estas
Eses Esas
Aquellos
Aquellas
Singular Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Estos Estas
Eses Esas
Aquellos
Aquellas
Masculine
Feminine
Este Esta
Ese Esa
Aquel Aquella
Singular Plural
NO
UN
S
AD
JEC
TIV
ES
NEUTER PRONOUNS
Both
Esto(s)
Eso(s)
Aquello(s)
Ordinal Numbers
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventhEighthNinthTenth
PrimeroSegundoTerceroCuartoQuintoSextoSéptimoOctavoNovenoDécimo
==========• They must agree with
number and gender when used with nouns.• Primero and tercero drop the “o” before a masculine singular noun.
Prepositions
Izquierda (de) LeftDerecha (de) RightDelante (de) FrontDestrás (de) Close BehindCerca (de) CloseLejos (de) FarAfuera (de) OutsideAdentro (de) InsideDebajo (de) UnderEncima (de) AboveAl Lado (de) BesideEntre Between
FUTURE
There are two ways you can talk about the future.1. You can use: ir + a + infinitive2. You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear that you are talking about the future.
You can also use the future tense. You form the futuretense by adding a special set of endings to the infinitive.
Comer = to eat
Comeré Comeremos Comerás Comeré Comerá Comerán
With some verbs, you have to change the form of their infinitive slightly before adding the future tense endings.
INFINITIVE = FUTURE STEMDecir = dir-Hacer = har-Poner = pondr-Salir = saldr-Tener = tendr-
Valer = valdr-Venir = vendr- Poder = podr-Querer = querr-Saber = sabr-
ImperfectUSES1. Ongoing action (was or were)2. Repeated action 3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/feelings/description5. Interrupted activity
TRIGGERSTodos los díasA muendoA vecesSiempreCada díaLos lunesGeneralmenteMientrasDe vez en cuandoMuchas vecesFrecuentemente
hablar comer escribir
Yo hablaba comía escribía
Tú hablabas comías escribías
Él hablaba comía escribía
Nosotros hablabamos
comíamos escribíamos
Ellos hablaban comían escribíanir ser ver
Yo iba era veía
Tú ibas eras veías
Él iba era veía
Nosotros ibamos éramos veíamos
Ellos iban eran veían
Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives show personal relationships or possession. All possessive adjectives – including mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro(a/os/as) – agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.
Possessive adjectives also have a long form. It is more expressive. You use it, for example, when talking to a special friend.
Unlike the regular (or short) form, the long form follows the noun.
Possessives – Long Form
Singular
mío(a) nuestro(a)
tuyo(a)
suyo(a) suyo(a)
Possessives – Long Form
Plural
míos(as) nuestros(as)
tuyos(as)
suyos(as) suyos(as)
ReflexivesReflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun. While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive pronoun is the same person, place, or thing as the subject.
You can use direct object pronouns(me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las) with verbs.
• Example: La escondo. Notice that the subject (yo) and the direct object (la) are different.
Me escondo.• The subject (yo) and the direct object (me) are the same person; you call this object reflexive.
Reflexive Pronouns
me escondo nos escondemos
te escondes
se esconde se esconden
same same