GRAMMAR BOOK 2ND SEMESTER

By: Pancho Newman

Table of Contents

Conditional irregulars Present Perfect Present perfect

irregulars Past Perfect Past Perfect Irregulars Subjunctive perfect Tanto y Tan Impersonal se Saber vs. Conocer

Los Mandatos Informal Formal Nosotros commands Subjunctive Irregulars Trigger phrases Demonstrative

Adjectives

Conditional

o Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility

o *when would is used-imperfect is used o Infinitive + = Conditional o It has the same irregulars as the future

tense o Can be used to make polite requests –

Me gustaría….. o ía íamos ías íais ía ían

Irregulars

o Caber Cabr o Poner Pondr o Decir Dir o Haber Habr o Salir Saldr o Hacer Har o Poder Podr o Tener Tendr o Querer Querr

o Valer Valdr o Saber Sabr o Venir Vendr

Present Perfect

o The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb. • AR- ado • ER- ido • IR- ido

o True in past and still is true in present. o Action was completed recently o To tell what you have done or have not

done.

Irregulars

o Abrir - abierto o Cubrir - cubierto o Decir - dicho o Escribir - escrito o Hacer - hecho o Morir - murto o Poner - puesto o Resolver -

resuelto o Romper - roto o Ver - visto o Volver - vuelto o Ir - ido

Past Perfect

o había habías había habíamos + Verb = Past perfect habíais habían

o Used when you have or had done something in the past

o Drop (er, ir) + ido o Drop (ar) + ado

Subjunctive Perfect

o The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with verbs in the present or future tense.

o You use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle

o Haya o Hayas o Haya o Hayamos + Participle o Hayan

Tan and Tanto

o Used to compare two things.o Tan… como (as…as) o Tanto… como (as much/as many… as) o Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs o Tanto is used with nouns and verbs o Conduzco tan despacio como puedo. o El tiene tanto miedo como yo.

Impersonal Sé

o Can be used in all tenses. o Use sé to avoid specifying a person

who is doing the action of the verb. o When using sé the verb is always in the

3 rd person. o Se vende carne en el mercado o Se habla español o Se hizo mucho

Saber and Conocer

o Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.

• ¿ Conoces el libro All Quiet on the Western Front ?

o Saber is used when you need to state factual information.

• Ella sabe que 2 + 2 = 4

Informal Commands

o Conjugate to the usted form o Drop ending add opposite endingo --Dop/Iop o Habla, Come, Escribe o - No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas o -- Hablalo, No lo hables

add DOP to the end: dílo, ponla

Irregulars•Di •has • ve • sé

• sal • ten • ven •pon

Formal Commands

o Yo form, opposite ending o if plural, just add n o Hablen, compre, escriba o No Hable, No compren, No escriba o Hablelo, No la compren o Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga,

venga, ponga

Nosotros Commands

o add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...

o Hablamos-> Hablemos o Mono Verbs- When making the verb

reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemo s nos->Hablemonos

Subjunctive

o Represents attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical, will, influence, emotion, or doubt.

o Put in ‘yo’ form, change to opposite ending

o Que- connector to subjunctive o When no change in subject from clause

to clause, use infinitive!

Irregulars

o Car, Gar, Zar- que gue ceo Conducir- conduzcao Decir- digao oir- oiga o Dar-> dé, des, den, demos o Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos

Trigger Phrases

o Impersonal expressions express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire.

o es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario queo Expressions of emotion- Shows fear,

happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity o alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que,

temer queo Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after

them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past.

o Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Este- this Esta- this Estos- these Estas- these Eso- that Esa- that Esos- those Esas- those

Aquel- that over there

Aquella- that over there

Aquellos- those over there

Aquellas- those over there