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Transcript of Grammar book
![Page 1: Grammar book](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082808/55644bfcd8b42a9f128b51c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GRAMMAR BOOK 2ND SEMESTER
By: Pancho Newman
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Table of Contents
Conditional irregulars Present Perfect Present perfect
irregulars Past Perfect Past Perfect Irregulars Subjunctive perfect Tanto y Tan Impersonal se Saber vs. Conocer
Los Mandatos Informal Formal Nosotros commands Subjunctive Irregulars Trigger phrases Demonstrative
Adjectives
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Conditional
o Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility
o *when would is used-imperfect is used o Infinitive + = Conditional o It has the same irregulars as the future
tense o Can be used to make polite requests –
Me gustaría….. o ía íamos ías íais ía ían
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Irregulars
o Caber Cabr o Poner Pondr o Decir Dir o Haber Habr o Salir Saldr o Hacer Har o Poder Podr o Tener Tendr o Querer Querr
o Valer Valdr o Saber Sabr o Venir Vendr
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Present Perfect
o The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb. • AR- ado • ER- ido • IR- ido
o True in past and still is true in present. o Action was completed recently o To tell what you have done or have not
done.
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Irregulars
o Abrir - abierto o Cubrir - cubierto o Decir - dicho o Escribir - escrito o Hacer - hecho o Morir - murto o Poner - puesto o Resolver -
resuelto o Romper - roto o Ver - visto o Volver - vuelto o Ir - ido
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Past Perfect
o había habías había habíamos + Verb = Past perfect habíais habían
o Used when you have or had done something in the past
o Drop (er, ir) + ido o Drop (ar) + ado
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Subjunctive Perfect
o The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with verbs in the present or future tense.
o You use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle
o Haya o Hayas o Haya o Hayamos + Participle o Hayan
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Tan and Tanto
o Used to compare two things.o Tan… como (as…as) o Tanto… como (as much/as many… as) o Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs o Tanto is used with nouns and verbs o Conduzco tan despacio como puedo. o El tiene tanto miedo como yo.
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Impersonal Sé
o Can be used in all tenses. o Use sé to avoid specifying a person
who is doing the action of the verb. o When using sé the verb is always in the
3 rd person. o Se vende carne en el mercado o Se habla español o Se hizo mucho
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Saber and Conocer
o Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.
• ¿ Conoces el libro All Quiet on the Western Front ?
o Saber is used when you need to state factual information.
• Ella sabe que 2 + 2 = 4
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Informal Commands
o Conjugate to the usted form o Drop ending add opposite endingo --Dop/Iop o Habla, Come, Escribe o - No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas o -- Hablalo, No lo hables
add DOP to the end: dílo, ponla
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Irregulars•Di •has • ve • sé
• sal • ten • ven •pon
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Formal Commands
o Yo form, opposite ending o if plural, just add n o Hablen, compre, escriba o No Hable, No compren, No escriba o Hablelo, No la compren o Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga,
venga, ponga
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Nosotros Commands
o add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...
o Hablamos-> Hablemos o Mono Verbs- When making the verb
reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemo s nos->Hablemonos
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Subjunctive
o Represents attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical, will, influence, emotion, or doubt.
o Put in ‘yo’ form, change to opposite ending
o Que- connector to subjunctive o When no change in subject from clause
to clause, use infinitive!
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Irregulars
o Car, Gar, Zar- que gue ceo Conducir- conduzcao Decir- digao oir- oiga o Dar-> dé, des, den, demos o Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
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Trigger Phrases
o Impersonal expressions express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire.
o es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario queo Expressions of emotion- Shows fear,
happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity o alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que,
temer queo Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after
them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past.
o Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
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Demonstrative Adjectives
Este- this Esta- this Estos- these Estas- these Eso- that Esa- that Esos- those Esas- those
Aquel- that over there
Aquella- that over there
Aquellos- those over there
Aquellas- those over there