GRAMMAR BOOKRaul Templet

Table of Contents 1: Nationalities 2: Stem Changers 3: Indirect Object Pronouns 4: Gustar 5: Affirmative & Negative Words

Nationalities

Stem Changers

• No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!• Different kinds of stem changers: • O>ue • U>ue • E>I • E>ie

• Examples: • O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo • E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas • E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go

Para

• Para-for • I ate meat for dinner • Yo como carne para cena

Indirect Object Pronouns

0 Placement: 0 Before a conjugated verb 0 Attach to an infinitive 0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’

0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les. 0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it. 0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta

a mi.

Pronoun Placement

0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun comes before the verb 0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro

0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or attached to the end of the infinitive 0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.

Not a stem changer

Indirect object pronoun is always with it

Usually preceeds the verb

Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending • For example:

• Me gustas tu.

• Le gusta el pan

• Le gusto me.

In some cases: • ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb

Gustar

Affirmative & Negative Words

Affirmative: algo(something), alguien(someone), algun/alguno(a)(same), siempre(always), tambien(also)

Negative: nada(nothing), nadie(noone), ningun/ninguno(a)(none), nunca(never), tampoco(neither)

Los Superlativos

Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ Suffix:

Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas

Malo>malisimo

Muchas>muchisimas

Dificil>dificilismo

Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to qu, gu, and c respectively

Rico>riquisimo

Larga>larguisima

Feliz>felicisimo

Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a

Joven>jovencisimo

Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo

Reflexives

What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you. I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive

because I am doing it to myself.

Me, te, le, nos, os, se. Me duermo

Se duermen

Nos dormimos

Os dormimis

Le duerme

te duermes

Affirmative tu commands/irregulars/pronoun placement Drop the ‘s’

Example:

Hablo>habla.

You can attach the pronoun to the command.

Example:

Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)

Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever you are talking about.)

Irregulars:

Dar/decir : no des/digas

ir: no vayas

Ser: no seas

Hacer: no hagas

Estar: no estes

Saber: no sepas

Tener: no tengas

Venir: no vengas

Negative tu commands

Put in the yo form

Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)

Add ‘s’

Example: Habla

Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)

Sequencing events

Primer-first

Entonces- then

Despues- after

Luego- later

Por fin- finally

Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…

Preterito

Past tense Yo: e(ar) i(er/ir)

Tu: aste(ar) iste(er/ir)

El, ella, ust.: O(ar) io(er/ir)

Nosotros: amos(ar) imos(er/ir)

Ellas, ellos, ustedes: aron(ar) ieron(er/ir)

Trigger words

Una dia

Una vez

Ayer

A noche

Hace una ano

Ya

El mes pasado

Anteayer

Por fin

A las ocho

El cinco de febrero All state that the action already happened, you then conjugate the

verb in the correct form and you have the past tense form of it

-car, -gar, -zar

Verbs that end in… Car: change to ‘qu’/tocar: toque

Gar: change to ‘gu’/ jugar: jugue

Zar: change to ‘c’/comenzar: comence

Deber+infitive

Deber: should or ought to

Conjugate deber to whomever is preforming the action, then leave the verb in its ar/er/ir form. Yo debo comer

Diego debe cocinar

Tu debes correr

Nosotros debemos llamar

Ellos deben leer

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are when there are two or more verbs in one sentence.

The first verb is conjugated

The second stays in its infinitive form Yo voy comer a la casa.

Present progressive

Present progressives are gerrunds or ‘ing’ verbs

You put a conjugated estar in front of the verb

‘ar’ gets changed to ‘ando’

‘er’ gets changed to ‘iende’

Verbs that would end up having 3 vowels together after congugating are changed to ‘yendo’ Jugar- jugando

Servir- serviendo

adverbs

These are the ‘ly’ words

‘mente’

If it ends in something like facil, just add mente onto the end: facilmente

If it ends in ‘o’, then you change it to the feminine form and add mente: rapido-> rapidamente