Grammar

English Proficiency : Grammar 2012

GRAMMAR Parts of Speech

The different parts of speech are:Nouns Pronouns AdjectivesAdverbs Prepositions ConjunctionsInterjections Determiners Verbs Types of Verbs

The types of verbs are:

Main Auxiliary (or helping) ModalLinking PhrasalTransitive Intransitive Characteristics of Verbs

The different characteristics of verbs are defined and explained. These characteristics are:Mood Person Voice Tense and Aspect Components of Sentences

The different components of sentences are explained and defined. These components are:Subject Predicate (verb) Objects (direct and indirect)Complements (subject, object, verb, and adjective)Phrases Clauses Subordination and Coordination Functions of SentencesThe different functions of sentences are explained and defined. The functions of sentences are:Declarative ImperativeExclamatory Interrogative Types of Sentences

The different types of sentences are defined and explained. The different types of sentences are:Simple CompoundComplex Compound-complex Phrases

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The different kinds of phrases and there functions in sentences are defined and explained. The different phrases are:Prepositional Adverbial NounVerb Verbal Clauses

The different kinds of clauses and there functions in sentences are defined and explained. The different clauses are:

Noun Relative (adjectival) Adverbial

Nouns There are eight or nine (or more) parts of speech, depending on what you read.Some authorities list nine parts of speech. Those authorities which list eight considerdeterminers (articles, quantifiers, etc) as adjectives. This site lists nine parts of speech. To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be looked at in the contextof the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences.

Look at these examples.

Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb).She is not a well woman. (Adjective)Well! What happened. (Interjection)He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun)

NOUNS

Nouns are a part of speech that represents the name of a person, animal, place,thing, or quality. Classification of Nouns

Nouns may be classified as common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns,compound nouns, count nouns, non-count nouns, and possessive nouns. A noun can havemore than one classification- a noun may be concrete, countable, and common orcommon, abstract, and non-countable. Common Noun



Common nouns are words that represent ordinary things of no particular emphasis.car bottle woman flower

Proper Noun

Proper nouns are words that represent a specific person, group, event, thing or place.a band – The Stones a group – The Royal Canadian Mounted Policea person – Dr. Livingstone a place – Seoul

Concrete Noun

Concrete nouns are words that represent things that can be experienced with the five senses:You see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.

zebra cake glass airplane

Abstract Noun

Abstract nouns are words that represent things which cannot be experienced with the senses-they are ideas or concepts. prettiness honesty goodness restriction

Collective Noun

Collective nouns are words that represent a group of things that is treated as a single entity.The group consists of individual members, but the group is seen as one whole unit. army team board audience

Usually, collective nouns only have a singular form and require a singular verb.The herd of cattle is grazing in the field.

Compound Noun

Compound nouns are two nouns that put together to make a new noun. Compound nounscan be written as one word (schoolteacher), as separate words (grapefruit juice), or aswords linked by a hyphen (sister-in-law). basketball breakwater grasshopper blackboard

Count Noun

Count (countable) nouns are words that represent things that can be counted. cabinet magazine bowl apple



Common nouns may be countable

There were six cars in the parking lot. He ate two hamburgers for lunch.

Collective nouns may be countable, depending on the context.

She is a member of three fund raising committees. London is home to several orchestras.

Some proper nouns may be countable.

There are many Greeks living in New York. The Vanderbilts would throw lavish parties at their Newport summer mansion.

A countable noun always takes either the indefinite (a, an) or definite (the) article when itis singular. When plural, it takes the definite article if it refers to a definite, specific groupand no article if it is used in a general sense.

The guest of honor arrived late.You are welcome as a guest in our home.

The guests at your party yesterday made a lot of noise. (specific sense, use definite article)Guests are welcome here anytime. (general sense, use no article)

Non-Count Noun

Non-count (uncountable) are words that represent things that cannot be counted becausethey are regarded as wholes which cannot be divided into parts. food mustard weather furniture

Abstract nouns are uncountable.

Fred carries his umbrella everywhere in anticipation of more bad weather. Thunder always scared me when I was a young child.

Some concrete nouns are uncountable (when understood in their undivided sense).

The price of gas has risen dramatically over the last thee months. May I borrow some rice?

Usually non-count nouns take only the singular form; however, sometimes they may bepluralized when used in a countable sense. The difference between the uncountable and



countable meanings of nouns that are used in either sense can be seen in the following.

Countable Sense

My mother had some difficulties making my sister’s dress. (refers to a number of specific problems) The unions contract talks with management will take place early next month. (refers to a number of specfic meetings) The lights on the Christmas tree were bright and colorful. (refers to a number of specific lights) Where are those important papers?

Non-count Sense

Mr. Morris had little difficulty adjusting to his new job. (refers to the general idea of of a new job being difficult) My professor is not very good at idle talk. (refers to talking in general) Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. (refers to the way light behaves in general) We use only recycled paper in our office.

Non-count nouns never take the indefinite article (a or an), but they sometimes take thedefinite article ‘the’ if the non-count noun is used in the specific sense (in the sameway ‘the’ is used with plural countable nouns, that is, when referring to a specificobject, group, or idea. Information on any number of topics can be found on the Internet. (general sense) The information on some websites is questionable. (specific sense) Salt on French fries always make them taste better. (general sense) The salt my mother uses for cooking in sea salt. (specific sense)

Possessive Noun

Possessive nouns are words that indicate ownership or close relationship.the student’s book the girl’s purse

To form the possessive singular, add ‘‘s’ to the singular form. Students may have trouble identifying some nouns, especially abstract nouns. Suffixes canbe used to help in this process. Words ending in –ness are nouns.

happiness sadness weakness tardiness tidiness

Words ending in –ity are nouns.



possibility probability responsibility complexity hilarity

Words ending in –tion/sion are nouns.

admission alteration information decision description

Words ending in –ment are nouns.

enjoyment replacement appointment arrangement

Words ending in –ance/ence are nouns.

absence silence importance appearance

Words ending in –ship are nouns.

relationship friendship partnership membership

Words ending in –hood are nouns.

childhood motherhood neighbourhood priesthood

EXERCISES - NOUNS

Write a noun in the blank to complete each sentence:

1. I want to go to __________.2. The __________ and the __________ are in the car.3. There is a big __________ in the classroom.4. __________ likes to sit on the bed.5. My __________ is in England.6. I want to buy some __________.7. You can see __________ in a zoo8. Hi Elle. Your __________ is very cute.

Fix the mistakes in the sentences below:

1. He a teacher. ________________________________________

2. They’re student. ______________________________________

3. She is my brother. ____________________________________

4. We are friend. _______________________________________

5. They are a boy. ______________________________________



6. She’s is a girl. _______________________________________

7. Were sisters. ________________________________________

Write “many” or “much” in the blanks below: 1. I don’t have __________ hair, but I have ______ cars.

2. She has too __________ corn and too __________ cups.

3. I have too _____ homework! And I don’t have ______ time to do it!

4. We don’t have _______ money, but we have ________ friends!

Fix the mistakes in the sentences below: 1. Jane has much dogs and many cat in her house. _______________________________________________ 2. Mark has too many moneys, but not much times. _______________________________________________ 3. Bill drank too many milks and too much cake. _______________________________________________ 4. I try to read much books every year. _____________________________________________

Error correction - articles. In the following sentences, look for and correct nouns that are being improperly used with articles, or do not have articles where articles are needed. Also, indicate whether each noun is common or proper by writing C or P over each noun.

1. I went to shopping mall to buy book.

2. When I came home, I turned on television and sat down.

3. New space missions will travel to the Mars.

4. Milky Way is the galaxy Earth is in.

5. We often call it America, but the right name is United States of America.



6. Our cat likes to take nap in the afternoon.

7. From now on, I’m going to have newspaper delivered.

8. I used to live near Fraser River, outside Haney, B.C..

9. Next year, you will attend the Seaquam Secondary School.

10. My parents wanted me to go to the Harvard University, but I think University of British Columbia will be good enough for me.

Common and Proper Nouns

Determine whether each noun is a common noun or a proper noun.

● If the noun is common, write “common noun” on the line.

● If the noun is proper, re-write the noun on the line using correct capitalization.

example: waterfall common noun

niagara falls Niagara Falls

1. march ___________________ 2. month ___________________

3. day ___________________ 4. tuesday ___________________

5. holiday ___________________ 6. christmas ___________________

7. cereal ___________________ 8. cocoa puffs ___________________

9. dr. cube ___________________ 10. doctor ___________________

11. city ___________________ 12. boston ___________________

13. street ___________________ 14. main street ___________________

15. burger king ___________________ 16. restaurant ___________________

17. slate creek ___________________ 18. creek ___________________

19. dog ___________________ 20. snoopy ___________________

PRONOUNS There are eight or nine (or more) parts of speech, depending on what you read. Some authorities list nine parts of speech. Those authorities which list eight consider determiners (articles, quantifiers, etc) as adjectives. This site lists nine parts of speech. To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be



looked at in the context of the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences.


Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb).She is not a well woman. (Adjective)Well! What happened. (Interjection)He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun) Pronouns

Pronouns are words that are used in place of, and refers to a previously mentioned or impliednoun or noun phrase. The noun it refers to is called the antecedent. Pronouns representingnoun phrases can make speech or writing easier by representing much longer passages andideas with a single pronoun.

There are several types of pronouns: personal (subjective, objective, and possessive),demonstrative, reflexive, intensive, interrogative, relative, and indefinite.

** Note that some authorities may classify possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, and some indefinite pronouns (quantifiers) as determiners and not pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

There are three classes of personal pronouns- subjective, objective, and possessive.

A. Subjective pronouns are those that are the subjects of a sentence. The subjective pronouns are:

Singular I you he she itPlural we they you

I like pizza. You are not correct.He is very musical. She can not eat cheese.It is an tangerine, not an orange. We are lawyers at a downtown firm.They came to the party late. You two should have called first.

B. Objective pronouns are those that are objects in a sentence. The objective pronouns are:

Singular me you him her it



Plural us them you

He gave me the money.My mother gave you a watch?My father lent him a hammer.The professor presented her a diploma?I just don’t get it.The chef cooked us a chocolate cake for the party.Billy got them the tickets at a discount.I can’t give either one of you a passing grade.

C. Possessive pronouns are words that indicate ownership. The possessive nouns are:

Singular mine yours his hers itsPlural ours theirs yours

This wallet is mine.Is that car yours?You should not take that, it’s his.This skirt is hers.A computer can store vast amounts of information in its memory.The extra tickets are ours.Excuse me; those seats are yours, not these.Theirs are bottles on the shelf.

Possessive Adjectives also indicate ownership. When the pronoun immediately precedes thenoun they refer to they are called possessive adjectives. The possessive adjectives are:

Singular my his her your itsPlural our their your

Possessive Pronoun: That book is mine.

Possessive Adjective: That is my book. Will he give me my credit cards?Those are his notebooks.You should not wear her clothes.Is that your hat on the couch?Its tail is long and furry.Do we need to take our passports?The couple scolded their children for being too loud in the restaurant.I don’t remember your names.

Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns such as this, that, these, and those, which by their



very use indicate or demonstrate what is being talking about. If a demonstrative pronoun is used in front of a noun, they are called demonstrative adjectives.

That is a pencil. This is a pen.These are tangerines. Those are oranges.

Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject receives the action of the verb. If the reflexive pronoun is omitted, the sentence will not make sense. Note that the following list is the same as the list of intensive pronouns below. The reflexive pronouns are:

Singular myself himself herself yourself itselfPlural themselves ourselves yourselves

I treated myself to a big piece of chocolate cake.The child was singing softly to himself.Jack poured herself a glass of beer.A new born primate can not survive by itself.Did you hit yourself in the head?My children shouldn’t have eaten all the candy, but they couldn’t restrain themselves.The librarian said we could help ourselves to any of the books on the table.Help yourselves to anything on the table.

A reflexive pronoun which can be removed from the sentence and still make sensegrammatically is called an intensive or emphatic pronoun.

Can’t you do it yourself?The bank president himself called to apologize for the error.

Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that refer to non-specific people or things. Some indefinite pronouns refer to nouns not previously mentioned in the sentence. These pronouns include:

anybody anyone anything everybodyeveryone everything nobody noneno one nothing somebody someone something

Has anybody taken my keys?Can anyone come to the party?Can I help you with anything?Everybody should wear a costume to the party.She can’t do everything.



Somebody should do something.Nobody admitted to breaking the window.None of the students had studied for the test.No one helped the old woman with her packages.Nothing can be done about it.Someone please turn on the fan.Every one of the students flunked because they didn’t study.

Some indefinite pronouns refer to nouns that are previously mention in the sentence. Thesepronouns include:

all another any botheach either few manyneither one some several

There are three fish in the tank and all are dead.He had drank three, yet he still drank another.Of all the boys who asked her out, she didn’t like any of them.There are two apples on the table and both are rotten.Each of the students have a very high IQ.He indicated he didn’t like either of the jobs he was offered.Only a few of the employees drank during the office party.Many of the voters had questions about the new law.Of money and fame, he desired neither.The classrooms all had blackboards, but only one had a computer.Only some of the vehicles in the junkyard actually ran.Several people in the theater were noisy and rude.

Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. The interrogative pronouns include: which what who whom whose whoever whatever whichever

Which stereo did you decide to buy?What day is Independence Day on this year?Who stole my bike?Whom did you phone?Whose car did he run into?Whoever would telephone my father at two AM?Whatever will they do?Whichever college I decide to go to, will your parent still pay for it?

Relative Pronoun

Relative pronouns are used to connect or relate a dependent clause to an independent clause.Relative pronouns are found in adjective clauses or noun clauses. The relative pronouns include:



that which whatwho whose whom

The used car that I bought yesterday broke down before I got home. (dependent clause underlined)The manuscript which I edited was riddled with spelling errors.The criminal got what he deserved a twenty year sentence.I don’t know anyone who lives in a mansion.The doctor, whose specialty is neurology, suggested a series of tests.Ms. Lindy is the woman whom I sent my portfolio to.

EXERCISES - PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns Object

Aaron was on a business trip to California. He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family.

Fill in the correct pronouns.

1. My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for (she) .

2. My children like Disney films. The video is for (they) .

3. My brother Matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are

for (he) .

4. My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they) .

5. I like watches. This nice watch is for (I) .

6. My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for (we) .

7. My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for (he) .

8. My neighbour wants to go to California next year. The guide book is

for (she) .

9. Here is another souvenir. I don't know what to do with (it) .

10.You know what? - It's for (you) .

Pronoun Case – Exercise 1: I, Me, My, Mine, and Myself



Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate choices—I, me, my, mine, or myself.

1. To complete our Egyptian mummy costumes, Lou Ellen and __________ bought a 12 pack of

toilet paper.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

2. It was __________ who ate your leftover slices of pepperoni pizza.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

3. Grandma asked my brother and __________ to buy cherry cough drops while we were at the drugstore.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

4. That’s not what happened! It was __________ who shoved straws up my nose and began

barking like a walrus!

A. I

B. me

C. myself

5. When I was a child, Grandpa was unhappy with __________ excavating his rose garden in

the hopes of finding dinosaur bones.

A. me

B. my

C. myself6. Don’t ask Josephine for her sloppy and ill-prepared homework! It is __________ who can give you all of the correct answers to Mr. Nguyen’s calculus homework.

A. I



B. me

C. myself

7. In his sternest voice, Professor Cohen told Matthew and __________ that he wanted to see

us after class.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

8. When Richard started eating my French fries, I pulled the plate closer and told him they were all __________.

A. mine

B. mines

9. Our boss called both Shane and __________, hoping that we would work an extra shift that

evening. When we saw the number on caller ID, we decided not to answer.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

10. I admit that I ate your last two eggs. Consider it payback for __________ finding an empty

cereal box and milk carton this morning.

A. me

B. my

C. myself

11. If you must have anchovies, order your own pie. Loretta and __________ prefer plain cheese pizza.

A. I

B. me

C. myself12. It is important to J

12. It is important to Julie and __________ that Dad offers a vegetarian alternative to the pork fest that is his current menu for the family reunion picnic.

A. I



B. me

C. myself

13. Don’t drag me into the argument! __________ choosing one side over the other will just

make everyone mad at me!

A. me

B. my

C. myself

14. Although Dr. Grayson shot us several stern looks, Tawana and __________ continued

knitting during the boring lecture on the French Revolution.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

15. Judi brought a tray of perfect cupcakes to the bake sale. __________, on the other hand,

were lopsided with drippy frosting and stale sprinkles.

A. Mine

B. Mines

16. Just between you and __________, Selena should dump Fred the nose picker and date that cute track star in our chemistry class.

A. I

B. me

C. myself

17. If you don’t like __________ criticizing your sappy poetry, then don’t ask for an honest

opinion!

A. me

B. my

C. myself18. On our afternoon walk at the lake, __________ met Jake, a bloodhound with droolsicles dripping from his jowls.

A. me and Oreo



B. Oreo and I

C. Oreo and myself

19. We don’t care if you feel superior eating a healthy spinach salad for lunch. __________ are happier splitting this sausage and mushroom pizza.

A. Me and Waldo

B. Waldo and I

C. Waldo and myself

20. The crackle from the cellophane bag gave away __________ position in the auditorium. We stopped chewing the popcorn, hoping Professor Wright didn’t notice that we were breaking his no food policy.

A. Fred’s and my

B. Me and Fred’s

C. Myself and Fred’sPronouns

From the choices provided after each sentence select a word that would correctly complete the sentence. (Sometimes you're asked for a pronoun choice; other times, you're asked for a verb choice to go along with a pronoun.) Submit the form using the SUBMIT APPLICATION button at the end of the exercise. Your score will be returned to you in a few seconds.

1. Be sure that everyone brings ____________ own book.

HIS OR HER

THEIR

2. If anyone calls, tell ____________ that I'll be back in half an hour.

HIM OR HER

THEM

3. Joe and ____________ have been close friends for many years.

ME

I



4. Did you see Derek and ____________ at the game?

HER

SHE

5. Between you and ____________ , this politician cannot be trusted.

ME

I

6. Each person in the room turned ____________ head to the front when the teacher entered.

THEIR

HIS

7. We know that we can count on James, Anne, and ____________ .

HER

SHE

8. Rhonda explained that ____________ and her sister had often eaten at that restaurant.

HER

SHE

9. Most of the workers were wearing ____________ hard hats.

HIS OR HER

THEIR

10. It's always best for a student to ask questions when ____________ doesn't understand a problem.



SHE

THEY

11. The children in that neighborhood often ride ____________ bikes through the park.

HIS OR HER

THEIR

12. The local government plans to cut ____________ budget for recreation.

ITS

THEIR

13. When I meet new people, I'm usually curious about ____________ occupations.

THEIR

HIS OR HER

14. Everyone who purchased one of the paintings ____________ pleased.

WERE

WAS

15. Few of the suggestions ____________ reasonable to me.

SOUND

SOUNDS



16. Christopher and ____________ want to travel to the Far East some day.

I

ME

17. The cost of the repairs shocked both my brother and ____________ .

I

ME

18. Most of the congestion on the highway ____________ caused by an overturned truck.

WERE

WAS

19. To Maria and ____________ , the movie seemed very silly. HINT: Are you looking for a subject or the object of a preposition here?

HER

SHE

20. Both of the bicycles in the garage ____________ broken.

IS

ARE

ADJECTIVES

To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be looked at in the context of the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences. Look at these examples.



Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb). She is not a well woman. (Adjective) Well! What happened. (Interjection) He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun)

Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns by providing more informationabout the nouns they describe. Adjectives also modify or limit nouns by making it clearerwhich one or how many are being talked about. Adjectives are usually placed beforebut can be placed after) the nouns they modify. They can also be placed after the verb.

She is hungry. The big red car is beautiful. I want only one large egg. Comparative and Superlative Forms

Adjectives have different forms, called comparatives and superlatives.The comparative is used to indicate relative degrees or differences of quality between two objects. Comparatives are formed by either adding -er or -ier to the end of a word. (add -er if the>word ends in a consonant, add -ier if the word ends in a y by changing the y to i andadd -er) or by adding more or less before the word.

The superlative is used to indicate the highest or lowest degree of quality between objects. Superlatives are formed by adding -est to the end of the word or by adding most or leastbefore the word. The word ‘the’always precedes the superlative form of an adjective. A simple rule to follow when deciding whether to use -er (-ier) or add more/lessfor comparisons) or -est or most/least (for superlatives) is:

If the word is three or more syllables, use more/less or most/least. If the word is two syllables or less use -er (-ier ) or –est (iest). Just remember that this simple rule is a guideline only, with many exceptions. Usually,comparatives are learned through becoming familiar with them over time. Adjective Comparative Superlative



old older the oldest pretty prettier the prettiest skinny skinnier the skinniest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful handsome more handsome the most handsome Some words, which are not usually considered adjectives, become adjectives based ontheir place in the sentence.

Nouns as Adjectives

I always use paper towels when I clean windows. Teasing a junkyard dog is a bad idea.

Numbers as Adjectives

I want only one egg. She has four crayons on her desk.

Possessive words (possessive adjectives) as adjectives

It is my car. Where are your shoes?

Demonstrative Adjective

Demonstrative pronouns are called demonstrative adjectives if the pronoun is placedimmediately before the noun they refer to). I want those pencils. This bicycle is old and rusty. Order of Adjectives

Although there are no hard and fast rules about the order of adjectives (if more than oneadjective is used to describe it), the following order is generally observed. However, beaware that different sources may have a slightly different order. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number size/length opinion shape/width age color nationality material 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The two small, beautiful, oval, ancient, red, Chinese porcelain vases are priceless.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Three large, ugly, oblong, million year old, brown, North American dinosaur fossils werediscovered in Wyoming.

ADVERBS There are eight or nine (or more) parts of speech, depending on what you read.Some authorities list nine parts of speech. Those authorities which list eight considerdeterminers (articles, quantifiers, etc) as adjectives. This site lists nine parts of speech. To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be looked at in the contextof the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences.

Look at these examples.Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb).She is not a well woman. (Adjective)Well! What happened. (Interjection)He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun) Adverbs

Adverbs are modifiers of verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They generally answer questions about when (tonight), where (downtown), how (carefully), in what manner (quickly), to what extent of degree (very), how often (daily), and why (because and other subordinating conjunctions which introduce subordinating clauses that function as adverbs).

My mother is cleaning upstairs. (tells where mother is cleaning)I recently purchased a house on the beach. (tells when the house was purchased)He walked quickly out of the room. (tells how he walked)The newly hired employee come highly recommended. (Tells the degree the employeewas recommended)Susan seldom eats meat. (Tells how often Susan eats meat)Many students study everyday because they want good grades. (Tells why theystudy everyday) Some words can have several functions. Look at these examples.

Downtown is being revitalized by the city planners to attract more business.(downtown is a noun in this sentence)



Please meet me downtown tonight.(downtown is an adverb in this sentence- it tells where to meet)Note that tonight is also an adverb as it tells when to meet.Let’s meet in the downtown area.(In this sentence downtown also answers the question where to meet, but it is an adjectivemodifying the noun area)

Interrogative Adverbs are used at the beginning of a sentence to form a question. Theseadverbs are when, where, and how. These make sense if you revisit the definition of anadverb above.

When did you get here?Where are going tonight?How many drinks did you have?



Circle the adjective in each sentence. Then, tell what noun the adjective is describing.

Example: The green alien walked out of the spaceship.

The adjective green describes the alien.

1. The shiny spaceship landed in my yard.

The adjective ____________ describes _________________.

2. An alien with big eyes walked out of the ship.


3. It waved its tiny hand in the air.


4. The alien said, “Earth is such a beautiful planet.”


5. A brown rabbit hopped into the yard and scared the alien.


6. The frightened alien ran back into its spaceship and blasted off.


Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).

1. My house is (big) than yours.

2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.

3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.

4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.

5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?


bigger


6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.

8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?

9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.

10. He was the (clever) thief of all.

Comparing with Adjectives and Adverbs

Write the correct form of the adjective or adverb in parentheses to complete each sentence.

1. Jana is ____ than her sister, Ann. (pretty)

_______________________2. Start singing with the ____ voice possible and then get louder with each verse.

(soft)

_______________________3. It is ____ being an adult than being a child. (tough)

_______________________4. Kenny is ____ than he appears. (strong)

_______________________5. The Mexican restaurant on the corner offers a full line of chili products

ranging from your ____ of tastes to sizzling hot peppers. (mild)

_______________________6. My younger sister is ____ than my older sister. (big)

_______________________7. He is just the ____ kid I've ever met. (nice)

_______________________8. My grandmother is one of the ____ people I have ever known. (sweet)

_______________________9. We tried to stay ____ to the shallow part of the river. (close)

_______________________10. The ____ place for you to be during a thunderstorm is inside your home.

(safe)



_______________________

Directions: An action verb is underlined in each sentence. Circle the adverb that describes the verb.

1. I carefully glued the last piece onto the model.

2. Francis played on the beach yesterday.

3. I will visit my friend tomorrow.

4. George, will you come here?

5. They swam lazily in the pool.

6. Neil slowly placed a card on the card house.

7. They cheerfully sing songs.

8. Nathan stamped his feet angrily.

9. My father snored loudly on the couch.

10. Sam accidentally slipped on the ice.

11. Yesterday, they played a game.

12. The truck grumbled loudly.

13. We will go to the concert soon.

14. The boy waited patiently for the computer to load.

15. Kayla finally arrived at the park.

16. My mother nicely reminded me to do my homework.

17. The kitten walked there.

18. I usually lock the car door.

19. My dog always barks.

20. Peter neatly wrote a shopping list.



Comparing with Adjectives and Adverbs

Write the correct form of the adjective or adverb in parentheses to complete each sentence.

2 3 11

1 4

13

10

9

12

5 7

6

8



Down1. You can hear black howler

monkeys calling with their deep and loud whoops and howls, sounding like jungle beasts much ____ than they are. (large)

2. I couldn't be ____ to have such a wonderful sister. (happiness)

3. The ____ river gorge in North America is Hells Canyon. (deep)

4. New Jersey holds the ____ sources of amber fossils. (rich)

5. Two of the ____ rivers in Europe, the Usk and the Towy, are known for trout and salmon fishing. (clean)

6. Some of San Antonio's ____ destinations lie north of downtown. (good)

7. Damascus is said to be one of the world's ____ continuously liven-in cities, dating back to 5000 B.C. (old)

Across1. The ____ area of cool temperate

rain forest is in northwestern Tasmania. (large)

8. Keeping warm is no sweat for a polar bear; in fact, sometimes its ____ problem is cooling off! (big)

9. I need to buy ____ shoes because these hurt my feet. (wide)

10. The ____ the road, the greater the chance of a blowout. (hot)

11. Census officials have always found it ____ to count some groups than others in the population. (hard)

12. The air is ____ this year than it has been in 25 years. (clean)

13. Confederate forces scored important victories, despite the superior numbers and ____resources of the North. (rich)



PREPOSITIONS There are eight or nine (or more) parts of speech, depending on what you read.Some authorities list nine parts of speech. Those authorities which list eightconsider determiners (articles, quantifiers, etc) as adjectives. This site lists nine parts of speech.

To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be looked at in the contextof the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences.

Look at these examples.Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb).She is not a well woman. (Adjective)Well! What happened. (Interjection)He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun) Prepositions denote relationships between certain words in a sentence. The relationships canrelate to place, time, or movement. Prepositions are placed before a noun (or thearticle/quantifier preceding the noun) and helps establish a relationship between thatnoun and another noun —or between that noun and a verb. Prepositions begin prepositional phrases that end with a noun or pronoun. The noun in aprepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition. Here are some common prepositions and prepositional phrases. Prepositions of Place

on off in out at from next to by beside near opposite across from opposite of between inside of against above on top below under in the middle middle in front of in back of behind to the right to the left Prepositions of Time

to until till by for during while from at in on since before after around Prepositions of Movement



across along into out of past round through up off down over under toward

The book is on the table. (establishes the relationship of the book to the table) Bob’s car fell off the bridge. (establishes the relationship of the verb fell to Bob’s car) Notice that this prepositional phrase – off the bridge – is working as an adverb. The phrase says where the car fell.

EXERCISE ON PREPOSITIONS – TIME

Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Peter is playing tennis Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is May.

4. We are going to see my parents the weekend.

5. 1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets night.

7. What are you doing the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada two years.

9. I have been waiting for you seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay Friday.

Test your knowledge of the prepositions in / at / to / nothing - showing place and movement. Choose either in, at, to, or nothing and click on the arrow to see you have answered correctly.

1. He lives Zielona Gora.

2. She went home.


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3. Piotrek works Gorzów Wlkp.

4. He went his friend's house.

5. She arrived Manchester for the celebrations.

6. I'm going to stay home this weekend.

7. Joanna works the hospital.

8. Why don't we go the movies tonight?

9. I'm going to see Hania France this summer.

10. I arrived work early this morning.

11. She came home early.

12. We stayed the Mieszko Hotel.

13. They visited England last summer.

14. She's going to travel Finland this summer.

15. I'll be school later today.

Test you knowledge of the prepositions for / while / during. Choose either for, while or during and click on the arrow to see you have answered correctly.

1. He's been working three weeks.

2. I fell asleep the film.

3. Did you see Donata your holiday?

4. We talked an hour.


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5. He watched TV I cooked.

6. our stay in London, we visited a lot of museums.

7. What did you do you were in London?

8. I think I need to study Polish a few months before I go there.

9. I came up with a great idea I was thinking about my class.

10.They drove through the countryside they were staying in France.

11.He was out of work six months before he found a new job.

12.I broke my finger I was playing squash.

13.Please, don't interrupt the teacher he is speaking.

14.Magda broke into tears the film.

15.Could you hold on a few moments?

CONJUNCTIONS


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There are eight or nine (or more) parts of speech, depending on what you read. Some authorities list nine parts of speech. Those authorities which list eight consider determiners (articles, quantifiers, etc) as adjectives. This site lists nine parts of speech. To determine what part of speech a particular word is it must be looked at in the context of the sentence. Many words may be a different part of speech in different sentences.


Mr. Elliot feels well. (Adverb).She is not a well woman. (Adjective)Well! What happened. (Interjection)He dropped his hat into a well. (Noun)

Conjunctions Conjunctions join words or groups of words together. The most commonly recognized conjunctions are:‘and’, ‘or’, and ‘but’. There are three types of conjunctions- coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.

Coordinating Conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions (also called coordinators) join two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: An easy way to remember the coordinators is with the mnemonic device FAN BOYS.

for and nor but or yet so

Ms. Johnson never missed the weekly Historical Society meeting, for it was her only chance to socialize with her friends.Oscar dove into the lake and swam half way across it.Defendants at trials do not have to testify, nor should they in many cases.Mr. Lee was already extremely tired, but he continued working until well after midnight.The students can take a test or they can write a paper.I don’t really like oatmeal, yet I eat it everyday because it is good for my health.Sam had completed the project, so he took the rest of the day off. Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating conjunctions (also called subordinators) are words that join a dependent clause to an independent clause. A subordinating conjunction may appear at the beginning of the sentence or between the dependent and independent clause.



Note the punctuation with the use of subordinating conjunctions. If the subordinatingconjunction and the dependent clause are at the beginning of the sentence, a commafollows the dependent clause. No comma is used if the subordinating conjunction and thedependent clause are at the end of the sentence.

After I study, I watch TV.I watch TV after I study.

If I walk more than six miles at one time, my feet are always sore.My feet are always sore if I walk more than six miles at one time.Look at the partial list of subordinating conjunctions below. Note that each subordinating conjunction can introduce specific functions or situations. Subordinating Conjunctions

Time when whenever while as soon as after since as by the time that until once beforePlace where anywhere wherever everywhereManner as as if as thoughReason because as since in as much asPurpose so that in order that may that might can/could will would have to Concession although though even thoughContrast while whereasDistance as + adverb + asResult so + adjective + that Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of coordinating conjunctions that work together to join two similar or contrasting thoughts together. The correlative conjunctions are:

both… and not only… but also either… or neither… nor

The Democratic Party in America is committed to higher taxes for both big business and the wealthy.Cheetahs are not only fast but also powerful.If a person is attempting to lose weight they should neither eat excessively nor avoid exercise.A popular axiom is ‘You are either with us, or against us’.

EXERCISE – CONJUNCTIONS



In the following sentences, circle the conjunctions and underline the words they connect.

1. Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. 2. Did you remember to buy paper and pencils for school? 3. We are having macaroni and cheese for lunch. 4. Do you want to go or stay home? 5. She jumped and tumbled on the trampoline. 6. Do you walk or ride the bus to school? 7. The apple is red and shiny. 8. Grapes are purple or green. 9. The train clattered and rattled on the tracks. 10. We are going to Texas or Florida on vacation. 11. It is raining cats and dogs. 12. Children swing or slide at the playground 9.1)

Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when.

1 Things were different _____ I was young.

2 I do it _____ I like it.

3 Let us wait here _____ the rain stops.

4 You cannot be a lawyer _____ you have a law degree.

5 That was years _____ years ago.

6 She has not called _____ she left last week.

7 I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago.

8 This is an expensive _____ very useful book.

9 We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest.

10 He was angry _____ he heard when happened.

11 Walk quickly _____ you will be late.

12 He had to retire _____ of ill health.

13 We will go swimming next Sunday _____ it's raining.

14 I heard a noise _____ I turned the light on.

15 Would you like a coffee _____ tea?



16 Do you know _____ she will arrive?

17 _____ the car is old it still runs well.

18 Do you want a pen _____ a bit of paper?

19 I would like to go _____ I am too busy.

20 She will die _____ the doctors operate immediately.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.

1. He is not ………………. clever as his brother.

2. He must be punished ………………. he is guilty.

3. A fool …………… his money are soon parted.

4. He was not punished …………….. he was guilty.

5. He worked hard ……………… he might pass the examination.

6. Give every man thy ear, ……………… few thy voice.

7. I waited for him ………………… the clock struck seven.

8. You will not get the prize ……………… you deserve it.

9. It has been a year ……………… I saw him.

10. Hardly had he reached the platform ……………….. the train arrived.

11. No sooner did he see the tiger ………………. he fainted.

12. ………………. you do not apologize, I shall punish you.



SIMPLE VERB TENSES Verbs are words that express action (run) or a state of being (love). The action can also beabstract rather than visible, such as the words think and decide.Verb tense tells when an action occurred on a time line. There are three tense-present, past, and future.

Aspect indicates whether an action is complete or not.

The simple aspect indicates that an action occurred, without an indication of when it occurred.The continuous (progressive) aspect indicates that the action is ongoing.The progressive aspect indicates that the action is complete.These two concepts are combined to give the twelve verb 12 different verb tenses. These are:The simple tenses- present, past, and futureThe continuous tenses- present, past, and futureThe perfect tenses- present, past, and futureThe perfect continuous- present past, and future.Below is an explanation of the simple verb tenses and when they should be used. Simple Present Tense

The simple tense is the base form of the word. The simple present tense is used when talkingor writing about events, actions, or situations that exist now, have existed in the past, andwill probably exist in the future.

When using the simple present, be sure to follow the subject-verb agreement rule. Some verbs require an -s at the end, depending on what the subject of the sentence is. Use an –s ending with verbs that have he, she, it, or singular nouns as subjects of the sentence.Mary takes a walk after class every day.

Use no -s ending on verbs that have I, we, they, you, or plural nouns as subjects.I always take a walk after class.

Use the simple present tense:

1. When talking about general truths and scientific or permanent facts. Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface.2. When talking about general statements, when no particular time is specified. A college education improves one’s chances for a financially rewarding job.3. When talking about actions, situations, or states of being that occur all the time, frequently, or at any time. I exercise every morning before I go to work.



4. When giving opinions. Everyone loves a parade.5. When talking about processes or giving directions. Insert flap A into slot B.

Practice

Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the simple present tense.

Each partner should ask and answer each question. Be sure to use complete sentences in youranswers. For additional practice, change the words in parenthesis to make your own questions.

Where do you (come from)?Where does (your brother live)?Why do you like (football)?When do you (get to work)?Do you think (London is beautiful)? (answer is yes or no)What time do you (get up on Saturday)?How many (biscuits do you eat for breakfast)?How do you (spell your name)?Does your (brother work in an office)? (answer is yes or no)Which (newspaper do you read) every day?

Simple past tense

The simple past is formed by using the verb with an -ed ending for regular verbs or the pasttense form of irregular verbs.

Use the simple past tense:

1. When talking about single events, actions, or situations completed in the past. Susan cooked spaghetti last night.2. When talking about habitual events, actions or situations completed in the past. I always went swimming in the summer when I was a kid.

Practice

Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the simple pasttense.

Each partner should ask and answer each question. Be sure to use completesentences in your answers. For additional practice, change the words in



parenthesisto make your own questions.

What did (you do yesterday)?What (sport did you like in) high school?What did you have for (dinner last night)?Who was the (first president of your country)?What did you buy (at the store yesterday)?How did you meet (your boy/girl friend)?When did you go (to the movies last)?What was (one famous event in your country’s history)?Who was (your best friend) in grade school?What did you (eat for breakfast)?What was the (last meal you cooked)?When was (your last birthday, and what did you get as a present)?Who was the teacher you (disliked most in middle school)?What time did you (wake up this morning)?When was the (last time you ate pizza)?

Simple Future Tense

The simple future tense is formed by using will or going to + verb.

Use the future simple:

1. When talking about events, actions, or situations that will occur in the future. The President will address the nation tomorrow night.2. When talking about future habitual events, actions or situations. John will take a bus to work tomorrow because his wife will use the family car.3. When talking about events, actions or situations that are presently occurring and will occur in the future. I will live in Korea until next year.

Practice

Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the simple past tense.

Each partner should ask and answer each question. Be sure to use complete sentences inyour answers. For additional practice, change the words in parenthesis to make yourown questions.

When will the next (Olympic Games be held and in what country)?When will your best friend (visit you next)?When are you going (to the beach next)?Where will you go (immediately after this class)?



Who are you going to (meet this weekend)?What time will you go (to work tomorrow)?Will you buy (me a present for my birthday)?Where are you going to be (tomorrow at midnight)?What are you going to eat (for dinner tonight)?When are you going to (the movies next)?What will you (wear tomorrow)?When will your next (birthday be)?What time are you going to (get up tomorrow morning)

Action Verbs



An action verb is a word that show what someone or something is doing.

Examples: Mary sleeps on the couch.

Jason's best friend thinks of a plan.

Ken and his mother cook dinner.

Circle the action verb in each sentence below.

1. Sal listens to his favorite song.

2. Craig hits the baseball over the fence.

3. The little pig grunts.

4. The roof of the house leaks.

5. The hunter searches for a deer.

6. Dr. Gold examines his patient.

7. The bluebird in the tree sings beautifully.

8. The football team dashes out of the locker room.

9. Paul reads The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

10. Mrs. Gray buys a roll of paper towels at the store.



Tell whether each word is an action verb or noun. Write the words action verb next to

each action verb. Write the word noun next to each noun.

13. swims _____________________

14. thinks _____________________

15. sneezes _____________________

16. clock _____________________

17. tooth _____________________

18. drives _____________________

19. takes _____________________

20. basketball _____________________

21. plays _____________________

22. relaxes _____________________

23. grass _____________________

24. game _____________________

25. writes _____________________

Write a sentence with an action verb to describe each picture. Underline the action verb.

26. __________________________________________________________



__________________________________________________________

27. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

28. __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Past, Present, and Future Tense Verbs

Draw a circle around the action verb in each sentence. On the line, tell

whether the verb is past tense, present test, or future tense.

Examples:

Daniel played baseball yesterday. past tense

He plays baseball everyday. present tense

We will go to Daniel's baseball game. future tense

1. Daniel will choose a baseball bat. _____________________________

2. He steps up to the plate. _____________________________

3. The pitcher tossed the ball. _____________________________

4. Daniel will swing hard. _____________________________

5. The ball struck the bat. _____________________________

6. The ball flies through the air. _____________________________

7. It landed over the fence. _____________________________

8. Daniel will run around the bases. _____________________________

9. The crowd screams loudly. _____________________________

10. He will slide into home plate. _____________________________

11. Daniel's teammates cheered. _____________________________



12. Daniel smiled proudly. _____________________________



Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense.

Note: In this exercise, all three ways of forming the simple future tense are used. Watch for negatives and adverbs, too.

Thomas (graduate) _________(1) from college next month. He is trying to study for final exams, but he is thinking a lot about his vacation plans. He (travel) _____ _______ _______ _________(2) to England for a month this summer. His plane (leave) ________(3) on June 14th, and (fly) _______(4) from Boston to Gatwick International Airport in London.Thomas decides that he (quickly, call) _____ ________ _______(5) his mother, Joan.

Thomas: Hi, Mom.

Joan: Thomas! Hi! I thought you would be busy with finals.

Thomas: Well, I am, but I want to talk to you a little about England.

Joan: Sure, okay.

Thomas: Before I go sightseeing in London, I (visit) _______ _______ _____

_______(6) the town of Edenbridge, where my cousins live.

Joan: Great! That (be) _______ _____(7) fun. It (not, be) ______ _____ _____(8) hard to

get to Edenbridge. It is southeast of London. From the airport, you (ride) _______

_______(9) a British Rail train to Victoria Station. Another train (take) _______

________(10) you to Edenbridge.

Thomas: That sounds easy. I looked at the town’s website. Edenbridge is called “The

Garden of Kent.” I (stay) _____ _______ _____ _______(11) in an old manor house



which has been made into an inn. The gardens there are beautiful, and there is a pool.

Joan: Perfect. I bet that you (swim) _____ _______(12) in that pool! Have you

contacted your cousin, Will?

Thomas: Yes, we plan to meet early on Saturday. Then, we (tour) _____ ______

_____ ______(13) Hever Castle, the Great Stone Bridge, and the ancient Parish Church.

Joan: What fun. This is a trip that you (never, forget) ______ ________ _______(14) ! Now, You had better go study so you (not, fail) ______ ______ ______(15) your exams.

THE PERFECT VERB TENSES Verbs are words that express action (run) or a state of being (love). The action can also beabstract rather than visible, such as the words think and decide.Verb tense tells when an action occurred on a time line. There are three tense-present, past, and future.

Aspect indicates whether an action is complete or not.The simple aspect indicates that an action occurred, without an indication of when it occurred.

The continuous (progressive) aspect indicates that the action is ongoing.The progressive aspect indicates that the action is complete.These two concepts are combined to give the twelve verb 12 different verb tenses. These are:The simple tenses- present, past, and futureThe continuous tenses- present, past, and futureThe perfect tenses- present, past, and futureThe perfect continuous- present past, and future. Below is an explanation of the simple verb tenses and when they should be used. The Perfect Tenses

The perfect tenses are used when talking about events, actions, or situations that occurred in



the past, but the exact time that they occurred is not important (as with simple past tense). Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect is formed by using: have/has + past participle.

Use the present perfect tense:

1. When talking about actions or situations in the past without saying exactly when they happened. I’ve been to Germany 3 times.2. When talking about the present result of past actions or situations. His songs have made him a superstar.3. When talking about actions or situations that started in the past and continue in the present. They have lived in the same house for 30 years.4. When talking about past events, actions, or situations that are still part of one’s experience. We have traveled to Europe on several occasions.

Practice

Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the present perfect tense.

Each partner should ask and answer each question. Be sure to use complete sentences in your answers. For additional practice, change the words in parenthesis to make your own questions.

How many times has your (family moved to a different city)?What kind of (sports have you participated in)?How many (ice cream cones have you eaten) this week?Have you ever eaten (a peanut butter and pickle sandwich)?How long have (you studied English)?Has anyone in your country ever (won a Gold medal in the Olympics?Have you ever (traveled to Vietnam)?Have you ever (volunteered your time to a worthy cause)?Do you know anyone that has (climbed the Alps)?Have you ever met anyone that has (hunted wild pigs)?Have you ever met anyone that has (sailed across the Atlantic Ocean)?Has you mother ever (cut your hair)?Have any of your friends ever (stolen anything from you)?

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect is formed by using: had + past participle.



Use the past perfect:

1. When talking about the completion of one activity in the past before the completion of another activity in the past.

John had just finished waxing his car when it started to rain.

Practice

Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the past perfect tense.

Each partner should ask and answer each question. Be sure to use complete sentences in youranswers. For additional practice, change the words in parenthesis to make your own questions.

After you had (finished dinner last night, what did you do)?What had you done (before you came to this class)?What had you father (hoped to achieve before he had children)?Who had been your (favorite teacher in elementary school)?Where had you been (before you came to this class today)?What had been your best vacation (before you graduated from high school)?What had you done (before you ate breakfast this morning)?Had you (gambled before you finished middle school)?What had the (president of your country done before he became president)?Had it (rained before you came to class today)?

Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect is formed by using: will/shall + have + past participle.

Use the future perfect tense:

1. When talking about an event, situation, or action that will be completed by a certain time in the future.We will have finished this homework by lunch time.

2. When talking about an event, situation, or action that will be completed in the future, but prior to another event, situation, or action taking place.

The Jones’ will have travelled to 12 countries by the end the year.

Practice



Working in pairs, ask each other the following questions, answering in the future perfect tense.

Each additional practice, change the words in parenthesis to make your own questions.

How long will you have (been in class today after you answer this question)?Before your next meal, (how many minutes will have elapsed since you have eaten last)?>Between now and next Friday at 12 AM, (how many hours will have elapsed)?How many times will you have (eaten between now and the end of the week)?How many (candy bars will you have eaten if you eat two a day for three months)?If you go to (the movies this weekend, how many movies will you have seen this year)?When you eat (your next pizza, how many pizzas will you have eaten this month)?If you watch (TV for one hour after class, how many hours will you have watched TV this week)?

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present perfect tense. Then, indicate whether the past participle is regular or irregular.

Example: Ida (look) has looked all morning for her glasses. She still can’t find them. (regular / irregular)

Example: The wind (blow) has blown our patio furniture away. Let’s go get it. (regular / irregular)

1) Charity (break) _______ ________ her leg on the ski slope. Please dial 911. (regular / irregular)2) The city (allow) _______ ________ residents to shoot off fireworks each year on the Fourth of July. (regular / irregular)3) The lake (freeze) _______ ________ solid. Now we can go skating. (regular / irregular)4) The sun (rise) _______ ________. It’s time to get up. (regular / irregular)5) The army (battle) _______ ________ the enemy for two weeks. The soldiers are exhausted. (regular / irregular)6) The principal (introduce) _______ _________ the new teacher. She seems very nice. (regular / irregular)7) Using his telescope, Jeremy (see) _______ _______ other galaxies. He writes themon his blog. (regular / irregular)8) The judge (listen) _______ _________ to all of the evidence. Now he will make a ruling. (regular / irregular)9) The strawberries (spoil) _______ ________. They should have been kept in the



refrigerator. (regular / irregular)10) The doctor (write) _______ ________ a book about disease prevention. It will be published soon. (regular / irregular)

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in present perfect progressive tense.Note: The present perfect progressive tense expresses the idea that something has happened continuously since some time in the past, and is still happening now.

Example: I / You / We / They (work) have been working for two hours.Example: He / She / It (work) has been working for two hours.

1) I (write) _______ _______ _________ my new book for ten months. Writing it has been taken a lot of hard work and research. Thankfully, it is almost finished.2) The runners (race) _______ _______ _________ since 9:00 in the morning. Now it is 3:00 p.m., and the leaders are about to cross the finish line.3) The weather has been dreary all week. It (rain) _______ _______ _________ since Monday. Hopefully, we will have some sunshine this weekend.4) Anthony (play) _______ _______ ________ soccer his entire life. Soon, he will go to college on a soccer scholarship.5) The) baby (cry) _______ _______ _________ all night. He has been doing that every night since he was born. His parents are so tired. They are hoping that his sleeping habits will change soon!6) Julian and I (try) _______ _______ _________ to find jobs for two weeks. We are a little discouraged, but we cannot give up.7) Mrs. Burk is giving her students an algebra test right now. The students (take) _______ _______ _________ the test for thirty-five minutes. They have five minutes until time is up.8) Ichiro is worried because his keys are lost. He needs to go to work. He (look) _______ _______ _________ for them for fifteen minutes. Let’s help him.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present perfect tenseor present perfect progressive tense.

Simple Present Perfect Tense:

Example: Charles (taste) has tasted guacamole before.Example: Edie (not, call) has not called her parents yet.Example: We (already, finish) have already finished our homework.Example: (He, eat) Has he eaten dinner yet?Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Example: He (wait) has been waiting on the bus for an hour.Example: She (not, do) has not been doing very well in school lately.Example: (They, swim) Have they been swimming in the lake?



1) We (already, bake) _______ ________ ________ the cake. Now, we just have to decorate it with icing. Would you like to help?2) Have you ever been to Italy? I (see) _______ _______ pictures of the town of Assisi. Some day, I would like to travel there to see its beautiful churches.

3) The voters (elect) _______ ________ a new governor. She (make) _______ _______ _________ her acceptance speech for the past thirty minutes. I hope she will finish soon!4) The package I sent to Pablo (not, arrive) _______ _______ _________ yet. He (call) _______ _______ _________ the Post Office every day. I don't know what happened to it. 5) The fishermen (not, catch) _______ _______ _________ many fish today. A strong wind (blow) _______ _______ _________ all day, and they are having trouble with their nets. 6) (Edward, receive) _______ ________ ________ the money yet? I sent it to him last week.

7) Mahmoud and Rickie are dirty. They (play) _______ _______ _________ outside all day. It is time for them to come in and take a bath.8) (You, hear) _______ _______ ________ the news? There was a terrible earthquake in Haiti! The residents need a lot of help.9) Igor (want) _______ ________ to visit Paris for years. He (save) _______ _______ _________ his money for a plane ticket. He (almost, save) _______ _______ ________ enough.

When Abby (be) _______(1) seven years old, she (do, not, like) _______ _______ _______(2) piano lessons. She (do, not, like) _______ _______ ________(3) to practice, and sometimes she even (cry) _______(4) when it (be) _______(5) time to practice. Finally, she (stop) _______(6) taking lessons. Some of Abby's friends (do, not, quit) _______ _______ _______(7) theirlessons. They (continue) _______(8) to play. After much practice, they (learn) _______(9) to play very well. About ten years (pass) _______(10) before Abby (become) _______(11) interested in music or the piano again. After she (graduate) _______ (12) from high school, Abby (decide) _______(13) that she (want) _______(14) to study music in college. She (call) _______(15) the lady who (teach) _______(16) her when she (be) _______(17) a little girl. The lady (say) _______(18) she would teach Abby again.The lady (need) _______(19) someone to help her daughter with homework. Abby (say) _______(20) she would help with homework in exchange for lessons. Because of this, the piano lessons (cost) _______(21) her nothing!



She (work) _______(22) very hard to catch up. Now she is making good progress. Soon she will go to college, majoring in music.

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present tense or present progressive tense. Today (be) _______(1) the first day at my new school. Right now, it is lunch time, and all of the students (eat) _______ _________(2) their lunches. They (sit) _______ _________(3) around the big table in the cafeteria, (talk) ________(4) in small groups. I (sit) _______ ________(5) alone. I (be) _______(6) pretty nervous. I (hope) _______(7) the other students (not, think) _______ _______ ________(8) I am weird. I (write) _______ ________(9) in my diary right now to look like I (have) _______(10) something important to do. For lunch today, I (have) _______(11) an apple, pretzels, and a tuna fish sandwich. I (hate) _______(12) tuna fish, but my mom (love) ________(13) it. She (say) _______(14) it is good for me. She (pack) ________(15) it for me every day, so I (guess) ________(16) I have to eat it. I (also, have) ________ ________(17) some cookies. At least I (like) ________(18) to eat those. Hey! The girls at the big table (look) _______ ________(19) at me! What (they, want) _______ ________ ________(20)? They (laugh) _______ ________(21) at something. What (they, laugh) _______ ________ _________(22) at? I hope they (not, laugh) _______ _______ _________(23) at me. I (get) _______ ________(24) nervous again. Oh my gosh! One of them (come) ______ _________(25) this way! Stay calm, Rachel. She is not going to hurt you. She is just another girl like you, right? Wait. Now she (hold) _______ _________(26) out her hand to me. Does she (want) ________(27) to be friends? What (she, do) _______ ________ _________(28)? Oh, I know! She (invite) _______ _________(29) me to her table! Maybe I (be, not) _______ _______(30) that weird after all!

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple past

perfect tense.

Note: All of the past participles used in this exercise are regular.

Example: Vikings (invade) had invaded England long before the Angles and Saxons arrived.



1) Tonya (work) _______ _______ as a decorator before she opened her shop.

2) My daughter and I (enjoy) _______ _______ the ballet so much that we wanted to see it again.

3) The power supply (fail) _______ _______ during the night, so the house got cold.

4) You (call) _______ _______ earlier in the day, so we knew you were on your way.

5) The cat (scratch) _______ ______ a hole in the sofa before its owner noticed.

6) John and Nikki (start) _______ _______ their bakery long before the big one came to town.

7) The alligators at the edge of the pond (scare) _______ _______ us until we realized they were behind a fence.

8) The defense attorney (argue) _______ _______ before Judge Sanchez prior to last June's trial.

9) The trumpet player (finish) ______ ________ his solo before the trombonist stood up.

10) Mark (behave) _______ _______ well at the playground, so his mother bought him a treat


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