Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
-
Upload
rildo-reis -
Category
Documents
-
view
242 -
download
0
Transcript of Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 1/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de LínguaInglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
Day I – Prepositions and Discourse Markers
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 2/114
Preliminary task 1
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 3/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 4/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 5/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 6/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 7/114
Preliminary task 2
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 8/114
Karl Marx and Alexis de Tocqueville agreed both with
one point: extreme poverty does not lead to uprising nor
to apathy.
Karl Marx and A lexis de Tocquevi l le bo th agreed
on one point : extreme poverty does no t lead to
up r is ing but rather to apathy.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 9/114
RaIf Dahrendorf brought the issue to the fore once more in a
recent article. “The most critical segment of the population
by far – says he – is the one which had begun to make
progress to new and better conditions, but, at a certainpoint, found the path blocked. These are the groups which
rally to violent protests and end up bringing about great
changes”.
RaIf Dahrendorf brough t up the issue once again in a
recent article. “The most critical segment of the
population by far – says he – is the one which had
begun to m ake progress towards new and better
cond it ions, bu t, at a certain poin t, found th e path
blocked. These are the groups that rally to v iolent
protests and end up bringing about great changes”.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 10/114
Dahrendorf predicted, obviously, the unfolding of the rising of the
Parisian outskirts, that has inspired additional turmoil in several
corners of Western Europe. I thought about Brazil, second in the
world in poor distribution of income, in which 70% of the familieslive, at most, on two minimum wages and 30% of the population
vegetates underneath the poverty line. Not to mention the heritage
of slavery which has left on the native backs the deep scar of the
whip.Dahrendorf predicted, of cou rse, the unfo ld ing o f the r is ing o f
the Par is ian outsk i r ts , which has insp ired addi t ional turmoi l
in several co rners o f Western Europe. I thought abou t Brazil ,
second in the wor ld in poor dis t r ibut ion o f income, where 70% of the fam i l ies l ive, at most, on two m inimum wages and
where 30% of the popu lat ion vegetates below the poverty
l ine. Not to mention the heri tage of slavery, the searing scars
on the backs o f the local popu lat ion.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 11/114
CONCEPTUALIZING
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 12/114
The man is about to …
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 13/114
Who’s right? Two nativespeakers, two different views
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 14/114
• V: would you say "step in dog poop" or "step on dog
poop"?• S: would say both, depending on the quantity of the
poop.
• S: if it were a huge pile, then step in
• S: if it were a few turds, then step on
• V: if u used a pic of a guy about to step in
shit.....what would u tell sts?
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 15/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 16/114
• S: but as the expression goes put your foot IN it
• V: coz it`s soft and your foot goes in• S: exactly
• V: so, which is correct?
• V: step on a stone
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 17/114
• V: step on a box
• V: step in gum• V: in a puddle
• V: in mud
• S: as i told you it depends on the quantity IMHO, butthe natural tendency is to step in poop
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 18/114
Container, Flat surface or Point?
• a room - C
• the beach – FS/P
• a plate - FS
• a bowl - C
• a platter or a tray - FS
• a roof - FS
• a river – C/FS/P
• a shelf- FS
• a cabinet – FS/C
• a bank – C/P
• a company – C/P
• a tree – C/P
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 19/114
Container, Flat Surface or Point?
• Christmas - P
• Weekend – FS/P
• Easter - P
• The winter, spring, summer, fall - C
• Sunday - FS
• Carnival - P
• A fortnight - C
• January - C
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 20/114
What’s the preposition?
• You can buy batteries at/in the corner shop.
• David is studying at university
• What's on at the cinema tonight?
• Is Sam on/in the basketball team?
• The library is not on this side of the street
• We sat in the living room and watched a great classic
movie.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 21/114
What’s the preposition?
• Mike worked at/in the airport for six years
• Go back to bed! You should be asleep.
• David is out. He is not at home
• The burglar climbed over the fence and into the
garden.
• It's not far. We're getting close to the station
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 22/114
What’s the preposition?
• Jack was leaning on/against the wall
• I was under the impression that you liked it.
• You are liable for your son's debts as he is under age
• My mum went to hospital last week.
• Traveling in your own car is better than going on
foot.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 23/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 24/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 25/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 26/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
Adverbial
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 27/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
Prepositions
Simple Complex
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 28/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 29/114
Usage
CollocationsRules
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 30/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
•Temperatures are sure to rise above 35 Celsius today.
•They live 1.000 meters above sea level.
• We are now flying over the famous mountain region.
• Wll I have to always be over what they are doing?
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 31/114
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
•Much of the area ravaged by the rains is known to be
below sea-level.
•The neighbors below are a noisy bunch..
• We are under orders of the President’s office..
• What is the subject currently under discussion?
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 32/114
– Who knows what lies beneath/underneath?
– I can't find anything underneath/under/beneath all that mess.
– I come from the land down under.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 33/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 34/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 35/114
– Come sit near /close to me (anywhere in the
vicinity of) – Come sit next to me = Come sit beside me
– The closer I get to you, the more you make me
feel.
– The new mall is near the old train station
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -
Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 36/114
– That's a big box. I wonder what's inside (it).
– That's a big box. I wonder what's in it.
– Are you coming with us to the market? Hop in
(the car)! – Get inside the house now! You could get shot!
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 37/114
• Is there a post office near here?
• After the play, we can do some shopping nearby.
• I'm trying to find a nearby service station.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 38/114
– Could you send this invite out to everyone for
me? Thanks so much
– Could you send this invite out to everyone by the
end of the day?
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 39/114
– The notions of cartoon are important to Elena
Sisto, in that images from popular illustration and
comics come up in her paintings …
– Dr. Benton claims that breakfast is extremely
important for the elderly.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 40/114
– Don't raise your voice at me young man!
– Throw the voice to me, so that I can hear you sing.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 41/114
Simple prepositions
• Grammaticalized forms e.g. in, by
• Participles e.g. given, considering
• Compounds e.g. upon, into, onto, within,
notwithstanding• Affixation e.g. between, among, afore
• Loan words e.g. circa, re
• Adjectives e.g. nearby, nigh• Conjunctions e.g. but
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 42/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 43/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 44/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 45/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 46/114
Complex prepositions
• Adverb/Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for,
away from, out of, up to
• Verb/Adjective/Conjunction + Preposition: owing to,
due to, because of • Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in
comparison with, in front of
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 47/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 48/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 49/114
Translate or Rephrase the sentences below while
paying close attention to the words in bold.
• This is way past my comprehension.
– This is beyond me
• There were many arguments pending the negotiations
– There were many issues that depended on the negotiations for a
solution.• This is hopefully the first step towards a lasting peace
– This is hopefully the first push for a lasting peace.
• The problem is unlike any we have encountered before
– The problem is an unprecedented one.
• He broke his leg upon getting out of the car
– He broke his leg as he got out of the car.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 50/114
Translate or Rephrase the sentences below while
paying close attention to the words in bold.
• It's a show à la CNN: same style, similar content
– The show has a CNN type of format (same style, similar
content)
• Nobody objected apart from the CFO. – Only the CFO objected to it.
• You are expected to work strictly as per the law
– You should do things by the book
• But for you, I'd have been on time
– If it hadn’t been for you, I’d have been on time
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 51/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 52/114
Why treat them as semantic units?
• Incorporation of verb meaning e.g. Up from
down Under
• Idiomatic nature e.g. I'm into you, I'm on the
case
• Lexicalizing nature e.g. The firefighters had
some trouble outing the fire.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 53/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 54/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 55/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 56/114
• You have to get to school by 8:00 a.m.
• You have until 8:00 a.m. to get to school.
(until = no later than)
• I am to finish a task by sundown.
• I can finish a task until sundown.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 57/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 58/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 59/114
Preposition or Adverb?
• Adverbials can come between verb and PP
(prepositional phrase):
– She took off her bandaid quickly (adverb)
– She jumped quickly off the chair. (preposition)
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 60/114
Preposition or Adverb?
• Only prepositions can be fronted :
– I picked up my things. (adverb)
– Up the hill they climbed. (preposition)
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 61/114
Adverbs can be one word or a phrase that works
adverbially. This phrase is usually formed by
• Preposition + noun phrase (article/adjective +
noun)
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 62/114
In English, the same word can function as
preposition and adverb, depending on its position
in the sentence
• Delegates were asked to kindly wait outside the
hall before being called.
•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside
the hall
• It’s 5 p.m. and there are still more than 40candidates waiting outside.
•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 63/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 64/114
Adverb or preposition?
• At half time, one team was ahead by eight points.PREPOSITION
• A player threw the ball in from the sideline. ADVERB,
PREPOSITION
• We talked around during halftime. ADVERB, PREPOSITION
• After the game, the winners were given the championship
trophy inside the locker room. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION
• Despite losing in the playoffs, that team had a winning record
for the season. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
P iti f iti ith h l b
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 65/114
Position of prepositions with phrasal verbs –
Correct or incorrect?
• Thieves broke in and got away with over 10 million in jewelry. CORRECT
• Burglars broke into the house while they were at the
opera. CORRECT• The bus drew UP at the traffic lights.
• The committee will draw up a list of demands.
CORRECT
• I've got so much work I'm really falling behind (WITH
IT).
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 66/114
Dependent prepositions
• Like in many languages, the use of a givenpreposition is determined by other word classes,
namely verbs, adjectives and nouns
• The choice of a given preposition is generallysemantically driven, although the relationship
between the word and its corresponding preposition
may not be clear, e.g. worried about
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 67/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 68/114
Adjective + preposition
• My granddad is very dependent ON my parents.
• The film is based ON a novel by Virginia Woolf.
• I know it's rusty and everything, but I'm so attached
TO it.• Bill is emotionally detached FROM his parents. He
hardly chats with them.
•MacDonald's has become synonymous WITH an
unhealthy diet.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 69/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 70/114
Forming three-word phrasals
• I think we've just run out OF coffee. We will have toget some in the morning.
• Does anybody feel up TO Mick's party tonight?
• My boss asked me to stand in FOR him during hisweek off from the office.
• Being a father has helped him learn to face up TO his
responsibilities.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 71/114
Forming three-word phrasals
• The Chief of Staff has been coming in FOR a showerof criticism for the way he has tried to make little of
the accusations against him of fraud and
embezzlement.
• I don't really go in FOR team sports; give me a tennis
racket or a pair of trainers any day!
• The troops plan to pull out OF the occupied
territories for economic reasons.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 72/114
Verb + preposition
• The state-funded health service accounts FOR 85%of public spending.
• In times of trouble, you can always turn TO a friend.
• His conviction for reckless driving counted AGAINST him when he tried to renew his car insurance.
• Sometimes it seems almost impossible to keep up
WITH the latest news.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 73/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 74/114
Prepositions in compound adjectives
• We had lunch at a DOWN-market restaurant the other day.Not surprisingly, the food was horrendous.
• Renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky is now a very OUTspoken
critic of the government's foreign policies.
• The army has been accused of using OVERwhelming force toquell the protests.
• After the corruption scandal that rocked the market, the
company now faces a (n) UPhill struggle to avoid further
losses.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 75/114
Prepositions in compound adjectives
• I just received a BACKdated pay award, so thismonth's salary is a little larger than usual.
• Could you provide some BACKground information on
the company?• Stop behaving like a (n) OVERgrown boy, act your
age!
• She had the nerve to accuse me of stealing her
purse. The very thought is DOWNright outrageous!
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 76/114
Prepositions in idioms
• As mentioned before, several idiomatic expressionsare catalogued based on the head preposition e.g.
at, in , on
• It would be best to learn them as chunks, althoughthe semantic content may/may not be evident to or
felt by the user
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
Use the words in brackets to make idioms for
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 77/114
Use the words in brackets to make idioms for
the underlined words
• He claimed he hadn't done it ON purpose.
• We admire her ON account of her intelligence.
• I don't want you to feel sorry FOR me.
• If you're IN doubt about what to write, it's best tomake notes beforehand.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
Use the words in brackets to make idioms for
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 78/114
Use the words in brackets to make idioms for
the underlined words
• Love letters will never be OUT OF fashion becausepeople will always fall IN love.
• I know the person BY sight but not BY name.
• She's working much too hard AT the expense of herhealth.
• I wonder if you know what's on at the cinema, BY
(any) chance?
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
Form idioms with the parts underlined and the
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 79/114
Form idioms with the parts underlined and the
preposition "at"
• The winners are selected AT random by a computer.
• It was a wonderful show – AT least I enjoyed it.
• It was a difficult problem and I was AT a loss (as to
what to do).• I'm sure that our friends will arrive AT any
minute/moment – AT least I hope so.
• If you need to stay overnight, please book a hotel
room AT our expense.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
Form idioms with the parts underlined and the
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 80/114
Form idioms with the parts underlined and the
preposition "at"
• The hero was rescued AT the last moment.
• The show closed because it was running AT a loss.
• We were talking AT cross purposes.
• It's impossible to get tickets for such a popular showAT the last minute - you need to book AT LEAST six
months in advance.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 81/114
Form idioms with "on“ to complete the blanks
• (At a restaurant) There are so many desserts ON themenu, but I won't have anything because I'm ON a
diet.
• I would like to thank you ON behalf of the entiresector and the board.
• He promised to help me ON the condition that I
returned the favor some other time.
• It was a long drive so we stopped ON the way tohave a meal.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
Form idioms with the preposition "on“ to
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 82/114
Form idioms with the preposition on to
complete the blanks.
• How much does a bus driver earn ON average inyour country?
• Did you see the news ON TV last night?
• Trains leave every hour ON the hour.• It takes much longer to get there ON FOOT (BY
FOOT) than by bus.
• No, I don't dislike Chaplin at all; ON the contrary, I
admire him greatly.
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 83/114
Go to the icon below to read more about idioms
that begin with prepositions
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 84/114
Coordinatingconjunctions
Connectors
Subordinating
conjunctions
Phrase linkers
DiscourseMarkers
h h d
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 85/114
What they do
• Combine clauses or connect sentence elements
• Indicate a particular meaning relationship between
two or more clauses
h f
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 86/114
There are two types of sentences
• Compound sentences: – Using conjunctions
– Using connectors
• Complex sentences:
– Using subordinators
C di ti j ti
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 87/114
Coordinating conjunctions
• For (Reason)
• And (Addition)
• Nor (Negative Addition)
• But (Contrast, concession)
• Or (Choice)
• Yet (Contrast with unexpected result)• So (Result or consequence)
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e NovasTecnologias - Gramática II
C.C. join two independent clauses, separated by
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 88/114
C.C. join two independent clauses, separated by
comma
Independentclause ,
I have beento Thailand,
Coordinatingconjunction
BUT
independentclause
I haven’t
been to thePhilippines
A l k t C l ti C j ti
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 89/114
A look at Correlative Conjunctions
• Both . . . and . . .
• Either . . . or . . .
• Neither . . . nor . . .
• Hardly . . . when . . .• If . . . then . . .
• No sooner . . . than . . .
• Not only . . . but also
• Rather than … why …
• Scarcely . . . when
• What with . . . and• Whether . . . or
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 90/114
• Hardly had the men started training than theywere sent out to fight.
• Hardly had she opened her mailbox when she
got a notification of the message
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 91/114
• No sooner had I walked the door had than phone rang.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 92/114
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 93/114
• Rather than criticizing your husband, why not find out if something is the matter.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 94/114
• What with one thing and another, I didn’t go
to bed till after two in the morning.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 95/114
He was determined both to beat the record
and to win over the crowd.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 96/114
Connectors (adverbs, conjunctive adverbs) join
independent clauses with a semi colon or a
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 97/114
independent clauses with a semi-colon or a
period.
Independentclause ;
We were
late for themeeting;
Connector
THEREFORE,
independentclause
We had to
wait in theadjoiningroom
Connectors (adverbs, conjunctive adverbs) join
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 98/114
independent clauses with a semi-colon or a period.
Independentclause ;
We were
late for themeeting.
Connector
THEREFORE,
independentclause
We had to
wait in theadjoiningroom
Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause to
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 99/114
an independent clause.
Independentclause ;
i left early,
Subordinatingconjunction
BECAUSE
independentclause
I had an
interview thenext day
Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause to
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 100/114
an independent clause.
Independentclause ;
i left early,
Subordinatingconjunction
BECAUSE
independentclause
I had an
interview thenext day
Phrase linkers (prepositions or Adjective +
prepositional phrases) are transtitions at the beginning
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 101/114
prepositional phrases) are transtitions at the beginning
of sentences.
Prepositionalphrase Independentclause
Prepositionalphrase
In contrast to
westernsocieties,
Indepdendentclause
eastern
societiesvaluecommunity.
For more on discourse markers and their position in
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 102/114
sentences, functions etc., see the links below
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 103/114
Correct the sentences below in accordance with
punctuation rules for discourse markers
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 104/114
• Although he had been an often decoratedsoldier during World War II and had fought
many battles for the losing cause of liberalism
in Congress, his memory is not celebratedtoday.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 105/114
• Coach Espinoza really wants this job withNotre Dame University. She is very excited
about returning to the college she graduated
from.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 106/114
• Professor Pepin spends a lot of timetranslating medieval texts on ancient
medicine, but he also stays informed about
the latest developments in modern asthmatreatments.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 107/114
• Perplexed by the rising rates of inflation andalarmed by the decline in major construction
projects, foreign investors are looking for
more inviting markets.
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 108/114
• This is going to be the most difficult exam of your college career, so you had better start
studying for it immediately.
Using auxiliaries to avoid repetition
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 109/114
Using auxiliaries to avoid repetition
• Short answers: Should I revise for the test? Ithink you should
• Comments: "I thought the film was wonderful.""I didn't."
• Subsequent responses: "I wish you'd lock thedoor when you come in." "But I did!"
• With more than one auxiliary: "He could havebeen lying." "Yes, he could/he could have/he
could have been."
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas
Tecnologias - Gramática II
Reduced infinitives
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 110/114
Reduced infinitives
• To give continuity to thoughts expressed,e.g. "Haven't you done the washing-up?" "No,I'm just about to."
• To respond politely, e.g. "Are you coming for a
walk?" “Sorry, but I won’t be able to." • To comment: She's less moody than she used
to be.
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas
Tecnologias - Gramática II
Participles/Relative pronouns/Reducedclauses
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 111/114
clauses
• I don't believe a word they say, given theynever tell the truth.
• The women hurt in the accident are said to
still be in critical condition at the emergencyward.
Some useful resources
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 112/114
Some useful resources
• Cassell's Students' English Grammar• Ways to Grammar
• Murphy's English Grammar
• Practical English Usage
• A Student's Grammar of the English Language
• The Good Grammar Book
• Advanced Language Practice
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas
Tecnologias - Gramática II
Online dictionaries
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 113/114
Online dictionaries
• www.macmillandictionary.com • www.oup.com/elt/oald
• www.dictionary.cambridge.org
• www.answers.com
• www.dictionary.com
• www.onelook.com
• http://englishpage.com/dictionaries/english_dictionary.html
• http://englishpage.com/prepositions/verb_preposition.html
• http://englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas
Tecnologias - Gramática II
Bibliography
7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grammar-2-prepositions-and-discourse-markers 114/114
1. BORDET, Lucile & JAMET, Denis. Are English Prepositions
grammatical or lexical morphemes? Cercles, Occasional Papers,
p.1-26. 20102. FEIST, Michele I. The changing shape of prepositional meanings.
In: CHAN, JACOB & KAPIA. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual
Boston University Conference on Language Development. Boston,
2008
3. GRUBIC, Bob. Those Problematic English Prepositions. Presented
at the CFI- Baci Conference, Long Beach, California. November 13,
2004.
4. LITTLEFIELD, Heather. Lexical and Functional Prepositions in
Acquisition: Evidence for a hybrid category. Boston University. 2006
5. MARIN, A.M. A Semantic Description of the Preposition. 2010