GRAMMAR BOOK

By: Taciana Key

TABLA DE CONTENIDOS1. Title page

2. Tabla de Contenidos

3. Present tense

4. Ser vs. Estar

5. Stem changers

6. Irregular “yo”

7. Saber vs. Conocer

8. Reflexives

9. “Se” Impersonal

10. Verbs like Gustar

11. Dipthongs with accents

12. Verbs like Uir/Guir; Cer/Cir; Ger/Gir

13. Hacer Expressions

14. Imperfecto

15. Preterite

16. Los Irregulares Preterite (Car/Gar/Zar)

17. Cucaracha verbs

18. Spock verbs

19. Snake/Snakey

20. Comparatives

21. Superlatives

22. El Futuro

23. El Futuro Irregulares

24. Preterite vs. Imperfect

25. Future vs. Conditional

26. Por

27. Para

28. Por vs. Para

29. Commands

30. Present Perfect Tense

31. Present Perfect Irregulars

32. Double Object Pronouns

33. Adverbs

34. Subjunctive

35. Progressive w/Ir, Andar, & Seguir

PRESENT TENSE To use present tense change the ar/er/ir

ending to the following conjugation:

Yo- o Nosotros- amos

Tu- as

El/Ella/Usted- a

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes- an

Yo- o Nosotros- emos/imos

Tu- es

El/Ella/Usted- e

Ellos/Ella/Ustedes- en

Yo- o Nosotros- imos

Tu- es

El/Ella/Usted- e

Ellos/Ella/Ustedes- en

Er-

Ar- Ir-

STEM CHANGERS

•Quiero•Quieres•Quiere•Queremos•Quieren

e=>ieQuerer

•Pido•Pides•Pide•Pedimos•Piden

e=>IPedir

•Duermo•Duermes•Duerme•Dormimo

s•Duermen

o=>ueDormir

•Juego•Juegas•Juega•Jugamos•Juegan

u=>ueJugar

Everthing changes except in nosotros

form!

IRREGULAR “YO” FORM

• Conoce-conozco

• Obedecer-obedezco

• Ejercer-ejerzo• Cocer-cuezo

• Recoger-recojo• Escojer- escojo

• Hacer-haigo• Decir-digo

-Go verb

s

G-J

C-ZC

C-Z

Stem Changers: EIEPensar-Pienso-Piensas-Piensa-Pensamos-PiensanOUEPoder:-Puedo-Puedes-Puede-Podemos-PuedenE IPedir:-Pido-Pides-pide-Pedimos-PidenHaveastem change inallforms wit

These verbs will change its conjugation in the “yo” form.

SER VS. ESTAR

D

•Descriptions

O

•Origin

C

•Characteristics

T•T

ime

O

•Occupation

R

•Relationships

P

•Possesion

E

•Events

d•d

ates

• ealthH• motionsE• ocationL• Present conditionP• Ar-ando• Er/ir-iendo

yendo

ING

SABER VS. CONOCER

Saber: expresses

knowledge of information

about something

Conocer: to express

knowing or being familiar with someone

REFLEXIVES Reflects action of the verb back to the

subject.Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, se

Ex- Me rasco el brazo - (I scratch my arm)

Ex- Te rascas el brazo – (You scratch your arm)

Ex- Se rasca el brazo – (He/She scratches his/her arm)

Ex- Nos rascamos los brazos – (We scratch our arms)

Ex- Se rascan los brazos – (They scratch their arm)

“SE” IMPERSONAL We use the impersonal “se” to get around

specifying the person doing the action. Using “se” impersonal is always used in

the 3rd person. Example:

Se nadar bien en el lago One swims well in the lake.

Can be used in all tenses Se hizo mucho Se hara mucho Se habia hecho

LOS VERBOS COMO GUSTARYo (Me) Encantar

Tu (Te) Fascinar – to be fascinating to

Mi amigo/a (Le) Molestar – to be a bother

Mi amigos/as (Les) Faltar – to be lacking something

Usted (Le) Parecer – to appear to be

Ustedes (Les) Disgustar – to hate something

Nosostros (Nos) Importar – to be important to

DIPTHONGS WITH ACCENTS Combination of two vowel sounds to

make a strong syllable.Made up of weak and strong vowels

Usually i, y, & u are weak vowels and a ,e ,& o are strong

AI: Baile

dance

UE: Puestopost

UA: Guatemala

(country)

VERBS LIKE UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR, GER/GIR Changes in the “yo” form

Dirijo Dirigimos

Diriges

Dirige Dirigen

Extingo Extinguimos

Extingues

extingue extinguen

Convenzo Convencemos

Convences

Convence Convencon

Convencer – to convince

Extinguir – to extinguish

Dirigir – to directRecojo Recogemos

Recoges

recoge Recogen

Recoger – to pick up

Reconstruyo

Reconstruimos

Reconstruyes

Reconstruye Reconstruyen

Digo Decimos

Dices

Dice Dicen

Decir – to say/ tell

Reconstruir – to reconstruct

HACER EXPRESSIONS

Use this equation to express time Ex- Hace dos dias que bebo kool-aid.

Two days ago I drink kool- aid.

Hace + time + que + present verb

IMPERFECT No definite beginning or ending Uncompleted action in the past

Trigger Words: Nunca(never)

A veces(sometimes)

Todo a tiempo(all the time)

A menudo(often)

aba abamos

abas abias

aba aban

ia iamos

ias iais

ia ian

Ar-

Er/Ir-

PRETERITE

Past tense Known beginning and or ending “snapshot” of time

Trigger Words: Ayer (yesterday)

Anoche (last night)

Anteayer (day before yesterday)

La semana pasada (last week)

-ar -er/ir

e i

aste iste

o io

amos imos

aron ieron

LOS IRREGULARES PRETERITE

Car/gar/zar- change the “yo” form to que/gue/ce

• Toque• Tocaste• Toco• Tocamos• tocaron

• Jugue• Jugaste• Jugo• Jugamos• jugaron

• Comence• Comenzaste• Comenzo• Comenzamo

s• comenzaron

Tocar Comenzar

Jugar

SPOCK VERBS

HacerVeo

Dar

Ser

Ir

Dar

• Di• Dio• diste• Dimos• dieron

Ver

• Vi• Viste• Vio• Vimos• vieron

Hacer

• Hice• Hiciste• Hizo• Hicimos• Hicieron

Ir & Ser

• fui• Fuiste• Fue• Fuimos• fueron

CUCARACHA VERBSAndar Anduve-

Estar Estuve-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Quere Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

Take off the “I”

SNAKE

DormirDormiDormimosDormisteDurmioDumieron

LeerLeiLeimosLeisteLeyoLeyeron

Stem Changers

Y Changer

s

SNAKEY

COMPARATIVES Mas/menos + adj + que

adv

noun Me acuesto mas tarde que tu I go to bed later than you

To use equality use: Tan- so Tanto- so much Tantos/as- so many

*If using a number you use “de” instead of “que”.

:comparison of one thing to another using (more, less, or as…as)

IrregularsAdjective Comparative

Bueno Mejor

Malo Peor

Grande mayor

Pequeno menor

SUPERLATIVES

Definite article + noun + mas/menos + adj + de

Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase Michael is the smartest boy in the class.

:indicates the noun that is least, worst, most, or best of all.

IrregularsAdjective Superlative

Bueno El/la mejor

Malo El/la peor

Grande El/la meyor

Pequeno El/la menor

EL FUTURO Infinitive + ending Ex: vivir – vivire

Comer – comereHablar – hablareCaminar - caminare

Ir + a + infinitve ( the immediate future)

e

as

a

emos

an

EL FUTURO IRREGULARS Decir – dir Haber – habr Hacer – har Poder – podr Poner – pondr Querer – querr Saber – sabr Salir – saldr Tener – tendr Valer – valdr Venir - vendr

e

as

a

emos

an

Infinitive +

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT Preterite: past tense for an action with

a known beginning and or ending. Imperfect: uncompleted action in the

past without a known beginning or ending.

FUTURE VS. CONDITIONAL Future is used to tell

what will happen. Conditional is used to

tell what would, should, or could happen.Ar, Er, and Ir use the

same endings.Use the same irregular

stem from the future with the conditional.

é

ás

á

emos

án

Decir – dirHaber – habrHacer – harPoder – podrPoner – pondrQuerer – querrSaber – sabrSalir – saldrTener – tendrValer – valdrVenir - vendr

ía

ías

ía

íamos

ían

POR Portal- the idea of passing through

Portugal- general rather than specific location

“Por”ever- how long something lasts

Porpose- the cause of something

Import/Export- an exchange

I’m por, pay for me- doing something in place of or instead of someone else

Transportation- a means of transportation

PARA Surprise paratay- for whom something is done

Paraguay- destination

The purpose for which something is done

Paragotive- to express an opinion

Comparason- to contrast or compare

Paramedic- to express the idea of a deadline

POR VS. PARA “Para” expresses:

Destination Deadline or specific time in future Purpose or goal + infinitive Recipient for something Comparison with others or an opinion In the employ of

“Por” used to indicate: Motion or general location Duration of an action Reason or motive for an action Means by which something is done Exchange or substitution Unit of measure

*they are not interchangeble

COMMANDS Tu affirmative (+)-

Drop the ‘s’ Tu negative (-)-

Put in the ‘Yo’ form & change to opp. verb, the add an ‘s’

Ud./Uds. (+/-)-Put in the ‘Yo’ form & change to opp. verb

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

This tense is frenquently used for past actions that continue to affect the person in the present.

Haber & ARER/IR => ido

=> ado

He

Has

Ha

Hemos

Han

PRESENT PERFECT IRREGULARS

Abrir- abiertoCubrir- cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir- escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muertoPoner- puestoResolver- resueltoRomper- rotoVer- vistoVolver- vueltoIr- ido

DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS

The order of the sentence would have the indirect object before the double object pronoun.

Subject + Indirect object pronoun + Direct object pronoun + Verb

IOP:me, te, el, le, nos,

os, lesDOP:

me, te, él, lo, la, nos, os, los, las

*You typically place it either directly before or attached to an infinitive.

Example:Yo me la quiero comprar     “I want to buy it for myself”

*If “l” occurs before both the

indirect and direct object pronoun,

change the indirect to “se”

ADVERBS To form an adverb: If the adjective you

wan to change into an adverb ends in any other letter (besides O) you just add –mente to the end. (The accent mark stays if there is one)

Example:Frecuente – frequentementeGeneral - generalmente

Bastante-quiteDemasiado-too

Mal-badlyMucho-a lotMuy-very

Nunca-neverPeor-worsePoco-little

Siempre-always

*Adverbs that don’t follow the same pattern:

SUBJUNCTIVES Subjunctive mood: used to state

attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical. Impersonal expressions: Es bueno que,

es malo que, es necesario que, es mejor que, es importante que, es urgente que, es ojala, que

*Not a tense but a mood.

Estar

Saber

Dar Ser

Ir

5 Irregular Verbs

Ar• -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -

enEr & Ir

• -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Conjugation :

PROGRESSIVE WITH IR, ANDAR, AND SEGUIR

Seguir*+ando/iendo/yendo *is still _______ing

Andar

*+ando/iendo/yendo *is going around _______ing

Ir

*+ ando/iendo/yendo *is slowly but surely ______ing