(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi,...
Transcript of (gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi,...
lat a v r a s a n i k i Z e
bacburi (wovabacburi (wovabacburi (wovabacburi (wova----TuSuri) enaTuSuri) enaTuSuri) enaTuSuri) ena
(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi, leqsikoni)
TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi
2010201020102010
bacburi erT-erTi im mcirericxovani xalxis enaa, romelic kompaqturad
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. bacburi enis Seswavlas safuZveli eyreba XIX s. pirvel
naxevarSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT am enaze XVIII s. fragmentul
Canawerebs. bacburi ena enaTa Zlieri interferenciis nimuSia saukuneTa
manZilze qarTul (resp. qarTvelur)-bacburi orenovnebis pirobebSi. bacbebis
axali Taoba (15 wels qvemoT) mxolod qarTul enaze metyvelebs, ojaxsa da
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sasaubro enac saerTod, Cveulebriv, qarTulia.
bacburi enis leqsikis did nawils enacvleba qarTuli. qarTuli enis gavlena
metnaklebad moicavs enis yvela dones (fonetikas, morfologias, sintaqss). am
TvalsazrisiTac bacburi enis Seswavla did interess iwvevs.
winamdebare leqsikonSi warmodgenilia ramdenime iseTi sityva (martivi,
Sedgenili) an sityvis mniSvneloba, romlebic dRemde calke wignad
gamoqveynebul Tu bacburi enis gramatikebze darTul leqsikonebSi ar aris
Setanili (bu�ReS, dur, va�ReS, ven-meƒ, zoster, TeZCavji, Turs, kes, lo, mo,
o, sixqoTin™, Ram™, yartal, werqoxa, winus).
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s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i
samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
fonetika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
arsebiTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
zedsarTavi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
bacburi enis zmna. I. zmnuri kategoriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
II. dro-kiloTa sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
zmnisarTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Tandebuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
nawilakebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
sintaqsi. I. saxeluri Sesityveba (atributuli sintagma) . . . . . . . 86
II. predikatuli sintagma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
bacburi teqstebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
bacbur-qarTuli leqsikoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
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IIIIIIII
samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi
pirveli cnobebi kavkasiur enaTa Sesaxeb da leqsikis nimuSebis (da sxva xa-
siaTis) Canawerebi ekuTvnis iiii. gigigigiululululdendendendenStedtsStedtsStedtsStedts (D. Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Reisen
durch Rußland und im Caukasischen Gebürge, St.-Retersburg. Bd. I (1787), XXIV+511 gv., Bd.
II (1791), 552 gv.) kavkasiur enebSi i. giuldenStedti rvidan erT-erT jgufad
gamoyofs miZjegurs _ sami (CaCnuri, inguSuri, _ bacburi (wova-TuSuri) erTeu-
liT. miuxedavad imisa, rom masala Cawerilia laTinuri da goTuri anbaniT da
metwilad sizustes moklebulia, igi rogorc pirveli Canaweri, metad mniSvnelo-
vania bacbacbacbacbubububuriririri leqsikis SeswavlisaTvis.
iiii. klapklapklapklaprorororoTisTisTisTis azriT, CaCnuri, inguSuri da TuSuri axlos aris xunxunxunxunZurZurZurZurTanTanTanTan
da lalalalakurkurkurkurTanTanTanTan, magram c i m b i r u l enaTa monaTesave SeiZleba iyos (Kaukasische
Sprachen Anhang zur Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien. Halle und Berlin, 1814).
bacburi enis pirveli gramatika Краткая тушино-цовская грамматика, вновь
составленная священником тушинской Алванской церкви тушином Иовом Цискаровым
daiwera 1848 w. wova-TuSis iiii. cisciscisciskakakakariSriSriSriSvivivivilislislislis mier n. greCis rusuli enis grama-
tikis mixedviT, amitom masSi umetesad gvaqvs uzustobani. miuxedavad amisa, bac-
buris gramatikis zogi faqti marTebulad aris aRwerili da dadgenili, rasac a.
Sifneri da mere _ i. jolbordic (A. Schiefner, Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder
die Khistische Mundart in Thuschetien, St.-Retersburg, 1856; i. jolbordi, iob ciskariS-
vilis `mokle wova-TuSuri gramatika~, zogadi da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnie-
rebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978) aRniSnaven. gansakuTrebiT faseulia enobrivi masala-
sityvebi, frazebi.
aaaa. SifSifSifSifnenenenerisrisrisris naSroms "Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache" maRal Sefasebas aZleven
iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesao-
ba", tfilisi, 1937) da arn. Ciqobava (iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,
Tb., 1965, gv. 176), arn. Ciqobavas TqmiT, es aris iberiul-kavkasiur enaTaTvis pir-
veli mecnieruli aRweriTi gramatika.
a. Sifneris gamokvlevis (gv. 7-158) nawilebia: fonetika (gv. 7-28), morfolo-
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gia (gv. 29-66), sintaqsi (gv. 66-89), teqstebi, bacburi enis nimuSebi (gv. 90-104),
leqsikoni (gv. 105-158).
f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia xmovnebi, Tanxmovnebi, bgeraTa Sexamebani cal-
ke da sityvis (sakuTarisa da nasesxebis) yvela poziciaSi. gamoyofilia bacburis
specifikuri bgerebi.
fonetikuri procesebi xmovnebSi, TanxmovnebSi warmodgenilia calkec da
morfologiis monakveTebSic, sadac SeiniSneba es procesebi.
garkveulia maxvilis adgili sityvaSi.
ZiriTadad sruli suraTi iqmneba bacburis bgeraTa sistemisa da masSi fo-
netikuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca zogi ram Sefaseba-dazustebas moiTxovs: av-
tori amCnevs mokle xmovnebs (-o, u) _ moklexmovniani erTi da igive fuZe damow-
mebulia sada xmovniT da uxmovnodac (qorTo _ qorT `Tavi", Jero-Jer `qvri-
vi"... ($ 100), magram mokle xmovnisaTvis niSani ar Semoaqvs.
aseve amCnevs nazalur xmovnebs ($ 99) arn. Ciqobava 1966), oRond es xmovne-
bic aRunusxveli (specialuri niSnis _ asoebis gareSe) rCeba (Sdr. rrrr. gagagagaguaguaguagua
1983, iiii. joljoljoljolborborborbordidididi 1978).
SeumCneveli darCenia bacburis zogi bgera _ spirantebi D da �, laringa-
luri G (qarTulisa da zogi sxva enis TanxmovanTagan gansxvavebuli) da h´; ara
aqvs gamoyofili intensiuri Tanxmovnebi...
morfologiaSi ganxilulia arsebiTi saxelebi, sakuTari da nasesxebi, erT
da ormarcvlianebi, maTi mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi ($ 70-80). arkvevs gramatikuli
sqesis-klasis adgils saxelebSi, zmnebSi. ajgufebs gramatikul klasebad saxelebs
mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi kvlevis sferoSi Semodis zedsarTa-
vi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna, zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, na-
wilaki, Sorisdebuli (5 131-226). asaxelebs 22 brunvas sufiqsebiT, Cerdeba brun-
vaTa fuZis sakiTxze ($ 99-118), gvacnobs zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis mawarmo-
eblebsa da zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelisa da nacvalsaxelis brunebas ($ 131-162),
aqvea mimReobis brunebac ($ 134)...
zmnaSi SeniSnulia TanxmovanfuZianTa simravle, gardamaval da gardauval
zmnaTa aRweriTi warmoeba. Cerdeba faqtitivis (kontaqtis) warmoebazec. ganar-
Cevs uRvlilebis tipebs Zireuli xmovnis cvlilebis mixedviT ($ 179). moyvanilia
anomaluri uRvlilebis nimuSebi wesier uRvlilebasTan erTad. TandebulebSi Se-
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aqvs calke mdgomi Tandebulebi.
s i n t a q s i ($ 227-302) mimoixilavs sintagmebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom a. Sifneri
yuradRebas amaxvilebs instruqtivis (= ergativis) sxva enaTa saxelobiTis (subi-
eqtis) funqciiT xmarebaze gardamaval zmnasTan. SemCneulia isic, rom I da II pi-
ris nacvalsaxelebi gardauval zmnebTanac instruqtivis formiTaa subieqtad ($
252).
t e q s t e b i (TviTonve _ a. Sifners ar miaCnia bunebriv Targmanad) rusu-
lidan zedmiwevniT Targmans uaxlovdeba.
l e q s i k o n S i Sedis 2168 erTeuli (maTgan 718 qmnis leqsikur budes) iz.
jolbordi): saxelebi, zmna, sxva metyvelebis nawilebi. TargmniTi leqsikonia, mag-
ram masSi mTel rig sityvebTan warmodgnelia maTi warmomavloba an etimologia.
amasTanave leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevia leqsikonSi mocemuli
leqsikonis Sedgenis garkveuli principebi: saleqsikono erTeulis SerCeva, leqsi-
kuri budeebis gamoyofa-gansazRvra. metad faseulia arqauli leqsika da zogjer
formebic, romlebic leqsikonSi dasturdeba.
trutrutrutrubecbecbecbeckoikoikoikoi (trubeckoi 1931) iZleva bacburis zogi bgeris daxasiaTebas da
adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs.
sosososomermermermerfelfelfelfeltistististis naSromSi (somerfelti 1934, 1937) bacburis, aseve CaCnurisa
da inguSuris xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistemebia warmodgenili (gv. 205-209), iye-
nebs laTinur anbans diakritikuli niSnebiT. adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs am eneb-
Si mdidari leqsikuri masalis Sedarebis safuZvelze. gvxvdeba zogi uzustoba
dawerilobasa da fuZeTa SedarebaSi (mag.: h> (C ) D-s adgilas... b. ZuCa `daTvi" (a.
Sifneris leqsikonidan) udarebs CaCn.-ing. zud `Zu"-s, (a. Sifneridan) (gv. 204) ma-
Sin, rodesac bacburSi calke gvaqvs `Zu(3)"; peeee mohyavs `gverdis" mniSvnelobiT,
nacvlad fe-si (gv. 199)...
dddd. imimimimnanananaiSiSiSiSvivivivilililili (imnaiSvili 1942) wovurSi (bacburSi) saxelobiTsa da naTe-
saobiTs ZiriTad pirvelad brunvebad miiCnevs (gv. 216), gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad
brunvas, 6 erTTandebulians da agreTve erTze metTandebulian brunvebs (gv. 216-
217).
iiii. dedededeSeSeSeSeririririeeeevisvisvisvis naSromi `bacburi ena" (deSerievi 1953) gramatikis yvela
dargs moicavs, agreTve gvawvdis bacbur leqsikasa da teqstebs.
f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia sityvis Zirisa da afiqsebis bgeriTi Sedgeni-
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loba. ganixilavs bgeriT sistemas. SemCneuli aqvs bacburis yvela Taviseburi
Tanxmovani. nazalur xmovnebs aRniSnavs diakritikuli niSniT. Cerdeba fonetikur
procesebze (gv. 46-50). arkvevs maxvilis adgils sityvaSi.
ar SeuniSnavs iiii da uuuu xmovnebis epenTezisis Sedegad difTongebis warmoqmnis
SemTxvevebi.
sadavoa sakiTxi, naxur enaTa TanxmovnebSi romelia amosavali abruptivebi
Tu mJRerebi.
m o r f o l o g i a iwyeba sityvawarmoebiTa da formawarmoebiT (gv. 55-56).
mas mosdevs arsebiTi saxeli (gv. 57-77), 22 brunvaa gamoyofili; iiii, eeee, aaaa, oooo, uuuu
xmovnebi naTesaobiTi brunvis daboloebaSi fonetikur variantebad aris miCneu-
li. i. deSerievi brunebis 3 tips asaxelebs, miTiTebulia romel tipSi nawilde-
ba sxva saxelebi (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli) da saxelzmnebi (gv.
67-78). iZleva brunebis paradigmebs.
zmna mocemulia arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg (gv. 79-168). avtori ganixilavs
zmnur sityvawarmoebasa da formawarmoebas, dros, kilos, gramatikul klasebs,
aspeqts, zmniswinebs, mimReobas, absolutivs, `grZnoba-aRqmis" zmnebs, uRvlilebis
tipebs. darTuli aqvs saTanado paradigmebi.
SeiniSneba zogi uzustoba (namyo uaxloesisa (gv. 89) da mimReobaTa sufiq-
sebSi. -nononono da -nornornornor sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi droebi TurmeobiTebia.
droTa sistemaSi ratomRac ar Cans namyo usrulis drois forma. awmyos ma-
warmoebel sufiqsebSic gamorCenilia ˜̃̃̃ < iiii.
mizanSewonili iqneboda gramatikuli klasebi arsebiT saxelamde yofiliyo
ganxiluli. moulodnelia mimReobis brunebis moyvana am TavSi (gv. 153-154).
i. deSerievi zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis, nacvalsaxelis analizs zmnis
momdevnod gvTavazobs (gv. 169-203). ar aris naTeli ratom uZRvis maT win zmna.
z m n i s a r T e b i d a n i. deSerievi droisa da adgilis zmnisarTebze Cerde-
ba, mokled exeba maT warmoebasac (gv. 207).
d a m x m a r e s i t y v e b i da S o r i s d e b u l i c naSromSi sakmaod sru-
ladaa warmodgenili.
s i n t a q s S i dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli sityvaTa SekavSirebis saxeebi,
winadadebis wevrebi, martivi da rTuli winadadebis tipebi, gamovlenilia bacbu-
ri enis zogi Tavisebureba.
l e q s i k a gveZleva dargoblivi leqsikis saxiT, calkea agreTve toponimika,
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eTnonimika, onomastika. leqsemebi dajgufebulia Zvel da axal, sakuTar da ucxo
sityvebad.
danarTi _ t e q s t e b i gabmuli metyvelebisa, rogorc wesi, sandoa da
mniSvnelovani (naxevari saukunis (da kidev meti) winandeli).
nnnn. qaqaqaqadadadadagigigigiZeZeZeZe (n. qadagiZe 1953) cdilobs gaarkvios, saxelTa ra semantikuri
jgufebi Sedis mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofil rva gramatiku-
li klasidan TiToeulSi da amasTanave iZleva maTs procentul raodenobas. n.
qadagiZesTan Seswavlilia saxelebis formac, SinaarsTan erTad, gramatikul kla-
sebad ganawilebis principis dadgenisas.
iiii. dedededeSeSeSeSeririririeeeevivivivi naSromis "Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахских языков"
(deSerievi 1963) gv. 3-549) dasawyisSi mTis kavkasiel xalxTa (maT Soris b a c -
b e b i s) da maTi enebis warmoSobis, istoriuli ganviTarebis problemebze Cerde-
ba (gv. 3-100). monografiaSi warmodgenilia: naxur enaTa fonologiuri sistema
(gv. 175-370), morfologia (gv. 371-489), sintaqsi (gv. 491-513), saerTo naxuri ena
(gv. 517-531).
`naxur enaTa fonologiur sistemaSi" daxasiaTebulia naxur enaTa, ZiriTa-
dad CaCnur-inguSuris, xmovani da Tanxmovani fonemebi. bacburis fonematur sis-
temaSi gamoyofs saerTosa da gansxvavebuls CaCnur-inguSurisagan. bacburSi gamo-
ricxavs grZeli da palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas (gv. 220), KKKK-s ar miiCnevs
fonemad (gv. 200), Tumca is (KKKK) am enaSi fonemaa. faringalur xSuls (IIII-s) bac-
burSi mxolod anlautSi adasturebs (gv. 223). aq ar gamoyofs geminirebul Tan-
xmovnebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi Tanxmovnebi bacburSi faqtia. adgens si-
tyvaSi bgeraTa poziciebs (gv. 235). ganixilavs fonetikur procesebs (gv. 335-
336). termini umlautic Semoaqvs regresuli asimilaciis aRsaniSnavad (gv. 269-
270). `morfologiaSic" (gv. 473-476) gaanalizebulia bgeraTSesatyvisobani naxur
enebSi. `morfologiaSi" sityvawarmoebas uWiravs gv. 380-407). ar aris naTeli -
rig, -rik sufiqsis genezisis sakiTxi (gv. 390).
saxelTa brunebaSi ergativis fuZesac miiCnevs meore fuZed, oRond, avtoris
azriT, istoriulad am SemTxvevaSi ZirTan gvaqvs saqme (gv. 408), rac ar Cans da-
majerebeli: cnobilia, rom saxelobiTi emTxveva Zirs. mr. ricxvis warmoebisas
bacburSi ufro xSiriao rrrr, nnnn, a~ra~ra~ra~r, arararar, erererer, rrrr savrcobebi (gv. 414).
gramatikuli klasis niSnebi (sul 4 klasi) istoriulad prefiqsebiao (gv.
384).
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arsebiT saxelebSi dadgenilia ergativis ssss da vvvv daboloebebis gavrcelebis
are. xxxx-Tandebuls _ brunvis daboloebas marTebulad miiCnevs RRRR-s fonetikur va-
riantad (gv. 435).
gansazRvrulia zedsarTavis adgili SesityvebaSi, misi bruneba, xarisxis
warmoeba.
nacvalsaxelebSi sosososo-s `me" aRdgena meore fuZisaTvis _ ar aris misaRebi (gv.
456). CvenebiTebis saxelobiTSi areulia meore fuZis formebi (uB...) gv. 461.
`zmnaSi" bacburis uRlebis paradigma CaCnur-inguSurTan SedarebiT ufro
martivad esaxeba (gv. 479-80), oRond aRniSnavs, rom yvela SesaZlo formis gaTva-
liswinebiT bevrad ufro rTuli sistema warmogvidgeba (gv. 480). uRlilebaSi
dadgenilia brZanebiTisagan nawarmoebi formebi, (gv. 480-482) _ agreTve _ awmyo-
sagan (gv. 482) da namyouaxlesisagan (gv. 484).
mokled iZleva zmnizedis, damxmare sityvebis (Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki)
mimoxilvas (gv. 485-490).
`sintaqsi" SesityvebiT, misi saxeebis ganxilviT iwyeba (gv. 491-496). mocemu-
lia martivi da rTuli winadadebis analizi gaxazavs, rom qvemdebaris brunvebia:
saxelobiTi, ergativi, micemiTi, naTesaobiTi, lokativi (gv. 499-500). pirdapiri
damatebis formad mohyavs CaCn. loma, bacb. laum, romlebic gansxvavebulia saxe-
lobiTisagan (CaCn. bacb. lam `mTa") da varaudobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi akuzativis
CamoyalibebasTan gvaqvs saqme. amgvar Tvalsazriss dasabuTeba sWirdeba.
gardauval zmnebTan ergatiuli konstruqciis pirveladobas (gv. 503) ver
gaviziarebT.
kkkk. WreWreWreWrelaSlaSlaSlaSvivivivilislislislis naSromSi `naxuri enebis TanxmovanTa sistema" (k. WrelaSvi-
li 1975), warmodgenilia naxuri enebis, maT Soris wova-TuSuri (bacburi) enis
TanxmovanTa sistemebis paradigmatul-distribuciuli analizi (gv. 3-314).
bacburi enis TanxmovanTa sistemis paradigmatuli analizis Sedegad avtorma
daadgina: wova-TuSurSi gamoiyofa 41 Tanxmovani fonema, aqedan 7 intensiuria, 6
_ sonanti. sakuTriv intensivebi mxolod Zireul morfemebSi Sedis. bacburSi
Semonaxulia apikaluri warmoebis intensivebi. intensiuri Tanxmovnebi fonemebia.
mocemulia naxuri enebis CqamierTa daxasiaTeba binarul-akustikur diferen-
cialur niSanTa terminebSi, Svidi diferencialuri niSnis SemotaniT, am niSanTa
met-naklebi kombinacia qmnis ama Tu im fonemis fonologiur Sinaarss. matriceb-
Si asaxulia fonologiur opoziciaTa ierarqiuli Tanmimdevrobac, rac mniSvne-
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lovania diaqroniul kanonzomierebaTa dasadgenad. unda aRiniSnos, rom f a -
r i n g a l e b i s sakiTxi saerTod s a d a v o a saenaTmecniero literaturaSi.
monografiaSi ganxilulia naxuri enebis fonemaTa d i s t r i b u c i i s yvela
SemTxveva (axlavs distribuciuli analizis amsaxveli saTanado tabulebi. gansa-
kuTrebiT sayuradReboa: intensiuri fonemebi funqcionireben mxolod Zireuli
morfemis auslautSi; faringaluri mJReri spiranti(DDDD) funqcionirebs Tavkidur
poziciaSi mJReri Tanxmovnebisa da abruptivebis Semdeg; laringaluri mJReri
xSuli (G) gvxvdeba Zireuli morfemis auslautSi. faringaluri mJReri (�) mxo-
lod anlautSi iCens Tavs.
TanxmovanTa k o m p l e q s e b i orwevrovania. samwevrovani kombinaciebi mxo-
lod sporadulad aris SemCneuli. sami ZiriTadi tipia kompleqsebisa: 1. sonan-
turi kompleqsebi, 2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi da 3. xSulTa kompleqsebi. gamoi-
yofa 9 modeli (СF, FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC). sintagmaturi modelebi mzardi
sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: mzardi sonorobisa, klebadi sonorobisa,
neitralurisa.
interess aRZravs CF tipis kompleqsebi, qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul
kompleqsTa B-sistemis msgavsi.
dddd. imimimimnanananaiSiSiSiSvivivivilislislislis monografiis (imnaiSvili 1977 (gv. 5-299) kvlevis sagania na-
xuri enebis xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistema istoriul aspeqtSi. naSromSi ganxi-
lulia fonetikuri procesebi am enaTa xmovnebsa da TanxmovnebSi. dgindeba fone-
tikuri Sesatyvisobebi naxur enebSi. aRdgenilia SedarebiT martivi sistema ro-
gorc xmovnebisa, ise _ Tanxmovnebisa saerTo naxurisaTvis.
abruptivebisaTvis amosavlad miiCnevs mJRer xSulebs, arsebobs sxva Tval-
sazrisic (abruptivebisgan momdinareoben mJReri xSulebi).
dddd. eeee. hohohoholislislisliskikikikisasasasa da rrrr. gagagagaguguguguasasasas naSromSi (holiski, gagua 1994) mokled aris
mimoxiluli fonologia (gv. 149-161), morfologia (gv. 162-189), sintaqsi (gv. 190-
212).
f o n o l o g i a S i mokle da grZeli xmovnebis, agreTve difTongebis sakiTxi
Tanamedrove bacburSi sxvagvarad dgeba. Tanxmovnebidan aseTive viTarebaa larin-
galebsa da faringalebSi (gv. 151, 152-153).
m o r f o l o g i a uRvlilebis ramdenadme martiv sistemas gvawvdis (gv. 180).
nacvalsaxelebSi brunvaTa rigi asea Secvlili: erg., naT., sax. ... (gv. 173).
12
mr. ricxvSi gramatikuli klasebis diferenciaciis gaTvaliswinebiT 5 gra-
mat. klasis gamoyofa bacburSi sadavoa (gv. 162).
brunvis niSanTa winamavali xmovnis raoba sakvlevia.
kkkk. WeWeWeWelaSlaSlaSlaSvivivivilislislislis naSromSi `wova-TuSuri ena" (WrelaSvili 2002) warmodgeni-
lia: winasityvaoba (gv. 7-42); wova-TuSuri enis TanxmovanTa paradigmatuli sis-
tema (gv. 43-94); morfologia (gv. 95-291); wova-TuSuri gvarebis Sesaxeb (gv. 292-
296); statiebi (gv. 297-438), teqstebi (gv. 439-464); mcire leqsikoni (gv. 465-504);
ablauti wova-TuSurSi (gv. 505-507).
avtori iZleva naxur enebSi diaqroniul fonemur procesTa axsnis cdas
fonemur erTeulTa identifikaciis matricebze damyarebiT (gv. 43-94);
zmnis uRvlilebis mravalricxovani sinTezuri da analizuri formebi _
mwkrivebi ZiriTadad maTi struqturis mixedviT aris dajgufebuli, dadgenilia
sauRlebel fuZeTa sistema _ 3 seria, I da II seriebSi cxra-cxra da III-Si 12
mwkriviT, rac aZlevs avtors SesaZleblobas warmogvidginos wova-TuSuri zmnis
uRlebis sistemis sruli, simetriuli paradigma (gv. 160-198). aqve unda aRiniS-
nos, rom ar aris SeuZlebeli mowodebuli paradigmis gamartiveba.
wova-TuSurSi gvaris gramatikuli kategoriis markerad gamoyofs lalalala/llll
elements, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom igi lalalala/llll vnebiTi gvaris markerad gvevli-
neba mxolod awmyosa da myofadis fuZeebisagan nawarmoeb mwkrivebSi (~ay-lalalala `iW-
meva", dDog-lalalala `daimtvreva"...).
naSromSi gvaqvs aspeqtis kategoriis tradiciulisagan gansxvavebuli ganmar-
teba, gamoyofilia aspeqtis samwevrovani korelacia, romlisTvisac ganmsazRvre-
lia moqmedebis grZliobis xasiaTi (gv. 115)...
13
fonetikafonetikafonetikafonetika
xmovnebixmovnebixmovnebixmovnebi. . . . xuT sada xmovanssada xmovanssada xmovanssada xmovans gamoyofs bacburSi am enis yvela mkvlevari:
esenia: aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , iiii, , , , oooo, , , , uuuu.... sada xmovnebis gverdiT aq gvaqvs nazaluri xmovnebi: an,
en, in, on, un, grZeli xmovani ‰, agreTve Š da ‹ grZeli xmovnebi, adastureben
mokle xmovnebsac: š, ˜, ™, —.
nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi miRebulia sada xmovani + nnnn Tanxmovanisagan nnnn
Tanxmovnis dakargvis Sedegad (qalaCuuuun < `qalaCuna, fartan < `fartena~...).
nazaluri xmovnebi gvxvdeba Cveulebriv sityvis bolos (gagaaaan `kvercxi, gon
`azri~, Razen `kargi~, dikeeeen `waiyvana~... am poziciaSi isini fonemebia, vlindeba
minimaluri wyvilebi (xan `barkali~, Sdr. xa `xari, dro~. nazaluri xmovnebi
afiqsis funqciiTac dasturdeba (naT. br. niSnebad, zog SemTxvevaSi mic. br.
niSnadac nacvalsaxelebSi).
iSviaTad nazaluri xmovnebi Tavs iCens inlautSic (mandarin `mandarini~,
gonlin `gonieri~, gang `jaglagi~. bandul `fexsacmeli~...), Tumca am poziciaSi
maT fonematuri Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT.
sufiqsebis win nnnn Tanxmovani Semonaxulia erTi da imave sityvebSi (gagan
`kvercxi~ _ mr. r. gagannnn-i < gagan+i; Sorin `farTo~ _ kiTxviTi forma Sorinnnn-
i? `farTo?~..).
grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi bacburSi Cven Tvalwin viTardeba. grZeli ‰‰‰‰ xmovnis
fonemuroba sarwmunoa (k. WrelaSvili).
SeiniSneba ‹, Š da � grZeli xmovnebic fakultaturad, romlebic sruli
asimilaciisa da xmovanTa Serwymis gziT arian miRebuli.
grZeli xmovnebi da difTongebi paralelurad gvxvdeba, maTi gavrceleba
Taobebis mixedviTaa gansxvavebuli: difTongebi ufrosi Taobis warmomadge-
nelTa metyvelebsTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, grZeli xmovnebi _ umcrosi Taobis
14
metyvelebisaTvis, Tumca amaTTan difTongebis xmarebac ar aris gamoricxuli.
e. w. mokle mokle mokle mokle (reducirebul) xmovnebs xmovnebs xmovnebs xmovnebs gamoyofen erTze metmarcvlian
sityvaTa absolutur boloSi (bay™™™™ `kvici~, gaššššgšššš `muxli~, v‹l˜̃̃̃ `icinis~,
lel———— `dadis~. akustikurad mokle xmovnebi Zneli aRsaqmelia TviT
bacbebisTvisac ki.
maxvili mokle xmovnebs ar moudis, marcvals ar qmnian, amdenad isini ar
gvxvdeba erTmarcvlian sityvebSi. mokle xmovnebi miRebulia sityvis bolos
maxviliani xmovnis momdevnod umaxvilo poziciaSi. xolo aaaa xmovani amave
poziciaSi ukvalod ikargeba (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili). sxva Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad (T. uTurgaiZe, m. miqelaZe) or- da metmrcvlian sityvebis auslautSi
xmovanTa reduqciisas Tavs iCens enis miswrafeba _ Riamarcvliani
struqturis formebi gardaqmnas daxurulmarcvliani struqturis formebad.
safiqrebelia orive faqtoris moqmedebasTan gvqonoda saqme. gavrceleba pova
nareduqcialma formebma.
erTi mxriT, ˜, — da, meore mxriT, š, ™ erTmaneTisagan akustikurad aRar
ganirCeva — da ˜ winamavali Tanxmovnebis sust palatalizacas iwvevs, ™ da š
_ sust labializacias. amdenad, mokle xmovnebTanac ki ara gvaqvs saqme,
aramed maTs SerwymasTan winamaval TanxmovnebTan. ˜̃̃̃ da ————-s SemTxvevaSi maTi
winamavali Tanxmovnebis rbil variantebs viRebT, xolo oooo da uuuu ki winamaval
TanxmovnebTan iZleva maTs labializebul variantebs. aseTi palatalizebuli
da labializebuli Tanxmovnebi fonemis poziciuri variantebia, afiqsis
funqciiT ar gvxvdeba da maT fonemebad ver miviCnevT.
dubletebis arsebobac imaze metyvelebs, rom mokle xmovnebi ar
warmoadgenen fonemebs: rbili Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani;
labializebuli Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani.
amisda kvalad transkrifciuli Caweris TvalsazrisiTac e. w. `mokle
xmovnebis~ grafikuli Cawera ar Seesabameba realur viTarebas. maT nacvlad
sjobda sirbilis (½½½½) da labializaciis (◦) niSnebi iqnes gamoyenebuli
TanxmovnebTan, romlebic win uZRodnen istoriul iiii, , , , eeee, , , , oooo, , , , uuuu xmovnebs.
15
difTongebidifTongebidifTongebidifTongebi. . . . bacburSi ori xmovani uSualod erTmaneTis gverdiT ver
Zlebs,1 ganicdis difTongizacias (CaCnur-inguSuris …o…o…o…o, , , , �e�e�e�e difTongebi
bacburSi ar SeiniSneba. gvxvdeba difTongebi ���� da ………… komponentebiT,
romlebic sonantebia (d. imnaiSvili).
� da … yvela xmovanTan iCens Tavs, garda i da u xmovnebisa, Sesabamisad.
difTongizacias adgili aqvs: 1) ori xmovani erTad iyris Tavs
boloxmmovnian fuZesa da xmovansufiqsis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis
darTvisas:
mag.: Jer™ (`qvrivi~) _ mr. Jeru� (< Jero�).
2) epenTezisis Sedegad, fuZiseul wina xmovanTan momdevno xmovnis
gadanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi: qaniz (`yurZeni~) _ naT. qa�nzen. ufro farTod
aris gavrcelebuli �-is Semcveli difTongebi: a�, e�, rac Zvel Canawerebsa da
ufrosi Taobis metyvelebaSi vlindeba: Tumca axali Taobac paralelurad
Caunacvlebs a�, e� difTongebs grZel xmovnebs, romlebic maTgan aris
miRebuli: a�, e� > Š, ‹, agreTve _ e-s auslautSi da�qnen, qaliqen magram
iSviaTad i-sac (dadinfstu) ‹-s inlautSi (r. gagua).
o� difTongi > u�-s (a. Siferi) Cak™ `skami~ mr. Caku� < Cako� …-ian
difTongebSi a… > o…-s ƒa…ƒu ƒo…ƒu `mtredi~, ƒa…pš > ƒo…pš `matli~. r.
gagua adasturebs o…-s �-Si gadasvlis SemTxvevas: ošƒš || uuƒ || �ƒ `is~, Sdr.
erg. oƒus.
arc Tu iSviaTad mosalodneli …-s Semcveli difTongebis adgilas
gvxvdeba �-iani difTongebi, rasac winaenismier TanxmovnebTan disimilaciis
Sedegad miiCneven (r. gagua).
disimilaciiT axsnas winaaRmdegoba xvdeba bacburSi (sxva SemTxvevebSic
gvaqvs u > � labializaciis moSlis gziT (boRur (palo~) _ bu�Rren).
aRmavali difTongebi bacburSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba: �a, �e
dadasturebulia zog styvaSi, �exk `savarcxa~, �eT´ `Zroxa~...
1 gamonaklisia ricxviT saxelebSi _ Siiiiiiiit´ (`Tormeti~), ƒoioioioit´ (`cameti~)...
16
kiTxviTs formebSi …i difTongic iCens Tavs axali Taobis
warmomadgenlebTan (vot…i? `dadis?~ vaR…i? midis? aW…i? _ Sexedavs?
maxvili maxvili maxvili maxvili amJamad bacburSi susti dinamikuria, fiqsirebuli, romelic,
Cveulebriv, sityvis pirvel marcvals moudis (höwuk `Citi~...)
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili morfologiur funqcias iRebs (mx. r.
naT. br. C¤xon _ mr. naT. br. Cuon...).
SnS. es faqti SeiZleba gadmonaSTi iyos im viTarebisa, rodesac maxvili
naxur enebSi moZravi iyo: bacb. knaT < kanöT (CaCnuri enis Weberlour
dialeqtSi dasturdeba (d. imnaiSvili), sityvis meore marcvalsac moudioda,
SeiZleboda gvqonoda fuZezec da sufiqsis darTvisas sufiqsze
gadainacvlebda. maxvili sufiqsze fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqcias iwvevda.
xmovnis reduqcia sityvis fuZeSi sufiqsis darTvisas axlac farTod aris
gavrcelebuli bacburSi, rac Zveli tradiciis gagrZelebaa.
fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan xmovnebSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia
reduqcia reduqcia reduqcia reduqcia da epenTezisiepenTezisiepenTezisiepenTezisi.... reduqcias or da metmarcvlian sityvebze xmovnis an
xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqis darTva iwvevs. reducirdeba aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo xmovnebi: sax.
bader `bavSvi~, naT. badr-en <*bader-en... gvaqvs oooo-s nawilobrivi reduqciis
SemTxvevebic _ oooo > vvvv: yiol `siRaribe, sigamxdre~, aqedan _ yivlaren
`Raribuli~, lebiv < qarT. lobio. epenTeziss ganicdian iiii da uuuu xmovnelbi, Tu
fuZeSi aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo xmovnebia. iiii da uuuu xmovnebi am (aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo) xmovanTa momdevnod
gadainacvleben fuZeSi da masTan qmnian difTongebs: sax. qaniz `yurZeni~ _
naT. qa�a�a�a�nz-en <*qaniz-en... gvxvdeba epenTezisis iseTi magaliTebic, rodesac iiii
xmovani Tanxmovnebs Sua eqceva da ara xmovnis Semdeg: tarsikoni > tariskon
"сафьян", makartan `makrateli~. arsebobs am faqtis sxvagvari axsnac1 _ aqac
reduqcia xdeba da ara epenTezisi. reducirebuli xmovnis kompensaciaa xmovnis
dagrZeleba, romelic mere gadadis difTongSio.
es Tvalsazrisi Teoriulad dasaSvebia, magram amasTan dakavSirebiT enaSi
1 A. Dirr, Einführung... gv. 36.
17
sxva faqtebi dasturdeba, sapirispiro: difTongebi amosavalia grZeli
xmovnebisTvis da ara _ piriqiT. difTongebi warmodgenilia xandazmulTa
metyvelebaSi amJamd da XIX s.-is dasasrulisa da XX s.-is dasawyisis
TxzulebebSi (a. SifnerTan, i. ciskariSvilis `TuSuri enis gramatikaSi~, d.
da n. qadagiZeebis wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi), grZeli (zogjer
mokle) xmovnebi gvxvdeba axalgazrdebisa da bavSvebis metyvelebaSi, rogorc
wesi (iSviaTad gvxvdeba difTongebi).
xmovani + xmovani Tanmimdevroba ar aris damaxasiaTebeli wova-
TuSurisaTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT tolad Serwymul saxelebs
(metwilad ricxviT saxelebs), ix. zemoT. zog nasesxeb sityvaSic xmovani +
xmovani ucvlelad warmoCndeba meurm— `meurme~... (iqve).
xmovani + xmovani, Cveulebriv, Serwymis gziT, difTongs qmnis: Wanik
`nikapi~ _ naT. Wa�a�a�a�nk-en < Waniiiik-en...
zogjer viTardeba ���� an ‡‡‡‡ xmovnebs Soris marcvalTgamyarad:
dar _ keTeba _ d-i�en `gaakeTa~... (gagua).
awmy. daR™ `modis~, dexen _ `movida~
difTongebSi SeimCneva fonetikuri procesebi; Serwyma, nawilobrivi da
sruli asimilacia: a�a�a�a� difTongi > e�e�e�e�. inlautSi: at´iv `bedniereba~ _ erg.
a�t´v-ev || e�t´v-ev-. a� > e auslautSi tanjv (< qarT. tanjva) _ naT. tanjv-en (<
tanjva�n... (r. gagua).
a� >> e > ‹ || ‹ (Tu mas marcvali mosdevs: levdar `Tqma~, magram l‹v˜ <
le�v˜ `ambobs~ da livas `vambob~ (r. gagua).
oooošššš difTongSi oooo > uuuu-s: ošƒš || ušƒ || uƒ `im~ (saxelobiTis garda sxva
brunvebSi `is~ nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelis funqciiT).
erTze metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelebSi boloxmovnebi ganicdian
sruls an nawilobriv reduqcias (ix. zemoT).
saxelTa brunebisas da zmnebSi aspeqturi dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi
dasturdeba fuZiseul xmovanTa monacvleoba, amJamad spontanuri xasiaTisa,
ablauti (am sakiTxebze SevCerdebiT qvemoT saxelTa brunebisa da zmnis
18
aspeqtis ganxilvisas).
naxur enaTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa sistema yvelaze axlosaa qarTvelur enaTa
TanxmovanTa sistemasTan (arn. Ciqobava).
bacburSi warmodgenilia mJRerebi, fSvinvierebi. abruptivebi. amas garda
_ naxuri enebisaTvis specifikuri Tanxmovnebi _ geminatebi. lÀ _ laterali
naxur enaTagan mxolod bacburSi gvxvdeba.
gamoiyofa Tanxmovana sameulebrivi sistema xSulebsa da afrikatebSi,
msgavsad sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa: bagismierebi _ b f pb f pb f pb f p; kbilismierebi
_ d T td T td T td T t; winavelarulebi _ g q kg q kg q kg q k, ukanavelarulebi ƒ yƒ yƒ yƒ y; winasibilanturebi
_ Z c wZ c wZ c wZ c w, ukanasibilanturebi _ j C Wj C Wj C Wj C W.
wyvileulebrivi TanxmovanTa istema gvaqvs spirantebSi:
winasibilanturebi _ z sz sz sz s; ukanasibilanturebi _ J SJ SJ SJ S; winavelarulebi _ R xR xR xR x,
laringaluri _ hhhh.
sameulTa sistemidan kbilismierTa rigSi geminatebTan erTad viRebT
xuTeuls bacburSi _ d T t Td T t Td T t Td T t T ´́́́ t t t t ´́́́, spirantebSi _ sameulebs _ z s sz s sz s sz s s ´́́́ da a.
S.
bacburSi geminatebia: TTTT ´́́́ t t t t ´́́́ l l l l ´́́́ s s s s ´́́́ S S S S ´́́́ x x x x ´́́́ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ´́́́ y y y y ´́́́ (k. WrelaSvili).
specifikuri faringaluri bgerebia bacburSi „ mJReri da h´ yru
spirantebi da mJReri �; laringaluri _ ‡; es bgera unda iyos spiranti an
spirantoidi (q. lomTaTiZe), sibilanti sibilantoidi, magram _ yru.
sonori Tanxmovnebi r l m n r l m n r l m n r l m n bacburSic aris warmodgenili da agreTve
kbilbagismieri mJReri vvvv-c.
TanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebi
bacburSi TanxmovanTa kompleqebi o r w e v r i a n i a (samwevriani
kombinaciebis mxolod sam SemTxvevas adastureben).
gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi tipi kompleqsebisa: 1. sonanturi kompleqsebi,
2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi, 3. xSulTa Semcveli kompleqsebi. am tipebSi
19
sintagmaturi struqturis mixedviT Semdegi qvejgufebi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT: CF,* FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC.
S n S. bacburSi TanxmovanTa TanmimdevrobaTa simravle bacbebis bacbur-
qarTuli orenovnebis Sedegi unda iyos.
TanxmovanTa jgufebi mzardi sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: 1.
mzardi sonorobis modeli, 2. klebadi sonorobis modeli, 3. neitraluri
sonorobis modeli.
S n S. CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac CF tipis kompleqsebi
Zireuli morfemis mxolod Tavkidur poziciaSi gvxvdeba, bacburSi
auslautSic dasturdeba.
TanxmovanTa kompleqsebidan specifikuria specifikuria specifikuria specifikuria bacburisaTvis iseve, rogorc
CaCnur-inguSurisaTvis, CF tipis kompleqsebi:
bR dR Z- j-
b„ d„ zR J„
fx Tx cx Cx
fh´ Th´ ch´ Ch´
p„ t„ w„ W„
py ty wy Wy
S n S. es kompleqsebi qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul kompleqTa B
sistemasTan tipologiur msgavsebas avlenen (k. WrelaSvili).
* C _ xSuli, F _ frikativi, S _ sonanti.
20
TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebi
farTod aris gavrcelebuli auslautSi bolo Tanxmovis n-s mokveca,
iSviaTad r, l, m-c reducirebulia. rrrr, , , , llll, , , , mmmm-s sruli reduqcia xdeba, nnnn _ ki,
Cveulebriv, winamaval xmovans erwymis da viRebT nazalur xmovnebs (ix.
zemoT). igi saxelobiTis garda sxva brunvebSi n-s saxiTve warmoCndeba (amis
Sesaxeb _ saxelTa brunebaSi).
Tanxmovnebis win anlautSi ikargeba mmmm Tanxmovani gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb
sityvebSi. Txovar < mTxovar-i (qarT.), tkor < mtkvar-i (qarT.)...
sityvis bolos v v v v gadadis …………-Si an ™-Si verx… < verxv-i (qarT.), loc™ <
locv-a (qarT.)...
TanxmovnebSi SeiniSneba asimilaciis SemTxvevebi: zzzz > ssss: yarfuzzzz
`sazamTro~; naT. br. ya�rfsen... nnnn > llll: golin < gonlin `gonieri~; bbbb > pppp
anlautSi, bbbb aq fuZes Sezrdili gramat. kl. niSania: fxi < bxi `xuTi~... bbbb > ffff,
bbbb > pppp aspeqtis warmoebisas:
sr. asp. Toxar `dartyma~, `dakvra musikalur instrumentze~ _ usr. asp.
Tefxfxfxfxar < Tebxbxbxbxar...
(mJRerebTan ki bbbb Semonaxulia: sr. asp. d-oJar `dacema, dacureba (fexisa)
_ usr. asp. d-ebbbbJar).
asimilaciiT: RRRR > xxxx: yalCaRRRR _ naT. br. yalCxxxxen... mr. yalCxxxxi...
bbbb > mmmm: bos `feri~ _ mr. basmmmmi || < bas-bbbbi (nbnbnbnb > nnnnmmmm > mnmnmnmn)...
dddd > TTTT anlautSi TelÀar <*dddd-elÀar `micema~ (usr. asp.), Sdr. dddd-alÀ-ar (sr.
asp.).
xxxx < RRRR: u�sRRRRa > u�sxxxxa <*osixa `im adgilebSi~...
dddd < jjjj: qirjjjjola `kicxavs~ (qarT. qirddddavs)
disimilaciis Sedegad:
bbbb > pppp nasesxeb sityvaSi: pppprowol < bbbbrowol < `broweuli~.
rrrr > llll: zedsarTav saxelTa arsebiTi saxelisagan mawarmoebel sufiqsebSi:
rrrren || llllen, rrrrun || llllun, rrrrin || llllin. Sdr. maTxorrrren `mziani~ da garrrrgllllen `axlo,
axlobeli~, k„okrrrrun `Rrma~ da fsarllllun `saRamosi, вечерний~, mawrrrrin `tkbili~,
21
qokllllin `fexiani~ da a. S.
TanxmovanTa gadasmiT: nlnlnlnl > lnlnlnln: h´un (`tye~) + lo- (sufiqsi) > h´unllll™ >
h´ulnlnlnln™ (`tyeSi, tyisken~).
lglglglg > glglglgl: Seglglglglba-d-ar < Selglglglgba-d-ar `dalageba~ (qarT. Selageba).
nrnrnrnr > rnrnrnrn: Rernrnrnrnal < Renrnrnrnral < Renerrrral `generali~
sbsbsbsb > bsbsbsbs: ibssssi < isbbbbi `isini~ (II pirTan axlos myofni) (r. gagua).
garda aRniSnuli bgeraTa cvlilebebisa bacburSi dadasturda: mmmm, rrrr, nnnn
Tanxmovnebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb sityvebSi: memmmmcxor <
`mecxvare~, trrrraSt < `taSti~, sannnnTx™ < saxTo (saRvTo)...
TanxmovanTa gadasma: rbrbrbrb > brbrbrbr _ xabron < `xarbi~, `Zunwi~, jib < bij
`nabiji~...
TanxmovanTa monacvleoba: ffff > pppp : ppppir < `ffffara~, ffff > bbbb _ Zabbbb < `Zaffffi~, nnnn >
mmmm: xummmmw < `xunnnnwi~, tummmm < `tvinnnni~; mmmm > nnnn _ nnnnugzur < `mmmmuguzali~; llll/nnnn celun
`wlevandeli~ _ cennnnex `wleuls~, mmmm > vvvv _ vvvvinam < mmmminam, jjjj > JJJJ _ JJJJonJJJJol <
`jonjoli~.
SesaZlebelia, n > l disimilaciis Sedegi iyos: kanollll < `kanonnnni~.
22
ararararsesesesebibibibiTi saTi saTi saTi saxexexexelililili
bacbacbacbacbubububuri enari enari enari ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxuri enebis jgufs ganekuT-
vneba, igi aglutinaciuri enaa fleqsiuris elementebiT.
ararararsesesesebibibibiTi saTi saTi saTi saxexexexelililili gramatikul formaTa siuxviT gamoirCeva.
gragragragramamamamatitititikukukukuli klali klali klali klasesesesebibibibi.... bacburSi gramatikuli klasebis sistema moqmedia.
arsebiTi saxelebi mxolobiT ricxvSi 4 klasad jgufdeba, gamoiyofa oTxi kla-
sis niSani: I klasisa _ v, II klasisa _ �, III klasisa _ b, IV klasisa _ d. I
klass, Cveulebriv, ganekuTvneba mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, II klass _ qa-
lis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, agreTve zogi sulieri da usulo sagnebis _ niv-
Tis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, III da IV klasebSi nawildeba nivTis aRmniSvneli sa-
xelebi.
mravlobiT ricxvSi xdeba II, III da IV klasebis gaxleCa or da sam klase-
bad.
I klasis niSania mravlobiTSi bbbb: mx. r. vvvv _ mr. r. bbbb.
II klasi orad ixliCeba � d
Á
III klasi orad ixliCeba b Á
d
b
IV klasi ixliCeba orad d Á
d
mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelTa aseTi ganawilebis mixedviT gvaqvs rva saxis
mimarTeba: I. mx. v _ mr. b; II. mx. � _ mr. d; III. mx. d _ mr. d; IV mx. b _ mr. d;
V. mx. � _ mr. �; VI. mx. b _ mr. �; VII. mx. d _ mr. �; VIII. mx. b _ mr. b. mx. vvvv _
mr. bbbb klasis niSnebs, Cveulebriv, mxolod mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi aCe-
nen; mx. ���� _ mr. dddd klasis niSnebs _ mxolod dedakacebis _ qalis aRmniSvneli
saxelebi. danarCeni _ nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis ganawilebis motivacia am-
Jamad ar Cans: rogorc wesi, ar aris Sepirobebuli saxelis aRmniSvneli si-
23
tyvis bgeriTi mxariT an mniSvnelobiT.
damajerebelia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelTa `gramatikul
klasebad dajgufebaSi mkveTrad Cans pirovnebisa da nivTis dapirispireba (arn.
Ciqobava).
nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis gramatikul klasebad dayofas, Tavis mxriv,
agreTve istoriulad socialuri Rirebulebis Tvalsazrisi edo safuZvlad
(a. diri, arn. Ciqobava). garkveuli motivaciiT, `magram droTa viTarebaSi es
motivacia daiCrdila da u m o t i v a c i o t r a d i c i u l i dajgufeba Semo-
gvrCa...~ (arn. Ciqobava).
specialur literaturaSi aris cda saxelTa gramatikul klasebad gana-
wilebis axsnisa saxelis bgeriTi mxaris mixedviT: bbbb- Tavkiduriani an bbbb-bolo-
kiduriani saxeli bbbb klass ganekuTvneba, dddd-iani _ dddd- klass... (a. Timaevi, n. qa-
dagiZe).
magram Tanxvedris SemTxveviTobasac ver gamovricxavT aseT ganawilebaSi
gamonaklisebis (bbbb _ Tavkiduriani saxeli ar ganekuTvneba bbbb _ klass: bbbbaz-d dd dd dd d
`samarile~, bbbbay™ - d dd dd dd d bbbbaSar-���� `unari~, bbbbej - ���� ���� `Tma~, bbbborag - bbbb-bbbb; `CiTi
(naqsovi fexsacmeli)~, bbbborS - d dd dd dd d `mozveri~, bbbboh´ - d dd dd dd d `cikani~, bbbbu�sa - ���� ����
`Rame~, bbbbuc-���� `balaxi~, bbbbÄakan – ���� ���� `guda~, bbbbÄara-���� ���� `maryuJi~...) simravlis
gamo da sxva Tavkidur-bolokidur (bbbb d ����-is gamoklebiT) Tanxmovnebian yvela
saxelis Tavkidur-bolokidur TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebis (Tu aseTi
iyo) gauTvaliswineblad.
aseTive viTareba gvaqvs _ SemTxveviTobis faqtori moqmedebs, Tanamedro-
ve gagebiT, mniSvnelobis mixedviT saxelTa klasebad dajgufebis SemTxvevaSic.
martivi saxelebisagan gansxvavebiT nawarmoebi saxelebi da nasesxebi leq-
sika Cveulebriv d dd dd dd d da ���� ���� klasebs ganekuTvnebian. zogaddeba d dd dd dd d klasi (n.
qadagiZe).
msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneba agreTve rTul-toladSerwymul da fuZega-
orkecebul saxelebSi:
I. dddd klass ganekuTvnebian, tolad Serwymuli saxelebi:. maTx-buTT dddd `mze
24
_ mTvare~ qarT. mze da mTvare; Sdr. maTx bbbb `mze~, buT´ bbbb `mTvare~, xalaT-sa-
muƒl dddd, Sdr. xalaT ���� `perangi~, samuƒl ���� `Sarvali~; qorT-qu�k˜ dddddddd `Tav-fe-
xi (cxovelisa)~, Sdr. qorT b db db db d `Tavi~, qok b b b b ���� `fexi~;
mox-yar dddd `qar-wvima~, Sdr. mox. bbbb `qari~, yar ���� ���� `wvima~; moxk-gorC d
`filTaqva~, Sdr. moxk b db db db d `fili~, gorC ���� ���� `filTaqva~; niav-mox d dd dd dd d `niav-
qari~, Sdr. niav bbbb `niavi~, mox b db db db d `qari~; dad-nan d dd dd dd d `ded-mama~, zedmiw. `ma-
ma-deda~, Sdr. dad v bv bv bv b `mama~, nan ���� d d d d `deda~, mar-fstu dddd `col-qmari~, zed-
miw. `qmar-coli~, Sdr. mar `qmari~, fstu ���� d d d d `coli~...
2) dddd klass ganekuTvnebian umetesad fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi, ro-
melTa gauorkecebeli fuZe ar Cans: h´arh´ar `qSena~; RipRip `qaqani~; SaxSax
`Sriali~ yuSyuS `CiCini~; xamwxamw `knawaknuwi~...
II. ufro iSviaTia ���� klasis warmoCena SeerTebiT da fuZegaorkecebul
kompozitebSi: 1. mag., SeerTebiTi kompozitebi ���� klasSi Sedian: dÄe’-doki ����
`gul-mkerdi~, zedmiw. `RviZl-gulebi~, Sdr. dÄe’ dddd dddd `RviZli~, dok dddd dddd `gu-
li~; tot-qoki ���� `xel-fexi~, zedmiw. `xel-fexebi~, Sdr. tot dddd, ���� `xeli~, qok
bbbb ���� `fexi~... 2) mag., fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi iiii klasSi warmoCnedbian:
ƒarTƒurTni ���� `kurkuSelebi~; fal-fandi ���� `zRaprebi~, Sdr. fal bbbb dddd `zRapa-
ri~...
bacburSi ���� klasis ganzogadebis tendencia ufro mkrTalad aris warmo-
dgenili. farTovdeba dddd klasis gavrcelebis are. masSi (dddd-klasSi) gadadian
adamianis klasis (v bv bv bv b; ���� d d d d) garkveuli jgufis martivi saxelebic (a. Sifneri,
i. deSerievi, n. qadagiZe...).
fuZegaorkecebul da SeerTebiT kompozitebSi dddd da ���� klasebis povniere-
ba, istoriuli motivaciis daCrdilva martiv saxelTa gramatikul klasebad
ganawilebaSi iwvevs ryevas gramatikul klasebSi. amJamad es procesi ufro
farTo xasiaTs iRebs. amasTanave dddd-{dddd} klasi ifarToebs gavrcelebis ares.
mag.: h´¡rw-merw < h´a�w�{i}ma�w{�} b db db db d (q. l.) || d dd dd dd d (d. m.) `jiblibo~;
qu�hki dddd (q. l.) || ���� (d. m.) `oCofexebi~, cu b db db db d `qumeli~, Sdr. CaCn. b bb bb bb b id
25
(Timaevi 19); mar½l b b b b ���� (Sifneri l.) || b db db db d (q. l.) `cxviri~; b¡T´ar b bb bb bb b || b db db db d
(q. l.), dddd || dddd (d. m.), bbbb (Sifneri 146); wipw ���� ���� || d dd dd dd d (q. l., d. m) `wipwa~;
weng™ ���� ���� || d (q. l., d. m.) `wengo~; Wig™ d d d d ���� || d dd dd dd d (q. l., d. m); kval bbbb
(Sifneri 119), d dd dd dd d (d. m.) `kvali~...
arsebiTi saxelis gramatikuli klasi warmoCndeba gramatikuli klasis
niSniT masTan sintaqsur kavSirSi Semaval zmnasa da nazmnar saxelebSi, ro-
gorc wesi, ufro iSviaTad _ zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebsa da nacvalsaxe-
lebSi, msgavsad rigi sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa. arsebiT saxelebSi mxo-
lod ori sityva ganarCevs gramatikul klasebs saTanado niSnebiT _ I klasisa
_ vvvv, II klasisa _ ����: v-aS™ `Zma~ da ����-aSo `da~: vvvv-oh´ `vaJiSvili~ da ����-ah´™ `qa-
liSvili~.
arsebiT saxelebSi iZebneba gaqvavebuli gramatikuli klasis niSnebi: mag.:
����oh´qot™ || ddddoh´qot™ `pirisaxe~...
riririricxvis kacxvis kacxvis kacxvis katetetetegogogogoriariariaria.... saxelebSi ramdenime mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani gamo-
iyofa: -iiii || > ����, -iSiSiSiS, -SiSiSiSi, -bibibibi, -arararar, -aaaa����rrrr || -erererer, -aaaa����rCrCrCrC || > erCerCerCerC > elCelCelCelC, -rCrCrCrC || -CCCC, -
rSrSrSrS, -nininini, -mimimimi, -uuuu����.
mr. r. sufiqsTa simravle meoreulia _ ZiriTadad fonet. cvlilebebis
Sedegi an rTuli Sedgenilobis sufiqsebs warmoadgenen.
-iiii (xmovnebis Semdeg gadadis -����-Si) sufiqsi produqtiulia, xmovanfuZian
da TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan, sakuTar da nasesxeb sityvebSi iCens Tavs: stak
`kaci- mr. r. stak-i.
-iSiSiSiS ZiriTadad gvaqvs fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle da arqauli brunebis saxe-
lebTan: buT´ `mTvare; Tve~ _ mr. r. baT´-iSiSiSiS...
-����SSSS warmoCndeba arsebiT saxelebSi xmovnebs Semdeg: fSa `wyaro~ _ mr. r.
fSa-����SSSS...
ergativsa da irib brunvebSi zedsarTavi saxelebisa da namyos mimReobeb-
Si: Razen `kargi~ _ mr. r. erg. RaziCu����SSSSv, mic. RaziCu�Sn... dayin™ `SeWmuli~
_ mr. r. erg. dayinCu�Sv, mic. dayinCu�Sn...
-SiSiSiSi -iSiSiSiS sufiqsis fonetikur variantad miaCniaT (r. gagua), rac naklebad
26
damajerebeli Cans. SesaZlebelia, SiSiSiSi < iSiSiSiS + iiii, -iSiSiSiS mr. sufiqss daerTo mravlo-
biTis produqtiuli sufiqsi iiii: ya�n˜ `moxuci~ _ mr. r. ya�nSiSiSiSi <*ya�niiiiSiSiSiSi.
-SiSiSiSi sufiqsi damaxasiaTebelia mimReobisa da iseTi zedsarT. saxelebisa-
Tvis, romlebic mimReobisagan momdinareoben. doJin™ `Sebmuli~ _ mr. r. do-
Jinu�SiSiSiSi, Tetu�ni `dasaWreli~ _ mr. r. Tetu�nSiSiSiSi, Te�tniSiSiSiSi...
SnS.1 -iiii sufiqsi miRebulia -iSiSiSiS sufiqsisagan (k. WrelaSvili gv. 199, 201).
-iSiSiSiS sufiqsi Sedis agreTve -aaaa����rCrCrCrC, -erCerCerCerC, -rCrCrCrC sufiqsebis SedgenilobaSi arararar + iSiSiSiS
> aaaa����rSrSrSrS > aaaa����rCrCrCrC, CCCC < SSSS sonorebTan mezoblobaSi (k. WrelaSvili).
SnS.2 -iiii sufiqsi, sityvis bolos, rogorc wesi, ar reducirdeba, radgan
mas gramat. funqcia aqvs. igi fuZeSi iwvevs fonetikur cvlilebebs. -bi sufiq-
si erTvis rogorc fuZeucvlel, ise fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle saxelebsac: ƒer
`qva~ _ mr. r. ƒer-bibibibi...
qiT `tiki~ _ mr. r. qaTbibibibi...
-bi sufiqsi iCens Tavs erovnebisa da profesiis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi: ba-
cav `bacbi~ _ mr. r. bacbibibibi.
dabwxov `mwyemsi, batknis mcnobi (Tu romeli cxvrisaa)~ _ mr. r. dabwxo-
bibibibi.
es sufiqsi vlindeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis sax. br. formaSi: o `is~
_ mr. r. obibibibi, i || e `es~ _ mr. r. ibibibibi || ebibibibi, is `is~ (SenTan axlos myofi) ibsi
< isbibibibi (Р. Р. Гагуа, Основные вопросы..., gv. 203).
-arararar warmodgenilia: 1) ramdenime arsebiT saxelSi: vaS™ `Zma~ _ mr. r. va-
Jarararar, �aS™ `da~ _ mr. r. �aJarararar mravlobiTis formebSi (vaJJJJar, �aJar) yuradRe-
bas iqcevs JJJJ-s gamJRereba. gazan `Txa~ _ mr. r. gazarararar.
2) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis ergativsa da irib brunvaTa formebSi: obi
`isini~ _ erg. mr. r. oƒarararar, mic. oƒararararn... ebi `eseni~ _ mr. r. erg. eƒarararar, mic.
eƒararararn... ibsi `eseni~, `isini~ (II pirTan myofi) _ mr. r. erg. icxarararar < isƒarararar, mic.
icxararararn...
-erererer < || -aaaa����rrrr˜̃̃̃: nus `rZali~ _ mr. r. naserrrr || nasaaaa����rrrr˜̃̃̃, Tof `Tofi~ _ mr.
r. Tafaaaa����rrrr˜̃̃̃...
27
SnS. -aaaa����riririri > arararar+iiii.
-aaaa����rCrCrCrC || > -erCerCerCerC, aaaa����lClClClC || elCelCelCelC (rrrr-Tanxmovnian fuZeebSi): Tašbu `dakodili
cxvari~ _ mr. r. Taba����rCrCrCrC, ƒaŸƒŸ `mtredi~ _ ƒaƒa�rCrCrCrC || ƒaƒerCrCrCrC...
kur `kvamli~ _ kurelC || kuriS,
-{aaaa}rCrCrCrC: Ca `daTvi~ _ mr. r. CarC...
-rSrSrSrS: mxolod erT sityvaSi: ƒa `Rori~ _ mr. r. ƒarSrSrSrS
-uuuu����rrrr: h´ik `saxeluri~ _ mr. r. h´akuuuu����rrrr, muR `kudi~ _ mr. r. maRuuuu����rrrr...
-nininini sufiqsi nazalur xmovnebze daboloebul saxelebSi Cans: qarsan `To-
ki~ _ mr. r. qarsni...
SnS. -nininini sufiqsSi nnnn fuZis kuTvnilebaa, zogan nnnn analogiiTac Cndeba (r.
gagua).
-uuuu���� sufiqsia sityvasTan kil `quTuTo~ _ mr. r. kil-uuuu����.
SnS2 -u� sufiqsSi u(<o) istoriulad fuZiseulia: kil < kilo _ mr. r.
kiloooo���� → kiluuuu���� (r. gagua).
-mimimimi sufiqsi gvaqvs ramdenime saxelSi: dok `guli~ _ mr. r. dakmiiii, qorTo
`Tavi~ _ mr. r. qorTmimimimi.
SnS.1 istoriulad mmmm, SesaZlebelia, ukavSirdebodes Tanxmovnis labiali-
zacias (dok-is SemTxvevaSi) zogan m ← b: bos `feri~ _ mr. r. basmiiii || < basbiiii.
saxelis brubrubrubrunenenenebabababa rTulia. gamoiyofa oTxi ZiriTadi brunva: saxelobiTi,
ergativi, naTesaobiTi da micemiTi. akuzativi ar dasturdeba. bacburisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia adgilobiT da Tandebulian brunvaTa simravle. vlindeba
erT da orfuZiani bruneba, fuZis fleqsia.
ZiriTadi brunvebidan s a x e l o b i T i s funqciaa g a r d a u v a l zmneb-
Tan subieqtis aRniSvna (stakstakstakstak vaR™ `kakakakacicicici modis~), gardamaval zmnebTan ki _
pirdapiri obieqtisa (da�s ƒalin yaryaryaryarfuzfuzfuzfuz `daim SeWama sasasasazamzamzamzamTroTroTroTro~); e r g a t i -
v i subieqtis brunvaa: a) gardamaval da b) zog gardauval zmnebTan (I da II
pirSi) (g i g o s w e n b u � Tegod™ `gigigigigogogogo saxlebs aSenebs (zedmiw.) akeTebs~,
a s v u � t a s `me mivdivar~).
28
n a T e s a o b i T i brunvis ZiriTadi funqcia kuTvnilebis gamoxatvaa
(d a d e n Jagn `m a m i s wigni~); m i c e m i T i brunva iribi da ubralo damate-
bis funqciiT gvxvdeba (nan b a d r e n let— `deda Svils exmareba~, d a d e n
h´aS ve’en `m a m a s T a n stumari movida~).
-VvVvVvVv- niSniani e r g a t i v i i n s t r u m e n t a l i s T a n saziaro formaa.
maTTvis amosavalia i n s t r u m e n t a l i s i s mniSvneloba.
martivi (resp. erTsufiqsiani) brunvebia: g a m s W v a l v i T i, g a r d a -
q c e v i T i, T a n a o b i T i, m i m a r T u l e b i T e b i (martivi, mimarTulebiTi
I, mimarTulebiTi II), a d g i l o b i T i. zogi maTgani adgilisa da mimarTule-
bis Cvenebis garda sxva (zogad) mniSvnelobasac gamoxatavs. es brunvebi fun-
qciiT axlos dganan micemiT brunvasTan.
g a m s W v a l v i T i (x-sufiqsiani, romelic mx. ricxvSi saxelobiTs, mr.
ricxvSi ki brunvisniSniseuli TanxmovanCamoSrrebul naTesaobiTis formas da-
erTvis) brunva iribi damatebisa da ufro iSviaTad ubralo damatebis fun-
qciiT gvxvdeba (d a d a x xat´in `mamas hkiTxa~).
m i m a r T u l e b i T i I-s (-go-sufiqsians) kauzativTan Semsrulebeli,
iribi obieqtis funqcia aqvs (o ƒ u � g o bavin™ don a ƒ i T e n `mas m a s da-
karguli cxeni azRvevines~).
g a r d a q c e v i T i (-R- sufiqsiani) ubralo damatebis funqcias asru-
lebs (e qoj™ � a h> o R berwin `es cocxi q a l i S v i l a d iqca~).
m i m a r T u l e b i T i II mxolod garkveuli semantikis saxelebSi dastur-
deba (krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxelebSi) Cveulebriv mr. ricxvSi da aRniSnavs
mimarTulebas (aTx h´ulno < h ´u n l ™) du�t™ dasag™ _ Cven tyeSi mivdi-
varT SeSaze...
T a n a o b i T - m i m a r T u l e b i T i brunva (_cicicicin-sufiqsiani) erTad an
erTdroul, Tanadroul moqmedebas da agreTve moqmedebis mimarTulebas aR-
niSnavs:
h´en �aSas sen v a S e c i n ‘amod™ _ Seni da Cems ZmasTan erTad swavlobs...
Ca�mCecin Txil Camlin da _ CamiCTan Txili gemrieli aris (q. l.)...
29
obi socin baxken _ isini (kacebi) CemTan movidnen...
m i m a r T u l e b i s gamomxatveli martivi forma (mimarTulebiTi III) e, i
(ufro iSviaTad( u, a xmovnebze bolovdeba. es xmovnebi xSirad emTxveva naTe-
saobiTi brunvisniSniseul xmovnebs, magram fuZe zogjer gansxvavebulia: Sdr.
naT. xaken (xak `tomara~) _ mimarTulebiTi martivi forma _ xake → || x‰k...
magram naT. alu�na� → || alvinen (alu�na `alvani~) _ mimarTulebiTis marti-
vi forma _ alu�n˜...
naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniseuli xmovnisgan SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos
mimarTulebiTis martivi formis daboloeba: naT. br. bulyeeeen (bulay `Wa~) _
mimarTulebiTi martivi _ bulyiiii...
a d g i l o b i T i martivi brunvis SemTxvevaSic analogiuri viTareba
gvaqvs, oRond aq hhhh ´́́́ _ aris dakarguli or da met marcvlian sityvebSi da iiii
SenarCunebulia, erTmarcvldianebSi ki hhhh ´́́́-c dasturdeba: xak `tomara~ _ naT.
xakeeeen, adgilob. xakeeee... Sdr. erTmarcvliani sityva dro `dro~ _ naT. dru�n _
adgilob droh´...
garda erTafiqsiani adgilobiTi brunvebisa, bacburSi gvxvdeba rTuli
Sedgenilobis sufiqsebiani adgilobiTi brunvebi da Tandebuliani brunvebi.
-rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTis formas rogorc mxoloo-
biT, ise mr. ricxvSi, rerererennnn || lelelelennnn _ Tandebuliani sityva miugebs kiTxvaze `sai-
dan?~, `risgan?~ (axmetren ve’en Txen vaS™ _ axmetidan movida Cveni Zma...) (-rerererennnn
|| -lelelelennnn zedsarTav saxelebsac awarmoebs: maTxoren `mziani~...).
-xixixixinnnn Tandebuli mr. ricxvSi, Cveulebriv, naT. br.-is TanxmovanCamoSore-
bul formas daerTvis, mxoloobiTSi naT. brunvisniSniseuli xmovani reduci-
rebulia, upasuxebs kiTxvaze `saidan?~ (o vaR™ kolxoz gamgeoba�xin _ is kol-
meurneobis gamgeobidan modis...).
-mcimcimcimcinnnn Tandebuliani forma upasuxebs kiTxvaze `sanamde?~ (maclomcin do
Riplip? _ sanamde ixmaureb?..)
30
-mcimcimcimcinnnn-Si SeiZleba gamoiyos cicicicinnnn TanaobiT-mimarTulebiTi brunvis niSani: -
mcimcimcimcinnnn < mmmm + cicicicinnnn, mmmm ki qarTulis -mdis TanzebulTan kontaminaciis Sedegad iyos
ganviTarebuli (bacburSi qarTulTan integraciis Sorswasuli procesi gvaqvs,
afiqsebis sesxebac ki dasturdeba).
-gugugugu����hhhh ´́́́ Tandebuli (SnS. Sedgeba go+h´+i, goh´i > go�h´ > gu�h´. i naTesao-
biTi brunvis niSnidan momdinareobs (a. Sifneri Versuch...) qarT. -ken Tandebu-
lis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba (vaSa�gu�h´(a) Ros _ Zmisken mivdivar...)
eeeennnn da iiiinnnn naT. br. niSnebi gamoiyofa agreTve -rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn, - R R R Reeeennnn (qarT. -ebr,
-ebur sufiqsis fardia), -xixixixinnnn, xixixixinnnn, mcimcimcimcinnnn elementebSi. - R R R Reeeennnn sufiqsi zedsarTav
saxelebs awarmoebs, -rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn, sufiqsis erT-erTi funqciac zeds. sax.
warmoebaa, am elementebSi naTes. br. daboloeba moulodneli ar aris, -en da
in zedsarTav saxelebSic dasturdeba. danarCen afiqsebSi naT. br. niSnebis Se-
dgeniloba sakvlevia.
-gggg™™™™ da -llll™™™™ _ segmentebiani brunvebisagan iwarmoeba Tandebuliani for-
mebi.
-gggg™™™™-ian brunvis formas daerTvis sxvadasxva elementebi: 1) adgilobiTis
martivi sufiqsi hhhh ´́́́: gogogogo + hhhh ´́́́ > gohgohgohgoh ´́́́ || gogogogo. -gogogogo{hhhh ´́́́}-iani brunvis forma dadadada `aris~
zmnasTan `maqvs~, `myavs~ mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs: CiTgTh´ Toyal Sorla �a _
CiTs sakmarisi sigane aqvs. egeve forma vnebiTi gvaris mniSvnelobis mqone or-
valentovan zmnebTan realuri subieqtis funqcias asrulebs: knaTego{h´}
marl‘™ wegbalin _ biWs cxviri gauwiTlda.
2) Tandebuli -rerererennnn: -go+rennnn > gorennnn > || grennnn: gaTigorennnn herw™ de’nas _
gaTisagan movitane qvabi.
3) -mcimcimcimcinnnn Tandebuli: go+mcinnnn > gomcinnnn: sogomcinnnn _ Cemamde.
4) -rerererennnn + dahdahdahdah ´́́́ Tandebulebi: go+rennnn+dah´ > gorenda{h´} || grenda{h´}:
oƒu�gorenda{h´} �aR™ e ambu� _ misgan modis es ambavi.
-lolololo ɺɺ ɺɺ-ian brunvis formas daerTvis igive elementebi, (-ren+dah´-is gamokle-
31
biT), rac -gogogogo-ian brunvas: 1) adgilobiTi martivis sufiqsi hhhh> : llll™™™™ + hhhh> >
lohlohlohloh> || lolololo: xilo{h´} `wyalSi~ (zedmiw. wylisken + wyalSi _ `wyliskenSi~...
lošflo{h´} kab deni’ ah>laq�alin sogo{h>} _ lafSi kaba sulmTlad amomesva-
ra (q. l. 68)...
2) -rerererennnn: llll™™™™ + rerererennnn → lolololorerererennnn || lrelrelrelrennnn: xiloren _ wylidan (zedmiw. `wyal-
Sigan~)
3) (-mcin: -lolololo + -mcimcimcimcinnnn > -lomlomlomlomcicicicinnnn: macmacmacmac-lomlomlomlomcicicicinnnn stexos h´o! _ rodemdis ge-
lodo Sen!
garda aRniSnuli elementebisa, -lolololo- segmentian brunvis formas daerTvis
agreTve -xxxx || RRRR + -dahdahdahdah>: -llll™™™™ + xxxx + dahdahdahdah> || -lolololo + RRRR + dahdahdahdah>: alzneloRdah> vo-
tur o stak _ alaznis gavliT midioda is kaci...
ararararsesesesebiT sabiT sabiT sabiT saxelxelxelxelTa bruTa bruTa bruTa brunenenenebabababa
sinqroniul doneze SeiniSneba brunvis niSanTa simravle: ergativis niSne-
bia VvVvVvVv, vvvv; VsVsVsVs, ssss; naTesaobiTisa _ VVVVnnnn, nnnn; micemiTis _ VnVnVnVn, nnnn... xmovnian brunvis
niSnebSi, Cveulebriv, erTi da igive xmovani meordeba: e, i, u, o; zogjer para-
digmaSi sxvadasxva xmovania warmodgenili.
s a x e l o b i T i fuZis saxiT gvxvdeba, uniSnoa, w r f e l o b i T i, a b -
s o l u t i v i.
gvaqvs e r T f u Z i a n i da o r f u Z i a n i bruneba.
SnS. orfuZian brunebaSi meore fuZe an determinantiani fuZea, an erga-
tivis formaa warmoSobiT.
brunebisas saxelis fuZe SeiZleba iyos u c v l e l i an c v a l e b a d i:
1. fuZeze xmovnis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis darTva iwvevs: a) aaaa, eeee,
iiii, oooo, uuuu xmovnebis srul reduqcias, difTongebis _ nawilobriv kumSvas; b) iiii
da uuuu xmovnebis epenTeziss, maSin rodesac fuZeSi gvaqvs aaaa, eeee, oooo xmovnebi.
2. dasturdeba fuZiseuli xmovnebis monacvleoba _ saxelobiTisa, erTi
32
mxriT, da danarCen brunvebSi, meore mxriT: aaaa _ oooo(uuuu), aaaa _ iiii, oooo _ aaaa.
fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa saxeobebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
b r u n e b i s Semdegi j g u f e b i:
I. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. -Ø, erg. -evevevev, naT- -eeeennnn, mic. -enenenen, gamsW. -exexexex, mi-
marT. I -gggg™™™™, gardaqc. -RRRR, Tanaob. -cicicicinnnn; mr. r. sax. -iiii... erg. -vvvv, naT. -aaaannnn, mic. -nnnn,
gamsW. -x, mimarT. g™, gardaqc. R, Tanaob. cicicicinnnn TanxmovanfuZiani.
a) erTfuZiani fuZeucvleli erTmarcvliani sityvebi
mx. r. sax. knaT `biWi~ gamsW. knaT-ex mr. r. sax. knaT-i
erg. knaT-ev mimarT.
I
knaT-eg™ erg. knaT-i-v
naT. knaT-en gardaqc. knaT-eR naT. knaT-an
mic. knaT-en Tanaob. knaT{e}-
cin
mic. knaT-in...
b) erTfuZiani fuZecvalebadi or- da metmarcvliani sityvebi
mx. r. sax. bubuk `yvavili~ gamsW. bubk-en
erg. bubk-eeeev <*bubuk-ev mimarT. I bubk-eg™
naT. bubk-eeeen gardaqc. bubk-eR
mic. bubk-eeeen Tanaob. bubk-ecin || bubk-cin
mr. r. sax. bubk-i
erg. bubk-i-v
naT. bubk-an
mic. bubk-i-n
33
fuZecvalebadi, xdeba xmovnis epenTezisi
mx. r. sax. at´iv `bedi~ gamsW. a�t¾v-ex
erg. a�t´v-ev<*ativ-ev mimarT. I a�t¾v-eR
naT. a�t´v-en gardaqc. a�t¾y-eg™
mic. a�t´v-en Tanaob. a�t¾v-ecin
SnS. 1. TanaobiT brunvaSi orive xmovnis erTdrouli reduqcia ar
gvxvdeba, an ikargeba brunvisniSniseuli e, an fuZiseuli xmovani.
2. saZebnia xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani sityva am jgufis brunebisa (sax.
bo, erg. bo-ev, naT. bo-en, mic. bo-en, gams. bo-ex, gardaqc. bo-eR, mimarT. I bo-
eg™, Tanaob. bo-ecin).
2. orfuZiani bruneba
xmovanfuZiani (istoriulad xen <*xen)
mx. r. sax. xen `xe~ gamsW. xen-ex
erg. xen-ev mimarT. I xen-eR
naT. xen-en gardaqc. xen-eg™
mic. xen-en Tanaob. xen-{e}cin
mr. r. sax. xen-bi gamsW. xenb-ax
erg. xen-b-an mimarT. I xen-bi-R
naT. xen-bi-v gardaqc. xen-bi-g™
mic. xen-bi-n Tanaob. xen-bi-cin
SnS. meore fuZeSi savrcobia nnnn, istoriulad _ fuZis kuTvnileba.
34
II. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. Ø, erg. VsVsVsVs, naT. eeeennnn, mic. enenenen... ramdenime si-
tyva ganekuTvneba.
mx. r. sax. br. dad gamsW. död-ax
erg. dad-as gardaqc. dad-eR
naT. dad-en
mic. dad-en
mr. r. sax. dad-i afeqt. dadöx
erg. dad-i-v gardaqc. dad-i-R
naT. dad-an
mic. dad-i-n
SnS. istoriulad en < a�n –r. g.) naTesaobiTisa da micemiTi brunvis da-
boloebebSi.
III. brunvis niSnebia: mx.r. sax. Ø, erg. -iviviviv, naT. -iiiinnnn, mic. -inininin...
1. erTfuZiani bruneba
a) fuZeucvleli xmovanfuZianebi erTmarcvliani
mx. r. sax. br. fSa `yinuli~
erg. fga-�v
naT. fSa-�n
mic. fSa-�n
ormarcvlianebi:
mr. r. sax. da�qna `sikeTe~
erg. da�qna-�v > || da�qn-ev
naT. da�qna-�n < || da�qn-en
mic. da�qna-�n > || da�qn-en
35
TanxmovanfuZianebi, fuZeucvleli
mx. r. sax. daxk™ `Tagvi~
erg. daxk-iv
naT. daxk-in
mic. daxk-in...
mr. r. sax. daxk-erC
erg. daxk-erC-v
naT. daxk-erC-in
mic. daxk-erC-n...
SnS. es saxeoba mxolod ori sityviT Semoifargleba (aseve ibrunvis
qorT™ `Tavi~) da warmoSobiT xmovanfuZiania: qorT™ < qorTo, daxk™ < daxko.
IV. sax. Ø, erg. VsVsVsVs, naT. iiiinnnn, mic. inininin
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZecvalebadi reducirebulia fuZiseuli xmovani:
mx. r. sax. bacav `wova-TuSi~ gamsW. bacv-ax
erg. bacv-as || bacv-es gardaqc. bacva�-R || bacv-e-R
naT. bacv-a+�n || bacv-en
mic. bacv-a�n || bacv-en
mr. r. sax. bac-bi gamsW. bac-b-ax
erg. bac-bi-v gardaqc. bac-bi-R
naT. bac-b-an mimarT. I bac-bi-g™
mic. bac-bi-n Tanaob. bac-bi-cin
36
orfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli. a) xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani, am sa-
xeobas saxelTa mcire jgufi ganekuTvneba:
mx. r. sax. xa `barZayi~ gamsW. xa-vn-ix...
erg. xa-vn-iv
naT. xa-vn-in
mic. xa-vn-in
mr. r. sax. xa-�vn-i ||
xa-vn-u� ||
xa-vn-i
naT. xa-�vn-an
xa-vn-on
b) TanxmovanfuZianebi:
mx. r. sax. qoj™ `cocxi~ gamsW. qoj-n-i-x...
erg. qoj-n-iv
naT. qoj-n-in || qoj-u�n
mic. qoj-n-in
mr. r. sax. qoj-erC || qoj-n-i gamsW. qoj-erC-ax
erg. qoj-erC-v gardaqc. qoj-erC-aR...
naT. qoj-erC-an
mic. qoj-erC-n
37
V. brunvis niSnebia: erg. _ avavavav, naT. _ iiiinnnn, mic. _ inininin
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZecvalebadi, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani;
fuZiseuli xmovnis monacvleobiT
mx. r. sax. moooot´ `ena~ gamsW. mat´-iS-ax
erg. maaaat´-av gardaqc. mat´-iS-R
naT. mat´-in
mic. mat´-an
mr. r. sax. mat´-iS gamsW. mat´-iS-ax
erg. mat´-iS-v gardaqc. mat´-iS-R
naT. mat´-iS-an ||
mat´-an
mic. mat´-iS-n
VI. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -ovovovov, naT. -on, mic. -on,
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani
mx. r. sax. mawr™ `Srati~ gamsW. möwr-ox
erg. mawr-ov gardaqc. mawr-oR
naT. möwr-on
mic. mawr-on
mr. r. sax. mawr-u� gamsW. mawr-£x
erg. mawr-u�-v gardaqc. mawr-u�-R
naT. mawr-£n
mic. mawr-u�-n
38
SnS. istoriulad oooo fuZiseulia: mawr™ <*mawro
fuZecvalebadi, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani, fuZiseuli difTongi
reducirebulia:
mx. r. sax. a�rlu˜ `yoCi~ gamsW. arl‘-ox
erg. arl‘-ov gardaqc. arl‘-oR
mic. arl‘-on
naT. örl‘-on
mr. r. sax. arl‘-u� gamsW. arl‘-£x
erg. arl‘-u�-v gardaqc. arl‘-u�-R
mic. arl‘-u�-n
naT. arl‘-£n
SnS. istoriulad difTongi meoreulia sax. brunvaSi, amosavali fuZe
sxva brunvebSi unda iyos (arl‘) Semonaxuli.
orfuZiani bruneba, xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani
mx. r. sax. ƒo `wiva~ gamsW. ƒu-�n-ox || ƒu-x
erg. ƒu-�n-ov < ƒo-�n-ov gardaqc. ƒu-�n-oR
mic. ƒu-�n-on
naT. ƒu-�n-on
mr. r. sax. ƒu-�S
39
VII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -uv, mic. -un, naT. un
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani. erTmarcvliani:
mx. r. sax. kmat `klde~ gamsW. kmat-ux
erg. kmat-uv gardaqc. kmat-uR
mic. kmat-un
naT. kmat-un
mr. r. sax. kmat-ni gamsW. kmat-n-ax
erg. kmat-ni-v gardaqc. kmat-n-iR
mic. kmat-nin
naT. kmat-an
fuZecvalebadi. TanxmovanfuZiani. ormarcvliani, reducirebulia fuZise-
uli xmovani:
mx. r. sax. taTeb `fuli, vercxli~ gamsW. taTb-ux
erg. taTb-uv gardaqc. taTb-uR
mic. taTb-un
naT. taTb-un
mr. r. sax. taTb-u� gamsW. taTb-ox
erg. taTb-u�-v gardaqc. taTb-u�R
mic. taTb-u�-n
naT. taTb-on
40
VIII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, naT. n, erg. -v, mic. n
naTesaobiTi brunva sxva brunvaTa fuZes xmovnis anazalobiT upirispir-
deba.
SnS. nazaluri xmovnebi momdinareoben xmovani + nnnn Tanxmovnisagan, amde-
nad, naTes. br. niSnad gvqonda nnnn Tanxmovani.
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli. xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani:
mx. r. sax. fh>e `sofeli~ gamsW. fh>-e-x
naT. fh>en gardaqc. fh>-e-R
erg. fh>e-v
mic. fh>e-n
mr. r. sax. fh>-iS, fh>e-�S gamsW. fh>-iS-ax, fx>e-ax
naT. fh>-iS-an gardaqc. fh>-iS-R
erg. fh>-iS-v
mic. fh>-iS-n
IX. naT. iiiinnnn, erg. vvvv, mic. nnnn
orfuZiani bruneba. TanxmovanfuZiani. fuZeucvleli:
mx. r. sax. nÄap `Zili~ gamsW. nÄapar-x
naT. nÄap-r-in gardaqc. nÄapar-R
erg nÄap-ar-v
mic. nÄap-ar-n
mr. r. sax. n-Äapa�r˜...
SnS. aq naTesaobiTis daboloebad in gvaqvs, mxovniani, erg., mic.-Si brun-
41
vis daboloebad mxolod Tanmxovania.
TanxmovanfuZiani fuZecvalebadi
mx. r. sax. �obst `miwa~ gamsW. abst-ar-x
naT. abst-r-in gardaqc. abst-ar-R
erg abst-ar-v
mic. abst-ar-n
X. naT. in, erg. -av, mic. -an || -n, mimarT. I ag™, -go
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani.
mx. r. sax. mar `qmari~ gamsW. mör-a-x
naT. mar-in gardaqc. mar-a-R
erg mar-a-v
mic. mar-a-n || mar-n
42
zedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxeli
bacburSi gamoiyofa z e d s a r T a v i s a x e l i specifikuri semantikiT,
funqciiTa da warmoebiT.
dasturdeba viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi.
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, Cveulebiv, azalur xmovnebze _ iiiinnnn, , , , eeeennnn, , , ,
oooonnnn, , , , uuuunnnn, , , , aaaannnn,,,, iSviaTad difTongebze bolovdeba. xmovanTagan aaaannnn metwilad
danarCen xmovnebs enacvleba zogjer mr. ricxvSi, ramdenime saxelTan igi
mxoloobiTSic iCens Tavs: Reliiiin _ susti, �arWiiiin _ Savi... dax´eeeen _ grZeli,
Razeeeen _ kargi, yaeeeen _ mware... WaRoooon _ magari, daƒoooon _ didi... laxuuuun _
dabali... zoraaaan _ mamaci, xalaaaan _ sawyeni, samwuxaro... ku�u�u�u�n _ TeTri...
mx. ricxvSi zedsarTavi saxeli oooon xmovanze bolovdeba, mr. ricxvSi _ aaaan-
ze:
mx. ricxvi daƒoooon `didi~ _ mr. r. daƒaaaan;
mx. ricxvi kawkoooon `patara~ _ mr. r. kawkaaaan...
iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi
nazaluri boloxmovani ar aris warmodgenili: duƒ _ bevri, bax _ mdidari.
m i m a r T e b i T i zedsarTavi saxelebi iwarmoeba -rerererennnn, , , , -ririririnnnn, , , , -rurururunnnn, , , , -lelelelennnn, , , , -
lilililinnnn, , , , -lulululunnnn, , , , -ReReReRennnn, , , , -wiwiwiwinnnn sufiqsebiT: diTxorerererennnn `xorciani~, Curerererennnn _ Sinauri...
mawririririnnnn _ tkbili, gogririririnnnn _ mrgvali... yarolelelelennnn _ wvimiani... Camlilililinnnn _
gemrieli, niwylilililinnnn _ Zlieri... Txalulululunnnn _ dRevandeli... badreReReReRennnn _
bavSviseburi, bavSvuri, SuReReReRennnn _ Tqveneburi... aT´wiwiwiwinnnn _ uZroxo, badrewiwiwiwinnnn _
uSvilo...
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebis s u f i q s e b i c nazalur xmovnebze (eeeennnn, , , , iiiinnnn, , , ,
uuuunnnn) bolovdeba (ix. aqve, zemoT).
iseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac mimarTebiT zedsarTavebs awarmoebs
43
oden nazaluri xmovnebi: xieeeen _ wylis, wyliani, maTxeeeen _ rZiana... uniiiin _
tyis, tyiuri, maTxiiiin _ mzis, mziuri... Tumca zedsarTavebis aseTi (oden
nazaluri xmovnebiT) warmoebisas paraleluri -rerererennnn-sufiqsini formebic
dasturdeba: xieeeennnn || ciererererennnn, unininininnnn || unarerererennnn... �ualilililinnnn, �ualrerererennnn...
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebebs _ nazalur xmovnebs
naTesaobiTi brunvis formebisagan momdinared miiCneven (p. uslari, i.
deSerievi...) (bacburSi nazaluri xmovnebi gvaqvs naTesaobiTi brunvis
niSnebad). aseTi genezisi moiTxovs dasabuTebas: dgeba viTarebiTi
zedsarTaveis fuZis sakiTxi, istoriulad ras warmoadgens is. gasarkvevia
agreTve mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis sufiqsTa (-reeeen, -liiiin...), romlebic
agreTve nazalur xmovnebze bolovdeba, mimarTeba maTTan (viTarebiTi
zedsarTavi saxelebis nazalur boloxmovnebTan). asaxsnelia amasTanave -eeeennnn ||
-rerererennnn paraleluri formebis povniereba mimarTebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi (ix.
zemoT). mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelis sufiqsi -rerererennnn, romelic emTxveva
erTTandebuliani gamosvliTi brunvis daboloebas, SesaZlebelia, masTan
saerTo warmomavlobisa iyos (r. gagua, i. deSerievi), -ReReReRennnn sufiqsSi RRRR-s
gardaqceviTi brunvis RRRR- daboloebas ukavSireben (r. gagua).
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebaTa naTesaobiTi brunvis
niSnebTan dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT interess moklebuli ar unda iyos is,
rom bacburSi dasturdeba substantiuri gansazRvreba (x en � a � b k e v
qakdi�en murab _ x i s k o v z i T mouria muraba).
qarTulidanaa nasesxebi mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi
-ur: dalur _ RvTaebrivi, lamzur _ lamazi...
ramdenime viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelSi dasturdeba cocxali cocxali cocxali cocxali _ _ _ _ moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi
grgrgrgramatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSani: : : : d-aƒon _ didi (dddd-aƒon bader _ didi bavSvi, vvvv-
aƒon stak _ didi kaci, ����-aƒon �o _ didi gogona, bbbb-aƒon don _ didi cxeni),
ddddawin _ mZime; dddd-utyin _ wvrili, Txeli; ddddaxen _ grZeli; duyin _ sqeli,
xSiri; ddddavig _ msubuqi; dddd-acun _ mlkde; ddddasen _ carieli...
44
garda gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT cvlilebisa, zedsarTavi saxelebi,
viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTic, icvleba brunvaTa brunvaTa brunvaTa brunvaTa da ricxvis ricxvis ricxvis ricxvis mixedviT.
bacburSi, CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, damokidebuli da
damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelebi erTi formiTaa warmodgenli saxelobiT
brunvaSic.
damokidebuli zedsarTavi saxeli msazRvrelis gansazRvrebis funqcias
asrulebs. sazRvrulTan erTad msazRvrelis brunebisas ori formaa garCeuli
_ saxelobiTisa da danarCeni brunvebis rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _
mravlobiT ricxvSi:
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
sax. matematematematennnn atam _ mwife atami matenimatenimatenimateni atm-i
erg. matematematemate----CCCC™™™™ atme-v matematematemate----CCCC™™™™ atm-iv
mic. mateC™ atme-n mate-C™ atm-in
naT. mate-C™ atmen... mate-C™ atm-an...
damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelic ibruneba, saxelobiTs upirispirdeba
-Co-afiqsiani meore fuZe:
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
sax. matematematematennnn matenimatenimatenimateni
erg. matematematemate----CoCoCoCo-v matematematemate----Cu�SCu�SCu�SCu�S-v
mic. mate-Co-n mate-Cu�Sn
naT. mate-Con... mate-Con...
aseve ibruneba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi), Tu is mosdevs sazRvruls,
Tumca postpoziciuri msazRvreli bacburSi Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba.
meore fuZiseul -CoCoCoCo- elements sxvadasxvagvar geneziss uZebnian
(deSerievi, imnaiSvili), ufro sarwmuno Cans misi (-Co-s) nacvalsaxeluri
warmomavloba (k. WrelaSvili, r. fareuliZe).
viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebs (iSviaTad mimarTebiTebsac) ewarmoeba
ufroobiTi (SedarebiTi) xarisxis formaxarisxis formaxarisxis formaxarisxis forma. . . . šššš////vxvxvxvx, , , , x x x x sufiqsebiT, romlebic
daerTvis bolo xmovnis nazalizaciaCamoSorbul zedsarTavis fuZes.
45
vxvxvxvx, , , , x x x x < x x x xšššš < xu xu xu xu-sagan. eeeennnn da i i i innnn- boloxmovnian zedsarTavebSi u u u u
boloxmovnis metaTezisis Semdeg u u u u < < < < šššš(v)-Si. -en-ze daboloebul zedsarTav
saxelebSi eeee > iiii-s š-sTan mezoblobaSi daviwroebis Sedegad: davin `msubuqi~,
ufr. xarisxi _ davivxvxvxvx `ufro msubuqi~, TiSin `Zveli~, (ufr. xarisxi _
TiSivxvxvxvx _ `ufro Zveli~... wegen `wiTeli~ _ ufr. xarisxi _ wegivxvxvxvx < wegevxvxvxvx
`ufro wiTeli~, Razen `kargi~ _ ufr. xarisxi Razivxvxvxvx (|| Raziššššxxxx), Raze�vxxxxšššš <
Razevxxxxuuuu, Razexuxuxuxu `ufro kargi~.
uuuun-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi xu xu xu xu sufiqsidan uuuu metaTezisis
Semdeg erwymis zedsarTavi saxelis nazalobaCamoSorebul uuuu-boloxmovans da
uuuu-s saxes iRebs, aseve oooon-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi uuuu-s oooo xmovanTan
Serwymis Sedegad gvaqvs uuuu: dacun `mokle~ _ dacux < dacušxš `ufro mokle,
SedarebiT mokle~; laxun `dabali~ _ laxux `SedarebiT ufro dabali~; daƒ´on
`didi~ < _ daƒ´ux < daƒ´ošxš1 `(SedarebiT) ufro didi~; kawkon `patara~ _
kawkux1 `(SedarebiT) ufro patara~...
amrigad, uuuunnnn da oooonnnn-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelTa SedarebiTi xarisxis
mawarmoeblad -xxxx sufiqsi daCndeba. iiiinnnn da e e e ennnn-boloxmovnianebisaTvis _ -vxvxvxvx
sufiqsi, magram aqac (in da en _ boloxmovnianebTan) xxxx sufiqsic gvxvdeba
paralelurad: laƒen `maRali~ _ laƒi-x `ufro maRali~, stamin `sqeli~ _
stamix `ufro sqeli~...
xxxx iCens Tavs agreTve TanxmovanfuZian zedsarTav saxelebis SedarebiTi
xarisxis formebSi: lamzur `lamazi~ _ lamzurx < lamzuurx < lamzurxš <
lamzurxu `ufro lamazi~; juRur `uSno~ _ juRurx `ufro uSno~...2
bacburi xuxuxuxu sufiqsi saerTo Cans SedarebiTi xarisxis mawarmoebel CaCn. -
x…o, ing. -Ra sufiqsebTan.
1 d. da n. qadagiZeebis `wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~ (Tb., 1984, romelic
Sedgenilia XIX s.-is dasawyisSi, dasturdeba daƒodaƒodaƒodaƒoššššxxxxšššš (ufro didi) da kawko xuWkawko xuWkawko xuWkawko xuW (ufro
patara, umciresi) formebi.
2 SeiniSneba -WWWW da -ka‡ka‡ka‡ka‡ nawilakebiT (aRmatebiTi (-WWWW elementiT), odnaobiTi (-ka‡
elementiT) xarisxis formebis Camoyalibebis tendencia.
46
ricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeli
bacburSi ganirCeva raodenobiTi raodenobiTi raodenobiTi raodenobiTi da rigobiTi rigobiTi rigobiTi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi.
agebulebis mixedviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT saxelebSi gamovyofT martiv
(Zireul) da warmoqmnil (Sedgenil) ricxviT saxelebs.
martivia: 1) erTidan aTis CaTvliT ricxviTi saxelebi$ ca _ 1, Si _
2, ƒo _ sami, d„ivØ _ 4, fxi _ 5, �eTx _ 6, vorlÀ _ 7, barlÀ _ 8, is´ _ 9,
it´ _ 10; 2) nasesxebi ricxviTi saxelebia: azar (spars.) aTas (qarT.) _ 1000,
milvan (qarT.) _ milioni.
warmoqmnili ricxviTi saxelebi TerTmetidan Tvrametis CaTvliT,
Sedgenilia erTeulis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebisa da aTisagan cait´ _
11 < ca _ 1 + it´ _ 10...); Siit´ _ 12, ƒoit´ _ 13, d„evait´ _ 14, fxiit´ _
15, �eTxait´ _ 16, vorlÀait´ || vorlÀeit´ _ 17, barlÀait´ || barlÀeit´ _ 18;
erTeuli pirvel adgilzea, mas daerTvis aTis aRmniS#vneli ricxviTi saxeli
_ �t´. 14-idan 18-is CaTvliT erTeulebis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi
aTTan aaaa, eeee kavSiriTaa SeerTebuli (d„evait´ d„ev 4 + aaaa + it´ _ 10).
Taviseburi Cans tyexw (19) ricxviTi saxelis Sedgeniloba. SesaZlebelia,
19 bacburSi (da agreTve CaCnur-inguSurSi) oci + erT(iT) naklebs niSnavdes
(iv. javaxiSvili i. oxdoevi).
bacburSi gvaqvs ocobiTi T v l i s s i s t e m a, iseve rogorc CaCnur-
inguSurSi.
tya (`oci~) fuZes ukavSireben it´ (`aTi~) + tyo‡ (`kidev~) fuZeebs (iv.
javaxiSvili, i. deSerievi).
oceulebis aRmniSvneli rTuli ricxviTi saxelebi 20-is Semdeg
Sedgenilia erTeulis saxelisa, romelic pirvel adgilze dgas da ocisagan,
maerTad gvevlineba saerTo naxuri wawawawa (> wwww), zzzz < zuzuzuzu _ jerobis sufiqsi. maTi
ganawileba ricxviT saxelebSi am enisaTvis niSandobliv fonetikuri
cvlilebebis wess eqvemdebareba: Sa-uzuzuzuz-tya _ 40, ƒo-uzuzuzuz-tya _ 60, d„e-uzuzuzuz-tya
_ 80, fxa-uzuzuzuz-ty(a) _ 100; �ex-wawawawa-tya _ (�eTxwatya) _ 120; vorlÀ-wawawawa-tya _
47
140; barlÀ-wawawawa-tya _ 160, is´-wawawawa-tya _ 180, it´-wawawawa-tya (iwat´ya) _ 200...
800-s zemoT ricxviTi saxelebi erT rTul fuZes ar warmoadgenen _
gviandeli warmoeba Cans (Sa-wwww tyauztya `rvaasi~ (zedmiw. `orjer oTxasi~).
rTul ricxviT saxelebSi martivi fukZeebis (ricxviTi saxelebis(
ukavSiro SeerTebac (mirTva) vlindeba. saxeldobr, 20-iT, 20-ze daboloebuli
ricxviTebiTa da erTeulebiT Sedgenil ricxviTebSi: 21 _ t´yaca (t´ya
(`oci~) + cp (`erTi~)... 41 _ Sauztttt ´́́́yayayayaca (Sauz+t´ya (`ormoci~) + ca
(`erTi~)... 121 _ �exwatttt ´́́́yayayayaca (�exwat´ya (`asoci~) + ca (`erTi~).
30, 50... 20-ze, 40-ze... 10-is mirTviT iwarmoeba: 30 _ t´yait´ (t´ya
(`oci~) + it´ (`aTi~)... Sesabamisad 31, 51... agreTve _ 20-ze, 40-ze 11-is, 12-
is... mirTviT: 31 _ t´ya cait´ (t´ya (`oci~) + cait´ (`TerTmeti~)...
rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi iwarmoeba raodenobiTi ricxviTi
saxelebisagan _ lRelRelRelRennnn sufiqsiT (fci-lRen (`mexuTe~): fxi _ 5 + lRen
sufiqsi...).
`p i r v e l i~, qarTulis msgavsad, `p i r~-(piri) fuZisgan aris nawarmoebi:
du�ren `pirveli~, Sdr. Ju `piri~ (mWreli iaraRisa), doqot™ `pirisaxe,
piri~: du < doi(?), paralelurad �oqot™-ic gvxvdeba amave mniSvnelobiT.
SesaZlebelia, inguSurSic �uera (`pirveli~) �u-idan (`piri~) iyos
nawarmoebi, Tumca �u aq `piris~ mniSvnelobiT calke ar dasturdeba.
moqmedi gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis niSani dddd-„ivØ (`oTxi~) ricxviT saxelSia
warmodgenili da yvela im rTul ricxviT saxelSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
d-„ivØ ricxviTi saxeli Sedis (dddd-„ev„ev„ev„evait´ _ 14, dddd-„eu„eu„eu„euztya _ 80...).
ricxviTi saxelebi bacburSi ibruneba ibruneba ibruneba ibruneba r a o d e n o b i T i r i c x v i T i
saxelebi 4444-idan 10101010-is CaTvliT TanxmovanfuZian arsebiT saxelTa naTesaobiT
brunvaSi -en-niSnian brunebas misdevs: sax. d„ivØ (`oTxi~), naT. d„iv-enn... es
ricxviTi saxelebi TanxmovanfuZianebia fxi-s (`xuTi~) gamoklebiT.
48
gansxvavebulad ibrunvis 1 2 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romelTa fuZe xmovanze
bolovdeba: naTesaobiTis daboloebad iiiinnnn Cans (ca (`erTi~) _ naT. can-in...),
sxva brunvebSi (ergativis msgavsad) brunvis daboloebis win aaaa xvaonia: erg.
can-a-v, gardaqc. can-a-R xmovani brunvis daboloebis win ar aris
dadasturebuli mic. da gardaqc. brunvebSi _ mic. can-n (|| can-na),
gardaqc. can-R (|| can-a-R).
mic. brunvis niSnad arqauli -nananana (|| nnnn) gvevlineba ca da Si (`ori~)
nacvalsaxelebTan: ca _ mic. can-nananana; Si _ mic. Sin-nananana.
`sami~ nacvalsaxelis meore fuZeSi amosavali aaaa-xmovani iCens Tavs,
naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi amosavali aaaa xmovania,
naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi e e e e xmovani daCndeba: sax. ƒo
(`sami~), naT. ƒaaaa-en, erg. ƒaaaa-eeeev, mic. ƒa-eeeen...
msazRvreli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan erTad
brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas ar ibruneba (-sax. fxi fxi fxi fxi stak (`xuTi kaci~), erg. ffffxixixixi stakov...). am
mxriv gamonaklisia 1, 2, 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic or formas avlenen
arsebiT saxelTan erTad brunebis dros:
sax. ccccaaaa stak (`erTi kaci~) _ naT. cccca�na�na�na�n stako
SiSiSiSi stak (`ori kaci~) _ naT. SinSinSinSin stakon
ƒo stak (`sami kaci~) _ naT. ƒa ƒa ƒa ƒa stakon...
msazRvreli rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelebTan erTad iseve
ibruneba, rogorc _ zedsarTavi saxeli (ix. zemoT).
jerobas jerobas jerobas jerobas awarmoebs wwww nawilaki (ƒowwww `samjer~, tyaw `ocjer~...).
ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis funqcias asrulebs fuZis gaorkeceba (SiS (< SiSi) `or-
ori~, cac (< caca) `TiTo-TiTo~...).1
1 gvxvdeba ricxviTi saxelebisagan nawarmoebi saxelebi: caven `marto(d)~, ccccaaaana
`orSabaTi~; `erTxel~ SinSinSinSinlin `oriani~, mmmmaaaaTx `ormagi~...
49
nacvalsaxelinacvalsaxelinacvalsaxelinacvalsaxeli
bacburSi gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa Semdegi jgufebi: piris, CvenebiTi,
kiTxviTi, kuTvnilebiTi, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi, ukuqceviTi, saurTierTo,
gansazRvrebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi, uaryofiTi, mimarTebiTi.
moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSani SeiniSneba mxolod erT gansazRvre-
biT nacvalsaxelSi _ dddd-ani‡ `yvela~.
nacvalsaxelebi metwilad brunebadi saxelebia.
I da II piris nacvalsaxelebis bruneba
sax. so `me~ o `Sen~ Txo `Cven~ (eqsk.) Su `Tqven~
naT. sen, sa�n en, a�n Txen, Txa�n Sun, Su�n
erg. as , a™ Txon, Txon a�S, a�Sš
mic. son, son on, on Txon, Txon Sun, Sun
gamsWv. sox og™ Txog™ Sug™
mimarT. I sog™ og™ Txog™ Sug™
gardaqc. soR oR TxoR SuR
Tanaob. socin ocin Txocin Sucin
I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa brunebisas Ziriseuli ssss (I pirSi) da (II p.)
ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli: amosavali fuZiseuli difTongia …a…a…a…a (d.
imnaiSvili, a. qurqievi): …a > o, rasac SeiZleba mowmobdes qisturSi
dadasturebuli so `me~ da Txo `Cven~ nacvalsaxelebis micemiTis formebi:
s…an, Txuan.
I p. eqskluziuri nacvalsaxelisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. aqve zemoT), mr.
ricxvis inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli va�va�va�va� erTi formiTaa saxelobiT brunvasa da
ergativSi: sax. va� `Cven (inkl.). erg. va�, mic. va�-n, naT. va-�n, gardaqc. ve-R,
gamsWv. ve-x... (a. Sifneri, r. gagua).
50
saxelobiTsa da ergativs erTierTierTierTi formaformaformaforma aqvs agreTve III piris
gansazRvrebiT _ ukuqceviT nacvalsaxelSi Sa�rvan; (>) Saron `TviTon, Tavad~:
ivseb Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvannnn vaxen axmit `iosebi Tavad wavida axmetaSi~; o SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn liv˜ Sarax
`is TviTon laparakobs Tavis Tavze~; am winadadebebSi gardauval zmnebTan _
vaxevaxevaxevaxennnn, , , , livlivlivliv˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ Sa�Sa�Sa�Sa�rvarvarvarvannnn, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn saxelobiTi brunvis formaa, gardamaval zmnasTan
alalalalÀ™ À™ À™ À™ SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn ergativis funqciiT iCens Tavs Semdeg winadadebaSi: oƒus SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn
aloÀ™ Sarax `is TviTon ityvis Tavis Tavze~...
aqve warmovadgenT Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvannnn, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn nacvalsaxelis sxva brunvis formebsac:
SargoreSargoreSargoreSargorennnn xa‡in son `TviT misgan gavige~, son SargSargSargSarg™ ™ ™ ™ le‡— alÀan `me TviT mas
msurs vuTxra~, Sarna‡Sarna‡Sarna‡Sarna‡ co xe‡— oƒu�n `TviTon ar icis man~, da�vTes badri
SaraxSaraxSaraxSarax du�wnor ... `daviTs bavSvebi TviTon auyolebia...~
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, rom Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rva, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn nacvalsaxeli
winadadebaSi gvxvdeba rogorc gansazRvrebiTi, ise _ ukuqceviTi
nacvalsaxelis funqciiT.
kiTxviTikiTxviTikiTxviTikiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebis memememennnn? ? ? ? `vin?~, vuxvuxvuxvux `ra?~ brunebisas oris
gansxvavebuli fuZe iCens Tavs: erTi _ saxelobiTsa, meore _ ergativis da
irib brunvaTa, mrmrmrmr. . . . ricxvSiricxvSiricxvSiricxvSi mxolod saxelobiTissaxelobiTissaxelobiTissaxelobiTis formebia garCeuli:
sax. memememennnn? `vin?~ vuxvuxvuxvux? `ra?~
erg. aaaannnn stestesteste-v
mic. anananan ste-n
naT. a-�n ste-in > st-in
gardaqc. an-R *sten-R
gamsWv. an-x sten-x...
III pIII pIII pIII p.... nacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisa da sinqroniulad martivi CvenebiTi
nacvalsaexelebis saxelobiTisa da ergativis da irib brunvaTa fuZeebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ƒuƒuƒuƒu segmentiT, romelic warmoCndeba ergativsa da
51
irib brunvaTa formebSi: mx. r. oooo `is~, erg. o-ƒƒƒƒ-u-s, mic. o-ƒu�-n, naT. o-ƒu-�n,
gardaqc. o-ƒu-R, gamsWv. o-ƒu-x... mr. ricxvSi ƒuƒuƒuƒu-s enacvleba ƒarƒarƒarƒar segmenti: o-bi
`isini~, erg. o-ƒar, mic. o-ƒar-n, naT. o-ƒr-in...
is (`eg~) nacvalsaxelis ergativsa da irib brunvebSi ƒu-s adgilas
daCndeba cxu < sƒu (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili): is `eg~, erg.. i-cxu-s, mic.
i.cxu�-n, naT. i-cxu-�n, gardaqc. i-cxu-R...
CoCoCoCo segmentisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. qvemoT), ƒuƒuƒuƒu mxolod nacvalsaxelebSi
dasturdeba.
mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelobiTi gansxvavebulia danarCen brunvaTa
formebisagan CoCoCoCo segmentiT kuTvnilebiT, CvenebiT, ukuqceviT, gansazRvrebiT,
ganusazRvrelobiT, kiTxviT, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi, romelTac
zedsarTauli semantika da funqcia aqvT.
kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: mx. r. sen `Cemi~, en `Seni~, oƒu�n `misi~;
mr. r. Txen `Cveni (eqskl.), va�n `Cveni~ (inkl.), Su `Tqveni~, oƒrin `maTi~.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi emTxveva piris nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi
brunvis formas.
bacburSi dasturdeba CvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTi nacvalsaelebi: eStrun `aseTi~, iStrun
`egeTi~, oStrun `iseTi~.
ukuqceviTukuqceviTukuqceviTukuqceviT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs ganekuTvneba: mx. r. sa�n `Cemi (Tavisi)~,
a�n `Seni (Tavisi)~, Sarin `Tavisi~; mr. r. Txa�n `Cveni (Tavisi~) eqskl., va�n
(inkl.), Sun `Tqveni~ (Tavisi), oƒrin `maTi~ (Tavisi); ukuqceviTi
nacvalsaxelebi warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa:
naTesaobiTis daboloeba -en < -a�n. en || a�n paralelurad dasturdeboda: maTi
funqciuri diferenciacia gviandeli faqtia (a. Sifreni, r. gagua).
52
kiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviT----kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: a�n? `visi?~ stin? `risa?~
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis miRebulia kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis _
men?, vux? naTesaobiTi brunvis formebidan.
gansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebidan gvxvdeba ƒena `sxva~1
ganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs qmnian: memli `vnme~, vum `rame~,
menax `viRaca~, vunax `raRaca~; aqedan ubrunvelia memlimemlimemlimemli da vumvumvumvum
nacvalsaxelebi.
brunebis nimuSebad nacvalsaxelTa TiToeuli jgufidan mogvyavs TiTo
magaliTi:
kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis sesesesennnn `Cemi~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. sen `Cemi~, erg. se-CoCoCoCo-v, mic. se-CoCoCoCo-n, naT. se-Con, gardaqc. se-Co-
R, gamsWv. se-Co-x...
mr. r. sax. Txen `Cveni~, erg. Txe-Co-v, mic. Txe-Co-n, naT. Txe-Co-n, gardaqc.
Txe-Co-R...
CvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTi nacvalsxelis eStrueStrueStrueStrunnnn `aseTi~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. eStrun `aseTi~, erg. eStru-Co-v, mic. eStru-Co-n, naT. eStru-
C-on, gardaqc. eStru-Co-R...
ukuqceviTiukuqceviTiukuqceviTiukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis sa�sa�sa�sa�nnnn `Cemi~ (Tavisi) bruneba
mx. r. sax. sa�n `Cemi~, erg. sa�-Co-v, mic. sa�-Co-n, naT. sa�-C-on, gardaqc.
sa�-Co-R...
1 sakvlevia Saron, Sa�rva, agreTve su�va, u�va `TviTon~, mr. r. Txu�va, Su�va `TviTon~
nacvalsaxelTa romel jgufs ganekuTvneba.
53
mr. r. sax. Txa�n `Cveni~, erg. Txa�-Co-v, mic. Txa�-Co-n, naT. Txa�-C-on,
gardaqc. Txa�-Co-R...
kiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviT----kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis a�na�na�na�n? `visi~? bruneba
mx. r. sax. a�n? `visi~? erg. a�n-Co-v, mic. a�n-Co-n, naT. a�n-C-on,
gardaqc. a�n-Co-R...
gansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis ƒenaƒenaƒenaƒena `sxva~ bruneba
mx. r. ƒena `sxva~, erg. ƒe-Co-v, mic. ƒe-Co-n, naT. ƒe-C-on, gardaqc. ƒe-Co-R.
mr. r. sax. ƒen-I `sxvebi~, erg. ƒe-Cu-�S-v, mic. ƒe-Cu-�S-n, naT. ƒe-C-on,
garcaqc. ƒe-Cu-�S-R...
mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co-sgan �-sTan mezoblobaSi (o� >u�): ƒe-Cu-�S-v < ƒe-Co-
�S-v...
ganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis menaxmenaxmenaxmenax `viRaca~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. menax `viRaca~, erg. anax-Co-v, mic. anax-Co-n naT. anax-C-on,
gardaqc. anax-Co-R, gamsWv. anax-Co-x
mr. r. sax. menax-Si, erg. anax-Cu-�S-v, mic. anax-;Cu-�S-n naT. anax-C-on,
gardaqc. anax-Cu-�S-R...
aqac mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co (ix. aqve, zemoT).
bacburSi dsturdeba mimarTebiTi (mena� `vinc~, vune� `rac~, menuxa�
`romelic~, melÀe� `ramdenic~) da uaryofiTi (comena `aravin~, com
`araferi~...) nacvalsaxelebi (d. imnaiSvili). meore fuZeSi Cosegmenti
daCndeba mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis _ menuxa� brunebisas: mx. r. sax. menuxa-�
`romelic~, erg. menxu-�-Co-v-a-� mic. menxu-�-Co-n-a-�... mr. r. sax. menxu-�-a
`romlebic~, erg. menxu-Cu-�S-v-a-� (< menxu-Co-�S-v-a-�), mic. menxu-Cu-�Sn, menxu-
Cu-�S-in...
54
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi Sesabamisi dadebiTi nacvalsaxelebis (saidanac
uaryofiTi formebi iwarmoeba) brunebas misdevs.
saurTierTo naxvalsaxelia vaS{ba} `erTmaneTi~, romelic ibrunvis:
saxelobiTi brunvis, ergativisa da naTesaobiTis saerTo formaa vaS{b}an,
micemiTisa _ vaSbin, gvxvdeba gamsWvalviTi brunvis formac _ vaSax da
lokatiur brunvebSi: vaS{b}ig™, vaS{b}icin.
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli melmelmelmelÀ À À À `ramdeni?~ arsebiTi saxelis brunebis erT-
erT models misdevs: sax. mel{—} `ramdeni~ erg. melÀe-v, mic. melÀe-n, gardaqc.
melÀe-R...
55
zmna. I zmnuri kategoriebi
bacburis zmna sakmaod rTul sistemas warmoadgens rogorc
gramatikuli kategoriebis, ise uRlebis TvalsazrisiTac.
zmnur kategoriaTagan bacburSi gamoiyofa: gramatikuli klasis
kategoria, aspeqtis, gramatikuli ricxvis, kauzativis, kilos,
potencialisis kategoriebi.
gramatikuli klasis kategoria bacburSi reliefurad aris
gamoxatuli, saxezea ganviTarebuli gramatikuli klasebis sistema
(gramatikuli klasis Sesaxeb zogadad ix. arsebiTi saxeli).
zmnebi, martivi da rTuli, iyofa or jgufad: uklasniSno da
klasniSnian zmnebad. mag., martivi uklasniSno zmnebia: abar -{Se}ekerva,
aTar -{da}nayva. axar- {mo}xvna, eyar-moSla (moiSleba), ecar _ aReba
(aiRebs)... martivi klasniSniani zmnebi: d-axar _ wasvla (wava): knaT v-axen
_ biWi wavida, cokal d-axen _ melia wavida, nan Á-axen, axrub _ b-axen _
Toxli wavida; d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-aWar _ RrRna (RrRnis),
d-acar _ Tibva ({ga}Tibavs), d-ar _ Seqmna (Seqmnis), keTeba (akeTebs),
d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...
bacburSi warmodgenilia klasniSniani da uklasniSno r T ul i
zmnebic: klasniSniani rTuli zmnebis SemadgenlobaSi gvaqvs ori an erTi
martivi klasniSniani zmnis fuZe; uklasniSnoebia martivi uklasniSno
zmnebisagan zmniT makar-SeZleba (SeuZlia) da laTe (xolme-s
mniSvnelobiT) segmentiT Sedgenili zmnebi.
mag., rTuli uklasniSno zmnebi: co-a l ‘ m a k — -ver ityvis (ar SeuZlia
Tqvas)... levan l a T — _ ambobs xolme... rTuli klasniSniani zmnebi: eg-d-
ar _ gareva ({ga}revs, {ga}urevs), Sdr. egar _ gareva, d-ar- _ keTeba... d-aS-
d-ar _ {ga}dnoba, Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva
({da}wvavs), Sdr. d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba,
Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva ({da}wvavs), Sdr.
d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba...
erTi da igive zogi zmna uRlebis sxvadasxva formebSi klasniSniT
da uklasniSnod warmoCndeba (ix. aspeqti).
56
zmnaSi aisaxeba ZiriTadad arsebiTi saxelis (iSviaTad _
zedsarTavisa da ricxviTi saxelebis) gramatikuli klasis zmnaSi
warmoCenili gramatikuli klasis niSnis mixedviT irkveva, romel
gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba saxeli) _ saxelobiT brunvaSi
gardauvali zmnis subieqtisa da gardamavali zmnis uaxloesi obieqtis,
agreTve saxelisa saxelobiTSi grZnoba-aRqmis aRmniSvnel datiuri
konstruqciis zmnebTan (ix. arsebiTi saxeli, gardamavloba, sintaqsi).
gramatikuli klasis niSnebiT zmnaSi saxelis g r a m a t i k u l i
r i c x v i c aRiniSneba, rac meoreuli faqtis Cans, Tumca am enis
teqstebi XVII saukunemde (isic fragmentulad) ar mogvepoveba:
raodenobrivma cvlilebam socialuri Rirebulebis Secvla gamoiwvia (??),
ix. gramatikuli ricxvis kategoria).
gramatikuli klasis niSani zmnaSi prefiqsia martiv zmnebsa (mag.,
d-efxar _ Cacma, d-e-lar _ siciliT...) da rTul zmnebSi, rodesac misi
(rTuli zmnis) pirveli fuZe klasnisnian zmnad gvevlineba (mag., d-Šfx—d-
ar – Cacma (acmevs), Sdr. d-efxar _ Cacma (icvams), _ d-aJ-d-ar _ Zoveba
(aZovebs), Sdr. d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...).
gramatikuli klasis niSani i n f i q s i a rTul zmnebSi, Tu maTi
meore fuZe (an fuZec, pirvel fuZesTan erTad) klasniSniania (mag., ak-d-ar
_ anTeba (anTebs), Sdr. akar_anTeba (anTia); at-d-ar _ {ga}Cumeba
({ga}aCumebs), Sdr. atar _ gaCumeba ({ga}Cumdeba)... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba
({ga}adnobs), Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-ar _ keTeba; d-av-d-ar _
{da}kargva ({da}kargavs), Sdr. d-avar _ dakargva ({da}ikargeba), d-ar _
keTeba...
gramatikuli klasis niSnebi sufiqsis saxiTac gvxvdeba dar `keTeba~
meSveli zmnis awmyos formaSi, metwilad d™, Á™, b™, v™ _ d, Á, b, v
gramat. klasis niSnebis labializebuli fonetikuri variantebi (zogjer
d, Á, b, v gramatikuli klasis niSnebic daCndeba). mag.: Ãori akod™™™™ _
vaSlebs yrian, e knaT akov™™™™ _ im biWs akankalebs, memcxoriv Je daJod™™™™ _
mecxvareebi cxvars aZoveben, fu TeÃob™™™™ _ ZaRls miaTreven...
gramatikuli klasis niSnis infiqsad, miT ufro sufiqsad warmoCena
bacburSi meoreuli faqtia: martiv zmnebSi mxolod prefiqsi SeimCneva.
b infiqsis Sesaxeb ix. aspeqti.
57
aspeqti. bacburi enis mTeli rigi zmnebisaTvis niSandoblivia
aspeqtis gramatikuli kategoriis mixedviT dapirispireba, gamoiyofa
sruli da usruli aspeqti (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili, d.-e. holiski). maT
gverdiT mniSvnelovani raodenobiT dasturdeba uaspeqto zmnebic.
I. garCeulia aspeqti
1. a s p e q t i a n i formebi fuZiseuli xmovniTaa gansxvavebuli, fuZis
fleqsiasTan gvaqvs saqme: zmnis sruli aspeqtis formaSi a o i xmovnebia
warmodgenili, usrulSi _ e an eb (f, p):
sr. asp. a usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)
Ãal´ar Ãel´ar _ daxurva
karCar kerCar _ gagoreba
laTar leTar _ brZola
laqdar leqdar _ gadagdeba, mogdeba
laWydar leWydar _ damalva
TaT´dar TeT´dar _ gaweva
Tasar Tefsar _ dagdeba...
lasar lesar _ gacra1
xarcar xercar _ gacvla1
sruli aspeqti o usruli aspeqti e, eb (f, p)
dofcar defcar _ wvna
doT´ar deT´ar _ sxma
doxkar dexkar _ gayidva
oT´ar eT´ar _ dadgoma
1 CaCnuris (dialeqt.) am fuZeebSi sr. asp. o………… _ usr. ‹‹‹‹, i xmovanTmonacvleoba gvaqvs:
sr. lo…………sa _ usr. l‹‹‹‹san _ gacra, sr. xo………… _ usr. x‹‹‹‹ca _ gacvla; (bacburis x a r c
fuZeSi r Tanxmovnis sakiTxic dgeba).
bacb. afSar _ ReWva uaspeqto zmnaSi fuZiseuli f-s adgilas CaCn. (dialeqt.) o…………
iCens Tavs: ‘o…………San.
58
ot´ar et´ar _ dageba (loginisa)
dowar depwar _ dabma
doRar debRar _ dageba
Ãosar Ãefsar _ gasrola
Toxar Tefxar _ dartyma1
sr. asp. i usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)
xitar xetar _ gawyveta2
Titar Tetar _ gaWra2
dillar deblar _ dadeba3
Tillar Teblar _ darqmeva3
Til‘ar Teflar _gacdena (ascdeba), gaZroba3
2. a) sruli aspeqtis forma klasniSniania, usrulisa – uklasniSno.
amasTanave fuZiseuli xmovnebi sxvadasxvaa, erTi mxriT, srulsa da, meore
mxriT, usruli aspeqtis formebSi, Tumca oden xmovanTa monacvleobiT
dapirispirebul srul da usrul aspeqtSi warmodgenil xmovanTagan
gansxvavebuli: usr. aspeqtis e xmovani sruli aspeqtis formaSi, nacvlad
sr. aspeqtis a xmovnisa, da piriqiT, usr. aspeqtis e xmovnis adgilas usr.
aspeqtSi – sr. aspeqtis a xmovani daCndeba:
sr. asp. usr. asp.
1 d. imnaiSvili calke saxeobad gamoyofs: 1) sr. asp. ab (p, f) _ usr. asp. eb (-p, f)
Ã-a-ptan `miwvdoma (xeliT)~ _ Ã-e-ptan `wvdoma (xeliT)~; y-a-pyan `daquxeba~ _ y-e-pyan
`quxili~, ‘a-fSan `daReWva~ _ ‘e-fSan _ `ReWva~; safsan `afueba~ _ s-e-f-san `fuvili~.
2) sr. asp. ob _ usr. asp. eb: d-o-fxan `Cacma~ _ d-e-fxan (Ca)cma (icvams); d-o-fsan `gaberva~
_ d-e-fsan `(ga)berva~ (ibereba).
SesaZlebelia, aq aspeqtis oden ablautiT warmoebasTan gvqondes saqme, py, pt, fS,
fx... ki fuZiseuli TanxmovanTa jgufebi iyos (Sdr. Áopy _ nacari, Áofx _ ofli...), Tumca
b (f, p)-s gamoyofac garkveuli funqciiT (mravlobiTobis, mravalgzisobis) gamoxatva
(d. imnaiSvili) gamoricxuli ar aris.
2 bacb. xitar formis Sesatyvisia CaCn. xado _ gawyveta, bacb. T i t a r -isa –
d a t o – gaWra, sruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis fuZeSi a xmovniT, bacburis i xmovnis
adgilas. usrulSi (mravalgzisSi) CaCnurSicö e xmovania: xed-ar – wyveta, et-o – Wra.
3 bacb. dill-, Till-, Til‘ da CaCn. dill-ar (id.), (we)Till-a (id.), tex-Til-a (id.)
fuZeebi saerToa bacburisa da CaCnurisaTvis: i xmovani gvaqvs bacburisa da
CaCnurisTvisac. usruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis forma gansxvavebulia.
59
d-exkar axkar _ kvra
d-eyar ayar _ gayofa
d-ekar akar _ cvena
d-ekdar akdar _ kankali
b) usr. aspeqtis formaSi sruli aspeqtis formis gramatikuli
klasis niSnis momdevno Tanxmovania gansxvavebuli, SesaZlebelia, misi
fonetikuri varianti iyos:
sr. asp. usr. asp.
d-Äevar �avar _ kvla, xocva
d-Äogar yegar _ texa, mtvreva
g) usr. aspeqtis uklasniSno formaSi klasniSniani sr. aspeqtis fuZe
meordeba, oRond sr. aspeqtis formis gramatikuli klasis niSnis
(Tanxmovnis) adgilas Tavs iCens sxva Tanxmovani:
sr. asp. usr. asp.
d-eqar Ã-eqar _ Zaxili, yvirili
d-erwar -erwar _ triali, dabruneba
d-al‘ar micema T-el‘ar _ Zleva, Wmeva
d-aar -eÃar _ zidva, waReba, fuZiseuli
/Ã TanxmovanTa monacvleobiT.
d) dagar _ danaxva, dagin _ dainaxa zmnis sruli aspeqtis fuZeSi a
xmovania, usr. aspeqtis gu _ xedavs zmnis fuZeSi SeiniSneba nulovani
gaxmovaneba, aseve: sr. asp. dalar _ sikvdili _ usr. asp. la _ kvdeba.
xmovanTa monacvleoba (ablauti) dasturdeba rogorc uklasniSno
(Ãalar _ Ãelar `daxurva~...), ise klasniSnian (dofcar _ defcar `wvna~...)
zmnebSic (ix. zemoT): ablauti aspeqtis warmoebaSi Zvel movlenad unda
miviCnioT.
60
klasis niSnis mixedviT garCeuli aspeqtis formebidan (sr. asp.
d-exkar _ usr. asp. axkar ({Se}kvra) klasis niSani usr. aspeqtis formebSia
dakarguli (usr. aspeqti ufro gamoxatavs zogad mniSvnelobas, amasTanave
aq _ usrul aspeqtSi fonetikuri garemoc unda yofiliyo klasis niSnis
_ dakargvis xelSemwyobi faqtori).
ufro adrindeli Cans aspeqtis warmoeba a b l a u t i T: sr. asp. a, o _
usr. asp. e (sr. asp. laTar – usr. asp. leTar `brZola~; sr. asp. oTTar –
usr. asp. eTTar `d{a}dgoma~...). sxva SemTxvevebi, sr. asp. i _ usr. asp. e, sr.
asp. e _ usr. asp. a (sr. asp. xitar – usr. asp. xetar `gawyveta~... sr. asp.
deyar – usr. asp. ayar `{ga}yofa~...) formaTa aRrevis Sedegi unda iyos.
sr. aspeqtis warmoeba p r e v e r b e b i T qarTulidan nasesxeb zmnebSi
iCens Tavs qarTulis msgavsad, (sr. asp. datkepnaddar _ usr. asp.
tkepnaddar `{da}tkepna~), mcire gadaxvevebiT. aseT zmnaTa gavleniT
qarTulTan interferenciis Sedegad Cveulebrivi gaxda sr. asp. warmoeba
bacburi preverbebiT sakuTriv bacbur sityvebSi (sr. asp. CuoT´ar – usr.
asp. eT´ar `{da}dgoma~), ablautTan erTad. mxolod CakiTxvisas SeiZleba
warmoCndes preverbi paralelurad bacb. zmnis usr. asp. formebSi da,
piriqiT, sr. asp. formebi – upreverbod.
bacburSi sr. da usr. aspeqti SeiZleba iyos dapirispirebuli zmnis
s u p l e t u r i formebiT (sr. asp. Ãal´ar _ usr. asp. dayar `Wama~).
gamoiyofa u a s p e q t o zmnebic. uaspeqtoa s t a t i k u r i zmnebi
(d. imnaiSvili) an aspeqti zmnis supleturi formebiTaa garCeuli): dawan-
devna, Ãawan _ {Camo}kideba...
uaspeqtoa rigi sxva znebic: 1) zogi m a r t i v i z m n a: abar _ kerva,
dÄapar _ {da}grexa, aTar _ nayva, ÃaCar _ miRweva... stexar _ lodini,
lefsar – {a}dRveba, defcar _ mboba... 2) -dar, -dalar, -iTar... segmentebiT
n a w a r m o e b i z m n e b i: kawkar-dalar _ dapataraveba, dav-dar _
dakargva, darJ-dar _ {ga}Sla... arl-iTar _ galewvineba, dafx-iTar _
gaxdevineba...
s t a t i k u r da z o g sxva u a s p e q t o zmnebSi -dolin da -
doldalin elementebi awarmoeben srul aspeqts: (Ãirl‘ `eSinia~ - sr. asp.
Ãerl‘-d-olin `SeeSinda~, ax— `yefs~ _ axa-d-olin `daiyefa~ _ axa-b-ol-b-
alin `ayefda~...), romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodnen d-ol-d-ar (grdm.)
61
da d-ol-d-alar (grduv.) `dawyeba~) zmnebs.
bacburSi ise, rogorc CaCnursa da inguSurSi gamoiyofa kauzatiuri
formebi. kauzativis sakiTxi am enaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gareSe ar
darCenila (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, r. gagua...).
kauzativis mawarmoebelia -iT-, romelic warmodgenilia masdarsa da
infinitivSic: ax-iT-ar, ax-iT-an) `sirbili, rbena~.
-iT awarmoebs kauzativs gardamavali da gardauvali martivi da
agreTve -dar, -dalar segmentebiT Sedgenili zmnebisagan: ax-iT-ar
`moxvnevineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. ax-ar `xvna~ (martivi gardamavali zmna);
{�}it-iT-ar `rbenineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. {�}itar `rbena~ (mativi
gardauvali zmna), le-d-iT-ar `akrefineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. le-d-ar
`krefa~ (dar-iT nawarmoebi gardamavali zmna); daÃ-d-al-iT-ar `{ga}zrda,
{ga}zrdis SesaZlebloba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. daÃ-d-alar `{ga}zrda~
(-dalar-iT nawarmoebi zmna).
ar aris gamoricxuli, -iT- d - i T a r `datoveba; daTmoba~ zmnisgan
mimdinareobdes (n. iakovlevi, r. gagua, r. fareuliZe).
gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT- afiqsiT nawarmoebi formebi, rogorc
saerTod kauzativi, gamoxatavs obieqtis mier subieqtis nebiT, iZulebiT,
TxovniT... Sesasrulebel moqmedebas:
oÃus oÃuÁg™ maÃox naCx x e r c - i T - ™ _ is mas purze yvels
a c v l e v i n e b s (Sdr. oÃus maÃox naCx x e r c ™ _ is purze yvels
cvlis).
-iT afiqsiT gardauvali zmnebisagan gardamavali zmnebi iwarmoeba
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli semantikiTac: dadas Sarin knaT v-ax-iT-iÁen _
mamam g a u S v a Tavisi vaJi (Sdr. knaT Sarn v - a x e n _ vaJi w a v i d a...).
subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTeba gardauvali da
gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT afiqsiT nawarmoeb zmnur formebSi
gansxvavdeba maTTvis amosaval gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi
dadasturebuli mimarTebebisagan. orive SemTxvevaSi zmnur konstruqciaSi
Cndeba erTi wevriT meti, oRond: 1) gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoeb
kauzatiur zmnasTan Tavs iCens saxeli – obieqti mimarTulebiT brunvaSi,
romelic moqmedebis Semsrulebelia, subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi. rCeba
62
da moqmedebis `SemkveTia~ (nana-s Jagn™ xet´™ _ deda wigns kiTxulobs,
Sdr. nanas b a d r e - g ™ Jagn™ xet´-iT-™ _ deda bavSvs wigns akiTxebs);
2) gardauvali zmnisgan nawarmoeb kauzativTan konstruqcias emateba
saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ar icvleba gardauvali zmnis
subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi, igi aq, kauzatiur konstruqciaSi,
obieqtad gvevlineba. moqmedebis Se:msrulebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc
saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ise _ saxeli _ obieqti
saxelobiTSi (stak naymaq l‰T´— _ kaci gzaze dgas, Sdr. dadas stak (nay
maq) l‰T´-iT-™ _ mama kacs nebas aZlevs (gzaze) idges.
kilo. bacburis gramatikuli kilos Seswavlas mniSvnelovani adgili
eTmoba specialur literaturaSi (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, d. imnaiSvili,
r. gagua...), kiloTa sxvadasxva raodenobas asaxeleben).
bacburSi dasturdeba TxrobiTi, brZanebiTi da kavSirebiTi kilo.
II p i r i s brZanebiTi kilo iwarmoeba: 1) nulovani sufiqsiT,
emTxveva zmnis sawarmoebel fuZes dil´! `dadevi!~ Sdr. inf. dil´-an, masd.
dil´-ar; verw! `mibrundi!~ Sdr. inf. verw-an, masd. verw-ar).
nulovani sufiqsis adgilze a xmovani daCndeba inlautSi
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi: a) e kavSiris (ata-e!... `gaCumdi da!..~); b) -ge
nawilakis (daata-ge! `gaCumdi-Ra!~); g) mravlobiTis afiqsis T-s (xeca-T!
`gauSviT!~); d) TxovniTi brZanebiTis niSnis -l————-s win (ÁaÃa-l—! `amoiRe-
ra!);
a brZanebiTis niSnad gvaqvs CaCnurSi. safiqrebelia, brZanebiTi
kilos mawarmoebeli a sufiqsi bacburSi reducirebuli iyos auslautSi,
am poziciaSi a xmovnis mokvecis bacburisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fonetikuri procesis Sedegad.
2) anomaliur zmnebsa (li-b! `mieci!~ Sdr. dal‘an `micema~) da -dar, -
dalar segmentebiT nawarmoeb zmnebSi (Tag-d-e-b! `gaakeTe!~, Sdr. Tag-dar
`gakeTeba~) _ b sufiqsiT;
3) -l{————}, -l{™™™™} sufiqsebiT (d-oTa-l————! `Caasxi-ra!~ Sdr. d-oT´-ar
`Casxma~), m a x v i l i a xmovanze moudis (k. WrelaSvili).
III p i r i s brZanebiTsac -l{™™™™}, -™l{————} afiqsebi awarmoebs (d-oT´a
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-l{™™™™}! `Caasxas! Sdr. doT´ar `Casxma~).
bacburSi gavrcelebulia I p. brZanebiTis m r. r i c x v i s forma
qarTulidan SeTvisebuli T sufiqsiT (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili).
bacburSi gvxvdeba brZanebiTis u a r y o f i T i formebic:
brZanebiTis uaryofiTi formebis sawarmoeblad TxrobiTi kilos awmyos
an myofadis formas daerTvis uaryofiTi nawilaki ma `nu~ (ma Á a y ™ ! `nu
Wam!~ Sdr. Á a y ™ `vWam, Wam, Wams~ _ awmyo). CaCnurSi uaryofiTi
brZanebiTis sxvagvari warmoeba dasturdeba (r. fareuliZe). am SemTxvevaSi
bacburSi q a r T u l i s gavlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme.
k a v S i r e b i T i kilos sufiqsebia -lo, -le (lete-l™™™™ `rom
Seewios~, Sdr. letar `Svela, `Sewevna~). kavSirebiTi kilos sufiqsebi
saerToa zemoT aRniSnul brZanebiTis -l————, -l™™™™ sufiqsebTan. brZanebiTis
sufiqsebi (-l————, -l™™™™) kavSirebiTis sufiqsebisagan unda momdinareobdes
(Sdr. k. WrelaSvili), rogorc cnobilia, analogiuri viTarebaa
qarTvelur enebSi kavSirebiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis urTierTmimarTebis
TvalsazrisiT.
potencialisi da gvari. p o t e n c i a l i s i analizuri warmoebisaa,
mawarmoebelia makar `SeZleba~ zmna (romelic calkec gvxvdeba da
cvalebadia nakvTebis mixedviT); -dar da -iTar elementebiT nawarmoeb
zmnebSi makar a w m y o - m y o f a d i s formas daerTvis da aqac icvleba
zmnis nakvTebSi (co T a g - d o-mak———— `ver akeTebs~, Sdr. T a g - d o || <
Tago-d™ `akeTebs~; co T a g - i T o -makin `ver gaakeTebina~, Sdr. Ta-giT™
`akeTebinebs~). martiv zmnebTan awmyos (myofadis) nakvTebis mawarmoebeli
xmovnis dakargvis Sedegad potencialisis formebi organuli warmoebis
saxes iRebs (co l e l - mak———— `ver dadis~, Sdr. lel-———— (< lel-e) `dadis~;
co al‘-mak— `ver vityvi~, Sdr. a l ‘-™™™™ (al‘-o) `vityvi~).
potencialisis mniSvnelobiT dalar-segmentiani warmoebac
SeiniSneba. dalar-is adrindeli mniSvneloba CvenTvis ucnobia.
dalar drois sxvadasxva nakvTebSi dal da la-s saxiT Cndeba (ax-la
`ixvneba~, Sdr. ax™ `xnavs~; ax-d-alin `moixna~, Sdr. ax-in `moxna~), Sdr.
dalar `kvdoma~ zmna, romelic dronaklia (dalin `mokvda~ da la
64
`{mo}kvdeba~).
-la da -dal segmentebi daerTvis awmyos (myofadis) formas
(a l ‘- l a < a l ‘o -la `iTqmeba~, Sdr. al‘™ `ambobs~, `ityvis~ a l‘-dal-in
`iTqva~).
dalar _ segmentiani formebi dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebia,
romlebic SeiZleba gamoxatavdnen uneburobis, potencialisis, gvaris,
qcevis mniSvnelobas.
gardamavali zmnebisagan dalar-iT nawarmoeb zmnis formebs
u n e b u r o b i s (p o t e n c i a l i s i s) mniSvneloba aqvT (stakgo Áobst
axla `kacs miwa exvnevineba~, Sdr. glexiv Áofst ax™ `glexebi miwas
xnaven~).
bacburSi martivi gardamavali da misgan dalar-iT nawarmoebi
gardauvali zmna qmnian aqtiv-pasivis dapirispirebas. -dalar- segmentiani
formebi iZenen vnebiTi gvaris gagebas. as xil™ Ãer Tefsos `me wyalSi
qvas vagdeb~. Tefsos _ `vagdeb~ gardamavali zmnis formaa, masTan
sintaqsur kavSirSia subieqti-qvemdebare as `me~ ergatiul brunvaSi,
romelic zmnaSi (SemasmenelSi) aCens s subieqtis piris niSans (s < as) _
Tefs-o-as > Tefso-s: Ãer pirdapiri obieqti-damatebaa. (dalar >)la-
segmentiani zmniT winadadebaa: Ãer Tefsla `qva vardeba~, romelSic
gardamavalzmniani winadadebis damateba-obieqti Ãer subieqtad aris
warmoCenili, misi niSani zmnasTan ar daCndeba. amdenad, T e f s l a
T e f s o s zmnis k o n v e r s i u l formad SeiZleba miviCnioT,
T e f s o s -s moqmedebiTi gvaris semantika aqvs. la vnebiTi gvaris
mawarmoeblis funqcias asrulebs.1 bacburSi g v a r i s gramatikuli
kategoriis C a s a x v i s p r o c e s T a n gvaqvs saqme, risTvisac xeli
unda Seewyo subieqturi piris kategoriis gaCenas am enaSi, subieqtis
gaaqtiurebas.
preverbebi. Sedgenilobis mixedviT bacburSi dasturdeba m a r t i v i
da r T ul i preverbebi. m a r t i v i preverbebia: da- `ga-~, a-; `Ca-~,
al- `a-~, maq- `a-~, Cu- `Ca-~, so- `mo-~, nÄaÁ‘- `ga-~, d-ux-2 `Semo-~, `ukan~. Cu-
1 k. WrelaSvili -la || -l-s vnebiTi gvaris niSnad miiCnevs.
2 d-ux preverbSi d moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSania.
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mniSvnelobiT da masalobrivad emTxveva svanuris Cu- preverbs
(r. faruliZe).
specialur literaturaSi cnobilia umTavresad martivi preverbebi,
rTuli preverbebi saZebnia. rTuli preverbebia: soda- `momi-~, ala-
`-ze-qve~ (r. gagua, d.-e. holiski), Cu-al- `-qvevidan zemoT~.
martivi preverbebis ZiriTadi funqciaa, sxva enebis msgavsad,
moqmedebis sivrceSi lokalizaciis gamoxatva (ix. zemoT). gancalkevebiT
dgas so `aqeT~ da da `iqiT~ preverbebi (so-voten _ gadmovida, da-voten
_ gadavida), romlebic sivrceSi orientacias aRniSnaven.
preverbebis semantikuri niuansebi Sesaswavlia.
bacburSi preverbebi sityvawarmoebis funqciiTac iCens Tavs (dadar
`micema~, `Cuqeba~, Sdr. dar `keTeba~, `qmna~).
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zmna. II. dro-kiloTa sistema
bacbur (wova-TuSur) enaSi zmnuri formacvalebis sistema _ uRleba
rTulia.
uRleba bacbrSi k l a s n i S n i a n z m n e b S i SeiZleba iyos:
klasovani da pirovani; u k l a s n i S n o z m n e b S i _ n e i t r a l u r i
da pirovani.
klasovan uRlebaSi zmna icvleba g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s
mixedviT: v-aR™ _ movdivar, modixar, modis (m a m a k a c i); Á-aR™ _
movdivar modixar, modis (q a l i), b-aR™ _ modis (Z r o x a); d-aR™ _ modis
(k v i c i)...
g a r d a m a v a l zmnaSi o b i e q t i s klasia asaxuli,
g a r d a u v a l S i _ s u b i e q t i s a.
p i r o v a n uRlebaSi p i r i s n i S n e b i piris nacvalsaxelebi an
nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis sufiqsebia, daerTvis zmnas I-sa da II pirSi
rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _ mr. ricxvSi, oRond mr. ricxvis pirvel
pirSi _ mxolod eqskluziur pirs.
III piri gauformebelia.
S n S. nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis piris niSnebs romlebic piris
nacvalsaxelebisagan momdinareoben, ganucdiaT garkveuli kanonzomieri
fonetikuri cvlilebebi.
klasovani da neitraluri bruneba pirovani da klasovan-pirovani
uRlebis paralelurad a m J a m a d a c gavrcelebulia.
piris niSnebi Ziriadad, subieqturi pirisa dasturdeba. maT zmnaSi
aCens g a r d a m a v a l i zmnis s u b i e q t i c, g r a m a t. k l a s i s
niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic mxolod g a r d a u v a l i zmnebis
s u b i e q t s aRniSnaven.
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piris niSnebiT zmnaSi, pirdapiri obieqtis piric aRiniSneba (a.
Sifneri, n. qadagiZe, k. WrelaSvili). amdenad, piris niSani zmnaSi
s a x e l o b i T i s a an e r g a t i v i s formiT warmodgenili saxelis
pirs gamoxatavs.
s u b i e q t u r i piris niSnebi g a r d a u v a l zmnebsa (Cveulebriv,
statikur zmnebSi) da o b i e q t u r i piris niSnebig a r d a m a v a l
zmnebSi (orive SemTxvevaSi saxeli, romelic piris niSans aCens zmnaSi,
s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi dgas) Semdegia:
mx. r. mr. r.
1. -s™™™™ (< so) -Tx (< Txo) eqskl.
2. -™™™™ (< o) -ÁSšššš, -Sšššš (< Su)
S n S. 1. Sdr. qarTulSi II s u b i e q t u r i da III o b i e q t u r i
piris niSnebi.
2. piris niSnebi saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgomi Sesabamisi piris
nacvalsaxelebidan momdinareoben. sityvis bolokiduri xmovnebi
reducirdeba.
gardamaval zmnebSi subieqturi piris niSnebi (subieqturi piri
e r g a t i v S i dgas) Semdegia:
mx. r. mr. r.
I II I II
1. -as -s (< as) -aTx -Tx (< aTx)
2. -a -{} (< a) -aÁS -ÁS (< aÁS)
S n S. piris niSnebi an ergativis formis piris nacvalsaxelebia, an
maTi fonetikurad saxecvlili variantebi.
I rigis piris niSnebi gvxvdeba I da II pirTan awmyoSi (myofadSi: as
al‘o-s _ me getyvi).
aq II piris (mx. r.) niSani ikargeba mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi,
saTanado forma xmovnebze bolovdeba.
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I rigis piris niSnebi r da n boloTanxmovnian formebSia (mag. as
aÁolna-s `me vTqvi“).
gardauvali klasniSniani zmnis diSar `wola“ awmyos formebi
mx. r. mr. r.
I p. v(S)-iS-u-s™™™™(S) b(S)-ifS-u-TxS
II p. v(S)iS-u(S)-™™™™(S) b(S)-ifS-u-(S)ÁS
III p. v(S)-iS-šššš b(S)-ifS-š
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis dÄevar `mokvla~ awmyos formebi:
mx. r. mr. r.
I p. d(O)-Äevo-s(S) I p. d(O)-Äev-o-Tx(S)
II p. d(O)-Äevo-{}(S) II p. d(O)-Äev-u-ÁS(S)
III p. d(O)-Äev™ III p. d(O)-Äev™
S n S. erTiapiani klasniSniani zmnis uRlebisas zmnaSi aRiniSneba
subieqtis klasi da piri, k l a s i s n i S a n i c a da p i r i s
n i S a n i c e r T i d a i g i v e s a x e l s g a m o x a t a v s.
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRvlebisas, rodesac o b i e q t i
i c v l e b a, obieqturi wyoba gvaqvs.
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRleba, rodesac s u b i e q t i
i c v l e b a, subieqtur wyobas warmoadgens.
S n S. 1. am SemTxvevaSi k l a s i s n i S a n i obieqtze miuTiTebs,
p i r i s n i S a n i subieqtze. klasis niSani p o l i f u n q c i u r i a, is
saxelis klassac gamoxatavs da pirsac ragvarobis mixedviT, obieqturi
piris niSania. amgvarad, aseT zmnebSi ori piri aRiniSneba _ obieqturi _
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klasis niSniTa da subieqturi _ piris niSniT. SeiZleba vilaparakoT
polipersonalizmze (k. WrelaSvili) Tu ara, mis Canasaxze mainc.
2. fuZeSi dadasturebuli f o n e t i k u r i p r o c e s e b i zmnis
uRlebisas imave xasiaTisaa, rac saxelTa brunebaSi vlindeba.
m r a v l. ricxvi: 1) klasovan uRlebaSi klasis niSniT gamoixateba,
romelic amasTanave saxelis saTanado klaszec miuTiTebs: mx r. va™ va
`Zma aris“ _ mr. r. vaJar b-a; mx. r. nan Á-a `deda aris“ _ mr. r. nani d-a, mx.
r. fu b-a `ZaRli aris“ _ mr. r. fah´arC d-a.
2) pirovan uRlebaSi mr. ricxvi da piri erTi da imave elementiT _
saTanado p i r i s n a c v a l s a x e l e b i T mr. ricxvSi an imave
nacvalsaxelebiT, romelTac ganucdiaT fonetikuri cvlileba,
gadmoicema (so maÁl‘n-as `me davlie“, aTx maÁl‘n-aTx _ Cven davlieT).
3) usruli aspeqtis formiTac SeiZleba iyos g a m o x a t u l i
mravlobiTi ricxvi: sr. aspeqti – as Á-ofc-™ `me v w n a v (nawnavs)~“, usr.
asp. _ aTx Á-efc-™ `Cven v w n a v T (nawnavs).
4) qarTulidan nasesxebi T sufiqsi mr. ricxvis niSania (b-aRo-T vaÁ!
_ wavideT (Cven qalebi)!~
T sufqsi gvxvdeba TxrobiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis formebSi.
S n S. d. i m n a i S v i l i s azriT, T sufiqsi gramatikuli klasis d
niSnisagan aris miRebuli.
araerTi enaTmecnieri (a. S i f n e r i, i. d e S e r i e v i, d.
i m n a i S v i l i, r. g a g u a, d.-e- h o l i s k i) warmogvidgens bacburi
zmnis uRlebis sistemas. mocemul sistemebSi SeiniSneba sxvadasxvaoba:
gamoyofen drois (mwkrivis) formebs, romelTaTvisac amosaval fuZed
miiCneven awmyosa da namyos formebs (a. S i f n e r i, r. g a g u a), awmyos,
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myofadisa da namyos formebs (k. W r e l a S v i l i), brZanebiTis formas
(i. d e S e r i e v i).
gvaqvs namyos mwkrivTa (nakvTTa) mniSvnelobis sxvadasxvagvari gageba,
Sesabamisad terminebic (TurmeobiTebi _ SedegobiTebi, namyo winare
warsuli, I namyo, II namyo...).
e. w. wesieri uRlebis zmnebSi mwkrivTa gamoyofa xdeba sayrdeni
fuZisa da misi zogadi semantikis safuZvelze. rigi mwkrivis
mniSvnelobis dadgena metad rTulia, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnaven
mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT namyo drois mwrikvebSi, Tumca miaxloebiTi
mniSvnelobis dadgena mainc SesaZlebelia.
fuZeTa mixedviT mwkrivebis dajgufebisas amosaval fuZeebad
gvevlineba awmyos, myofadis, namyos formebi.
I (awmyos) jgufi (seria)
magaliTad: abar `kerva“ zmnis, romelic a s p e q t s a r
g a n a r C e v s, a w m y o s a da m y o f a d i s mwkrivebs saerTo fuZe da I
da II j g u f s saerTo formebi aqvs. mogvyavs I piris formebi:
awmyo _ ab-o-s `vkerav“
namyo usr. _ abra-s (< abora-s) `vkeravdi“
TurmeobiTi _ abra-lo-s (< abora-lo-s)
T u r m e o b i T i s f u Z e a n a m y o u s r u l i s f o r m a.
zmnebSi, romlebic s r u l da u s r u l a s p e q t s g a n a r C e v e n,
II (myofadis) jgufi s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebia (mag. awmyo _ Á-efx-
o-s (usr. asp.) `vicvam (kabas...)“,
myofadi _ Á-ofx-o-s (sr. asp.) `Cavicvam (kabas...)“.
III (namyos) jgufi
namyo I _ aÁb-na-s (< ab-in-as) `Cavicvi (kaba)“
namyo II _ aÁb-ra-s (< ab-in-ra-s) `Cavicvi (kaba)“
namyo III _ aÁb-ra-lo-s (< ab-in-ra-lo-s) `Camicvams (kaba)“
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III (namyos) jgufSi SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc s r u l i, ise _
u s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebi.
S n S. kiloebi (ix. kilo), brZanebiTic ki (i. d e S e r i e v i). zog
mkvlevars uRlebis sistemaSi Seaqvs.
mwkrivTa daboloebani s u f i q s e b i a da m a T T a n e r T a d fuZis
f l e q s i a c daCndeba aspeqtis mixedviT dapirispirebul formebSi (ix.
aspeqti).
I jgufis mwkrivebSi o, u, e, i, erTeul SemTxvevebSi a daboloebania
dadasturebuli. SeiniSneba gardamavlobis mixedviT sufiqsebis erTgvari
ganawileba: gardamaval zmnebTan metwilad o daboloeba iCens Tavs,
gardauvalTan _ e.
-dar- da -dalar-iT Sedgenili zmnebis uRvlebisas iuRvleba -dar da
-dalar Sesabamisad maTi damoukideblad uRlebisa. awmyosa da myofadis
mwkrivebSi ZiriTadi zmnis daboloebanic povnieria, namyos mwkrivebSi
dabolobebi reducirebulia bacburSi cnobili reduqciis Tanaxmad.
rTul zmnebad Camoyalibebis procesi jer kidev dasrulebuli ar aris.
bacburSi gamoiyofa Taviseburi uRlebis zmnebi:
1. r i c x v S i monacvle (mag.: daÃin `waarTva“ _ daxin `waarTva
bevri“).
2. m w k r i v S i monacvle (mag.: liv˜ `ambobs“ _ al‘™ `ityvis“).
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zmnisarTi
zmnisarTi, misi warmoeba da funqciebi bacburSi met-naklebi sisru-
liT ganxiluli aqvT an. Sifners, d. imnaiSvils, i. deSerievs, r. gaguas _
d.-i. holiskis, k. WrelaSvils, l. sanikiZes agreTve m. miqelaZes, v. Coqa-
evs...
bacburSi ise, rogorc rig sxva enebSi gamoiyofa pirveladi _ marti-
vi (resp. aramotivirebuli( da nawarmoebi (resp. motivirebuli) zmnisarTebi.
I. pirveladi _ martivi zmnisarTebia:
bÄa (bÄarCe‡) _ mudam, yovelTvis; garg _ axlos; duà _ bevrad;
{�}eÁrTvan, {�}aÁrTvan _ blomad, mravlad; eh>aT _ maSin; vux, Áux _ ukan;
vÄala{‡} _ srulad, srulebiT; Txa, Txe _ dRes; ie, ine? _ axla? Sifn. 64;
inc-axla; ise _ aq; isev _ aqeT; iSna, uÁSna _ aq, iq; iSt _ ase; macan? _
rodis? mawy _ xan, zogjer; mel‘? _ ramdeni? miC? _ saiT? moh> _ rogor?
mo‡ _ mainc, daaxloebiT; mÄal _ ziarad, saziarod; nifs _ sworad. aseve;
nÄaÁ‡{˜} _ gareT; nÄaiv _ gareT; oÁSt, uÁSt _ ise; palo _ mexuTe dRes;
so `aqeT~; tyo‡ – kidev, kvlav; tyo‡lo _ momavalSi; uÁs˜, osi, oÁs _ iq;
palo _ dReidan mexuTe dRes; ulo – dReidan meoTxe dRes; fsare{h>} _
guSin; qasten _ Cqara, swrafad; qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT, uwin; Cax _ Sors; wye _
erTxel; Ãan _ xval; Ãen _ Semdeg, mere; h>aT{e‡} _ maSinve, myisve; h>aTx{—} _
win; jer _ dasawyisSi, jer...
aq moyvanil martiv zmnisarTTagan zogi warmoSobiT nawarmoebia:
eh>aT _ maSin: e+h>aT, Sdr. h>aT, h>aTe‡ _ maSinve, myisve; ise _ aq: i+se, Sdr.
uÁsi < oÁsi < o+si _ iq; iSna _ aq: i+Sna; uÁSna _ iq: uÁSna < u+iSna < u-
iSna: iSt _ ase: i+St, Sdr. uÁSt < oÁSt < o-iSt `ise~, romelTaTvisac sa-
erToa i, e, o anlautSi, romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes nacvalsaxe-
lur Zirebs _ e `es~, is `eg~, o `is~. s warmodgenilia so _ aqeT zmnisar-
73
TSic. nacvalsaxelur ZirebTan kavSirze ganxilul zmnisarTebSi pirve-
lad miuTiTebs a. Sifneri.
lo Tandebuli SeiZleba gamoiyos zmnisarTebSi: tyo‡-lo – momaval-
Si, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav; pal™ _ mexuTe dRes –dReidan (zedmiw. xuT
dReSi) Sdr. fxa < bxa `xuTi~(?)
Áuh>a-lo _ pirdapir, Sdr. Áuh> _ piri, pirisaxe.
zmnisarTebs n a x e v r a d f o r m a c v a l e b a d sityvebs ganukuT-
vneben. igi SeiZleba Segvxvdes: 1. moqmedebiTi da gamsWvalviTi brunvis
formebSi; 2. erT-, or- da iSviaTad sam- Tandebulian brunvaTa formebSi.
zmnisarTi g a m s W v a l i T i s formiT: h>aT-x, h>aT-x-a! _ win! (вперед!)
h>aT-x— _ uwin, maSin, Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; tyo-ax _ Cveulebriv, Sdr. tyo‡
_ kidev. kvlav : miC-ux? – sad? Sdr. miC? – sad? saiT? maca-x _ erTxel,
odesRac, Sdr. macan? _ rodis? icax _ amasobaSi (a. Sifneri, gv. 64), Sdr.
ise (?).
zmnisarTi m o q m e d e b i T i brunvis formiT:
is-ev – aqeT, Sdr. ise – aq; es-ev _ iqiT, iqiTken; os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken,
Sdr. uÁsi < osi _ iq; nÄa-iv _ gareT, gareTa mxares, gareTken, Sdr. nÄaÁ‡
< nÄa‡i (nÄa‡ih> fuZea nÄa‡i) _ gareT.
-r en - T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
ese-ren, ise-ren _ aqedan; oÁs-ren _ iqidan; miC-ren? _ saidan? Sdr. miC?
_ sad?
-h> _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
ese-{h>}, ise-{h>} _ aq; osi-{h>} _ iq; osi-{h>} _ iq; garge-h> _ axlos;
tyuÁ-h> _ ukan, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav, ukan; sibsre-h> (sifsr-{h>}) _
guSinwin, Sdr. fsare-{h>} _ guSin; miCa-h>? Sdr. miC—? – sad?
74
-mcin _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi
ise-mcin _ aqamde; osim-mcin _ iqamde
-dolin _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
inc-dolin _ amis Semdeg, dReidan, Sdr. inc _ axla; {e}h>aT-dolin _
iqidan moyolebuli, im droidan; qiq-dolin _ didi xnidan, odiTgan, Sdr.
qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT;
e r T T a n d e b u l i a n i a agreTve zogi zmnisarTi, romelic -iv, -R, -
x- segmentebze bolovdeba:
garg-iv-h> _ axlos; iÃs-iv-h> _ aqeTken: laÃ-iv-h> _ zemoTken; miC-iv-h>?
_ saiTken? os-iv-h> _ iqiT, iqiTken, miRma, Sdr. os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken.
garge-R-da{h>} _ axlos, Sdr. garge-R siaxloves; isi-R-dah> _ iqidan.
garge-x-dah> _ axlodan; miCxdah>{a}? saidan? Sdr. miCx-ma‡ _ yvelgan
(miC? – sad? ma-ara, zedmiw. sad ara? – yvelgan).
zmnisarTi o r T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT
h> + dah> Tandebuliani
tyuÁ+h>+dah> _ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan; tyui-h>— _ ukan;
ren+dah> _ Tandebuliani
ise-ren-dah> _ aqedan, Sdr. ise{h>} _ aq, ise-ren _ aqedan; uÁs-ren-dah> _
iqidan, Sdr. osi{h>} _ iq, oÁs-ren _ iqidan; miC-re-dah>? _ saidan? Sdr. miC—?
_ sad? miC-ren? _ saidan?
lo+mcin _ Tandebulianebi
mac-lo-mcin? _ sanamde? rodemde? Sdr. macan _ rodis? maca-x _ er-
Txel, odesRac; i{n}c-lo-mcin _ aqamdis (am dromde), Sdr. inc-axla;
h>aTlo(mci¹) _ aqamde (am dromde), Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; exaT-lo-mci¹ _ iqa-
mde (im dromde), Sdr. eh>aT— _ maSin;
75
-i v s e g m e n t z e d a b o l o e b u l i zmnisarTebidan o T a n d e b u -
l i a n i brunvis formebi:
garg-iv-h>-re¹ _ axlodan (axlo adgilidan)
miC-iv-h>-re¹? _ saidan? (romeli mxridan?)
zmnisarTi s a m T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT tyuÁ-h>-re{n}-{d}ah>
_ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr. tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.
gvxvdeba agreTve zmnisarTis aseTi formebic h>aT-x-ren-dah> _ wini-
dan, Sdr. h>aT-e‡ _ maSinve, myisve; h>aT-x- _win;
tyuÁ-h>-iv-h> _ ukan (ukana mxridan), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr.
tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.
kikel-dah>-iv-x _ qvemoT (qvemoT mxares), Sdr. kikel _ qvemoT, qveS.
II. nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi
1. zmnisarTis mawarmoebelia –S, -iS sufiqsebi, aseTi -iS-sufiqsiani
zmnisarTebi, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba z e d s a r T a v i saxelebisagan: ni-
wyli-S _ Zalian, Zlier, Sdr. niwyli¹ _ Zlieri; neTxi-S _ Txlad, Sdr.
neTxi¹ _ Txeli; moÁ-S (<moi-S) > muÁS _ cudad, Sdr. mosÁi¹ _ cudi, dav-iS
_ msubuqad, Sdr. davi¹ _ msubuqi; daxe-S _ grZlad, Sdr. daxe¹ _ grZeli;
darst-eS – msuqani, Sdr. darste¹ _ msuqnad dacu-S _ mokled, Sdr. dacu¹
_ mokle; laxu-S _ dabla, Sdr. laxu¹ _ dabali... Zviro-S – Zvirfasad,
Sdr. Zviro¹ _ Zvirfasi; Sxiro-S _ xSirad, Sdr. Sxiro¹ _ xSiri...
zora-ÁS _ < zora-iS Zalian, Sdr. zora _ Zlieri; at´-ÁS (< at´a-iS) _
advilad, Sdr. at´a¹ _ advili.
i¹, e¹, o¹, u¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavi saxelebisagan nawarmoeb
zmnisarTebSi -S segmenti daerTvis n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas
(niwyli¹ _ Zlieri, Sdr. niwyli-S... ix. zemoT), an-ze daboloebulebSi –iS
segmenti _ agreTve n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas (zora¹ _ Zlie-
ri, Sdr. zora-ÁS _ Zalian... ix. zemoT).
76
-S < -iS: -iS sufiqsis i xmovnisa da (n>)¹-TanxmovanCamoSorebuli zed-
sarTavi saxelis boloxmovnis Serwymis Sedegad i + i > i, e + e > e, u +
i > ui > uÁ > u, o + i > oi > oÁ > o. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa,
rom -e¹¹¹¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavebisagan nawarmoeb zmnisarTTagan -iS
sufiqsi Semonaxulia laÃe-ÁS (<laÃeiS) > || laÃ-iS-maRla (Sdr. laÃ-e¹ _
maRali); Raze-ÁS (< Raze-iS) || > Raz-iS _ kargad (Sdr. Raz-e¹ - kargi)
zmnisarTebSi.
eÁ (< ei) difTongma bacburSi SeiZleba mogvces e || i xmovnebi.
-iS sufiqsi gamoiyofa o¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavisagan nawrmoeb
daÃuÁS (< daÃo-iS) _ didad (Sdr. daÃo¹ _ didi) zmnisarTSic.
iS bacburSi absolutivsac awarmoebs, igi zmnisarTisa da absoluti-
vis saerTo sufiqsi Cans (zmnisarTi da absolutivi, rogorc cnobilia,
semantikur-funqciurad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan).
2. bacburSi dasturdeba a r s e b i T i da r i c x v i T i saxelebisagan
nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi brunvis an Tandebuliani brunvis formiT: Cu-h> _
saxlSi, Sin, Sdr. Cu{v}a _ Tavisi saxli, bina; at´-ex – marjvniv, Sdr. at´i¹
_ marjvena... ch>an-R _ erTad, Sdr. ch>a – erTi.
3. u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi co _ ara, ma _ nu nawilakebis darT-
viT miiReba: co-macne _ arasodes, Sdr. macne _ rodesac; co-miCe _ arsad,
Sdr. miC{a} _ sad? ma-miCe _ nursad, Sdr. miC{a} sad? mawy{—} _ zogjer,
Sdr. wye _ erTxel...
4. m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisgan aris na-
warmoebi e a nawilakebis darTviT: macn-e? (< maca¹+e) _ rodis?
z m n i s a r T i miiReba martivi z m n i s a r T i s g a o r k e c e b i T
mawymawy _ xandaxan, Sdr. mawy _ zogjer; bed-bed{a} _ cal-calke, Sdr.
bed _ calke;
CaÃi¹ Caà CaÃren Caà _ SoriSors, Sdr. Caà _ Sors
wyege‡wye Sdr. wye _ erTxel
77
gargmarge _ axlomaxlo, Sdr. garg _ axlos.
gaorkecebulia zmnisarTis T a v k i d u r i m a r c v a l i: kaZkaZik _
Sdr. kaZik _ cota; q a s q a s t e {S} _ xSirad, Sdr. q a s t e ¹ _ xSirad;
wÄerwÄerqva¹ _ sruliad moulodnelad, Sdr. wÄaÁrqva¹ _ moulodne-
lad;
wyerwyeÁrlo _ ucbad, Sdr. wyaÁrqva¹, wyaÁrqo¹ _ ucbad, moulodne-
lad.
zmnisarTi warmoadgens saxelebis gaorkecebas:
xp xaneh> _ drodadro, Sdr. xa¹ _ dro, xani, de denih> _ dRiTidRe,
Sdr. de _ dRe.
zmnisarTi m a r t i v i z m n i s a r T e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompozi-
tia:
so-da{h>} _ aqeT-iqiT, Sdr. so _ aqeT, da{h>} _ -gan Tandebuli _ zmni-
sarTi (aqedan iqiTa mimarTulebas aRniSnavs _ iqiT).
busu-busu _ RamRamobiT, Sdr. buÁsa (>busu) _ Rame
zmnisarTi Txabus _ wuxel Sedgenilia Txa _ dRes da buÁsš
(< buÁsa) _ RamiT zmnisarTebisgan.
r i c x v i T i s a x e l e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompoziti zmnisarTi:
ch>aSinR _ erTiorad, Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Si _ ori; ch>aÃaeR _ erTisamad,
Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Ãa _ sami...
gvxvdeba f r a z e o l o g i z m i zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT: mel‘— de
daR™ _ yoveldRe (zedmiw. `ramdenic dRe modis~).
gvaqvs qarTulidan n a s e s x e b i zmnisarTebi rogorc martivi, ise _
nawarmoebi.
martivi zmnisarTebi: jer _ jer; Àa¹ _ xval(?)
nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi qarTuli sufiqsebiT: laÁmzr-aT _ lamaz-ad;
sanaÁdr-od _ sanadirod...
nawarmoebi zmnisarTi zogjer Sedgeba b a c b u r i da q a r T u l i
fuZeebisagan: stemaferad _ yoveli mxriv, Sdr. bacb. sten (> stem, asimi-
laciis Sedegad), vux? _ ra? nacvalsaxelis meore sabrunebeli fuZe +
ferad, stemaferad (zedmiw. ra(ginda ra) ferad _ yvelanairad _ yoveli
mxriv.
78
z m n i s a r T i da sxva m e t y v e l e b i s n a w i l e b i
zmnisarTs SeiZleba hqonoda z e d s a r T a v T a n s a e r T o f o r m a
(Sdr. CaCn.-inguSuri da sxv. enebi). bacburSi aseTi SemTxvevebi saZebnia.
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia erTi sityva _ duà _ 1. bevri; 2.
bevrad, _ zedsarTavisa da zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT.
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos kide mÄal forma, romelsac zedsarTavisa _
ziari, saziaro da zmnisarTis _ ziarad, saziarod mniSvneloba aqvs:
oÃargoh> m Ä a l baR ba _ mao saziaro baRi aqvT... Ãav m Ä a l dive¹ _ ya-
na ziarad daTeses...aseve _ wyartun, wyarton 1. xalasi, wminda; 2. sruli-
ad, erTianad: w y a r t u C ™ taTbe¹ CaÁ¹ �aibki icnor _ x a l a s i ver-
cxlis kovzebi uyidia.
e daTxur w y a r t u¹ daTe¹ da _ es xaviwi e r T i a n a d erboa. zmni-
sarTicaa da zedsarTavic agreTve e Á r T v a¹, a Á r T v a¹ _ 1. bevri;
2. blomad, mravlad: bacbigo{h>} e Á r T v a¹ Je da _ wova-TuSebs b e v r i
cxvari hyavT (cxvari blomad hyavT).
zmnisarTebi formiT emTxveva bolonazalurxmovnian zedsarTavebs:
wÄaÁrqva¹, wÄaÁrqvo¹, wÄirqva¹ _ ucbad, moulodnelad, qaste¹ _ Cqara...
zedsarTavebSi V¹ daboloeba warmoSobiT ar unda iyos naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSani.
zmnisarTebis n a c v a l s a x e l e b T a n s a e r T o segmentebis Sesa-
xeb ix. zemoT.
zmnisarTebi da T a n d e b u l e b i (resp. zmniswinebi, ix. qvemoT).
l e q s i k u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s mixedviT z m n i s a r T e b i SeiZ-
leba davajgufoT v i T a r e b i T da g a r e m o e b i T zmnisarTebad.
v i T a r e b i T i zmnisarTebia: at´aÁS˜ _ advilad; daxeS _ grZlad,
darsteS _ msuqnad; dacuS _ mokled; zoraÁS _ Zalian; daviS _ msubuqad;
iafad (satabo}h>) naCx ÁaviS Áexkla _ Semodgomaze yveli iafad iyideba)...
mo’ _ ise, ubralod daaxloebiT: iSt _ ase; uÁSt _ ise; bed-bed _ cal-
79
calke; qast-qasteS _ Cqara-Cqara; kaZ-kaZik _ cota-cota; ch>anR _ erTad;
saub-eSuS- metnaklebad; laÁmzraT _ lamazad...
g a o r k e c e b u l i zmnisarTebi i n t e n s i v o b a s gamoxataven (qas-
te¹ - Cqara, Sdr. qast-qasteS – Cqar-Cqara...).
-S, -iS sufiqsebiT nawarmoei zmnisarTebi ganarCeven xarisxis for-
mebs.
g a r e m o e b i T i zmnisarTebi
a d g i l i s: oÁs{˜}, uÁs{˜} _ iqiT; osi _ iq; ise{h>} _ aq; iSna _ aq;
uÁSna _ iq; Caà _ Sors; garg _ axlos; nÄai‡ _ gareT; isev _ aqeT; esev,
osiv _ iqiT, iqiTken; tyuÁh> _ ukan; isemci¹ _ aqamde; osimci¹ _ iqamde,
h>aTx _ win; gargeRa _ axlos, `siaxloveSi~; isiRdah> _ iqidan; gargivh>re¹
_ axlodan; uÁsrendah> _ iqidan; tyuÁh>ivh> _ ukan (mxarisken); kikeldah>ivx
_ qvemoTken; sodah> _ aqeT-iqiT...
d r o i s: wye – erTxe; Txa _ dRes; bÄa _ yovelTvis; inc-axla; qiqo’ _
uwin, adre; eh>aT _ maSin; h>aTe‡ _ maSinve myis{ve}; lamo’ _ zeg; jer _
jer; macax _ erTxel, odesRac; h>aTx{—} _ uwin; tyo‡lo – momavalSi; in-
cdoli¹ _ amieridan; sifsreh> _ guSinwin; inclomci¹ _ aqamde (am dromde);
mawymawy _ zogjer; de denih> _ dRiTi dRe; xa xaneh> – drodadro; Txabus
_ wuxel...
k i T x v i T i zmnisarTebi
mel½? _ ramdeni? moh>? _ rogor? miC{e}? _ sad? vu¹? _ ratom? maca¹? _
rodis? miCqre¹? _ saidan? miCux? _ sad? miCih>? _ saiTken? miCxdah>? _ sai-
dan (romeli mxridan)? miCi{v}h>? _ saiTken? miCredah>? _ saidan? maclom-
ci¹? _ sanamde? rodemde?
80
u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi
comiC{h>}e _ arsad; comacne, comacme _ arasodes; comiCrena _ arsai-
dan
mamiCe – nursad; mamiCrena _ nursaidan...
uaryofiTi zmnisarTebi nawarmoebia dadebiTisagan co _ ar an ma _
nu uaryofiTi nawilakebis darTviT anlautSi.
m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi
miC{h>}a, miC{h>}e _ sadac; macne, macme _ rodesac; moh>e _ rogorc...
mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi miRebuli aris kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisagan e,
a _ c nawilakebis darTviT.
uaryofiTi da mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi bacburSi qarTulTan inter-
ferenciis Sedegia, Sdr. CaCnur-inguSuri (CaCnuri enis qisturi dialeqtis
gamoklebiT), sadac uaryofiT da mimarTebiT zmnisarTebs ver vadastu-
rebT (d. imnaiSvili).
81
Tandebuli
Tandebuli bacburSi postpoziciuria, saxels mosdevs. Tandebulebi
aq, sxva enebis msgavsad, damoukidebeli sityvebisagan momdinareoben. gamo-
iyofa p i r v e l a d i (saxelTan S e r w y m u l i) da m e o r e u l i (c a l -
k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi.
pirveladia Tandebulebi, romelTa kavSiri zmnisarTsa da saxelTan
met-naklebad daCrdilulia. meoreuli Tandebulebi ramdenadme inarCune-
ben zmnisarTisa (da saxelis) mniSvnelobasac.
pirvelad Tandebulian formebs brunvis formebad miiCneven. brunvaTa
Tandebuliani formebis gamoyofa brunvisniSnian formaTagan rTulia, Tu
maTs mniSvnelobebsac gaviTvaliswinebT; maTi funqciebi Sesaswavlia, amis
gamo Tandebulian brunvaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas iTvlian specialur
literaturaSi.
pirveladi Tandebulebi, brunvis niSnebis msgavsad, meore sabrune-
bel fuZes daerTvian, meoreuli Tandebulebi _ micemiTis, naTesaobiTisa,
absolutivisa (saxelobiTis) da gamsWvalviT brunvaTa formebs.
p i r v e l a d i – s a x e l T a n S e r w y m u l i Tandebulebi
-R || < -Ra (Sdr. g™ < go, l™ < lo) gamoxatavs mimarTulebas Teyi-
la-Ra – salocavis gavliT... gavrcelebulia qarTuli viTarebiTi brun-
vis niSnis analogiuri funqciiT: o Ãere-R verwi¹ _ is qvad iqca...
duÁxtre-R xil‘ar _ eqimad yofna...
-x: gvxvdeba damatebasTan: xi-x val‘e¹ _ wyalze gavida...
-g™™™™ < go aRniSnavs moqmedebis mimarTulebas: aT´i-g™ _ ZroxasTan...
gvxvdeba damatebasTan: as badre-g™ xi daÁTnas _ me bavSvs wyali movata-
nine...
-l™™™™ < lo gamoxatavs mimarTulebas (krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxeleb-
Tan): vene-l™ _ RvinoSi...
-ci¹¹¹¹ aRniSnavs Tanaobasa da mimarTulebas: naybiste-ci¹ _ amxanagTan
erTad... mami-ci¹ vuÁt… _ mamidasTan midis...
82
-re¹¹¹¹ || le¹¹¹¹ -gan Tandebulia: skole-re¹ _ skolidan...
-xi¹¹¹¹ aRniSnavs mimarTulebas, viRacisgan an raRacisgan gamoyofiT:
fstu mar-ci¹ bed Áal‘e¹ _ coli qmars gaeyara (qmrisgan calke gavida)...
masTxove-xi¹ ch>aÁn˜ h>exe{h>} qorT™ �ofbiÁe¹ _ mtrisagan erT gamoqvabuls
Seafara Tavi...
-mci¹¹¹¹-s -m d i s Tandebulis mniSvneloba aqvs: ise-mci¹ _ aqamdis...
m e o r e u l i (c a l k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi
maq _ zed{a}: tiv-en m a q va _ xidze(da) aris...
kikel _ qveS: tiv-en k i k e l Áaixnas _ xidis q v e S vseirnob...
h>aTx _ win: o don-en h>aTx laT´— _ is cxenis win dgas.
Áuye _ Sua; SuaSi: bÄark-i-n Áuye mar‘l™ ba _ Tvalebs Sua cxviria...
fex || fenix _ gverdiT: wen-in fenix kakal xa‡ÁiÁe¹ _ saxlis gverdiT
kakali dargo...
laÃiS _ maRla: ben-en laÃiS _ budis maRla...
laxuS _ dabla: oÃu-Án laxuS _ imis dabla...
garg _ axlos: ben-in garg _ budis axlos...
Áux _ Ziras: xe-n Áux _ xis Ziras...
gogex _ garSemo: naJtr-en gogex _ binis garSemo...
tyuÁh> _ ukan: wen-in tyuÁh> Je daJ— _ saxlis ukan cxvari Zovs...
r T u l i _ ori da meti Tandebuli saxelis formebSi
ori an meti Tandebulisagan Sedgenili rTuli Tandebuli ama Tu im
TandebuliT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas ufro akonkretebs. bacburSi fuZes-
Tan Serwymul Tandebuls SeiZleba daerTos sxva Tandebuli, romelic
agreTve gvxvdeba saxelis fuZesTan Serwymuli saxiT -re¹¹¹¹, -Ra, -h>, -x...) da
agreTve mci¹, ar aris dadasturebuli calke (zmnisarTis saxiT). analogi-
uri viTareba gvaqvs calke mdgom Tandebulian formebSi, maTTanac igive
Tandebulebi iCenen Tavs.
83
brunvis formasTan Serwymuli r T u l i T a n d e b u l e b i
-go-re¹¹¹¹: qoc-go-re¹ _ qvevridan...
-go-mci¹¹¹¹: fh>e-{go}-mci¹ _ soflamde...
-go-x: h>una-go-x _ tyesTan da mis aremareSi...
-go-R: lamu-go-Ra _ mTasTan gavliT...
-go-{h>}: h>are-go-{h>} _ wisqvilTan...
-lo-re¹¹¹¹: Ãave-lo-ren _ yanidan (`yanaSidan~)...
-lo-mci¹¹¹¹: stab-lo-mci¹ _ Semodgomamde...
-lo-x: Ãevbi-lo-x _ xeobebis SemogarenSi...
-lo-Ra: h>un{a}-lo-Ra _ tyeSi gavliT...
lo-R-da{h>}: xi-lo-R-da{h} _ wyalze gavliT...
h>aTx-re¹¹¹¹: lamun h>aTxe-re¹ _ mTis winidan...
h>aTx-Ra: qocon hoaTx-Ra _ qvevris Sinidan gavliT...
kikl-ere¹¹¹¹: wenin kikle-re¹ _ saxlis qvemodan...
kakle-Ra: xenen kikl-eRa _ xis qveS gavliT...
Áuy-re¹¹¹¹: Ãagen Áuy-re¹ _ yanis Suidan...
84
nawilakebi
bacburSi SeiniSneba, msgavsad CaCn.-ing. da sxva enebisa, calkeuli
bgerebi, bgeraTa jgufebi da sityvebic nawilakis funqciiT. nawilaki
prepoziciuri da postpoziciuricaa, _ sityvasTan Sezdilic da calke
mdgomic. mniSvnelobis mixedviT nawilakTa sxvadasxva jgufebi gamoiyofa:
m i T i T e b i T i nawilakebi:
e, eh> _ es: e wa daÃo¹ da _ es saxili didia...
i, ih> _ es
o _ igi; is: o lam _ is mTa...
k i T x v i T i nawilakebi
-i: xi d a à à o n -i dar? _ mdinare didi iyo?
-a’ (gvxvdeba CakiTxvisas, SeiZleba iyos emfatikuri xmovani): fh>u-a’? _
ZaRli?...
Wik: vaÁ do¹ W i k be‡noli? _ Cveni cxeni x o m ar mosula?..
xum: dayar x u m Ãeqdo? _ saWmels x o m amzadeb?..
Tur _ nuTu
m i g e b i T i nawilakebi
dadebiTi:
ha‡‡‡‡ _ diax, xo, ki
uaryofiTi:
co _ ara
ma _ nu
g a n u s a z R v r e l o b i T i nawilakebi
-me, -mi, -m: miC-me _ sad-me... moh>-mi _ rogor-me... vu-m (< vu-x) _ ra-me...
-ge‡‡‡‡, -ge, -g _ -Ra: Ãen-g e ‡ _ mereRa...
85
s i t y v a s i t y v i T i nawilakebi
-aÁn{™™™™} _ -o
g a Z l i e r e b i T i nawilakebi
-i, -e < aÁ, uÁ _ -c: nana-Á Cuh> Áa _ dedac saxlSia...
-c _ -c: natuÁ-c lo…m h>al vaxen™ _ natoc mTaSi asula...
bacburSi sakuTari nawilakebis gverdiT da paralelurad qarTuli-
dan SeTvisebuli nawilakebic gvxvdeba (ix. xemoT _ Wik, xum, -i, -e, c...).
86
sintaqsisintaqsisintaqsisintaqsi. . . . IIII. . . . saxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebis
((((atributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmis) ) ) ) analizianalizianalizianalizi
bacburbacburbacburbacbur enaSi sazRvruli (arsebiTi saxeli, mimReoba, masdari) da masTan
dakavSirebuli msazRvreli saxeli (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli,
nacvalsaxeli, arsebiTi saxeli...) warmoadgens atributul sintagmas, saxelur
Sesityvebas:
z e d s a r T a v i saxeli msazRvrelad-gansazRvrebad
wegen ba�rax _ wiTeli bairaRi; dax´en lark _ grZeli yuri; Razen aTx— _
kargi salesavi; ku�in don _ TeTri cxeni; �arWin ven _ Savi Rvino...
mawrin qaniz _ tkbili yurZeni; mutoren tot _ WuWyiani xeli; toRwig
kambeC _ utolo, ucalo kameCi...
zedsarTavis x a r i s x i s formac gvxvdeba msazRvrelad: mos´i…x bu�sa _
ucudesi Rame; kawku{v}x knaT _ umcrosi biWi; Razivxš xi _ saukeTeso wyali.
r i c x v i T i saxeli msazRvrelad (gansazRvrebad)
ca bader _ erTi Svili; ƒo ƒor _ sami vaSli; is´ cark _ cxra kbili.
SilRen klas _ meore klasi; fxilRen fxakal _ mexuTe kurdReli;
tyalRen de _ meoce dRe...
n a c v a l s a x e l i gansazRvrebad
sen Tur _ Cemi xmali; sa�in nan _ Cemi deda; en mar _ Seni qmari; Txa�in
ma�ƒ˜ _ Cveni (sakuTari) puri; Txen wa _ Cveni saxli...
87
e wa _ es saxli; i stak _ is kaci; o ag _ is bebia
oSt{r}un stak _ iseTi kaci;
molun kowol? _ rogori nawnavi? menux don? _ romeli cxeni? miCren
�o? _ sadauri qali? melÀ tark? _ ramdeni TiTi?
a�n Jagn™? _ visi wigni?
st‹n �abik? _ risi kovzi?
ƒenƒena‡ daJri _ sxvadasxva balaxebi...
a r s e b i T i saxeli gansazRvrebad s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi ca Tofr
fsun _ erTi Tofra qeri;
ca Tof fanlen _ erTi Tofi bambazia...
m i m R e o b a gansazRvrebad
baT´in™ wod™ _ Semwvari mwvadi; Txu�n˜ �o _ mtirali qali;
maqxe‡u�n˜ kex _ sajdomi unagiri; davdi�en™ Je _ daxocili cxvari; davdi�en™
Jagn™ _ dakarguli wigni...
a r s e b i T i s a x e l i gansazRvrebad atributul msazRvrelad
naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT gvxvdeba mx. ricxvSi da mravlobiTSic:
lamun angloz _ mTis angelozi; xin bulay _ wylis Wa; a�mriken qa�rcx˜
_ mitklis tanisamosi; Cxindran (mr. r.) a�xni _ windebis narTi...
msazRvreli (gansazRvreba) arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba iyos saxelobiT
brunvasa da naTesaobiTSi paralelurad: oqron (oqru�n) (oqroqroqroqr™™™™ saxelis
naTesaobiTi brunvis forma) tard _ oqros beWedi da oqr{™} saaT _ oqros
saaTi (deSerievi): oqr{™} sax. brunvis formas warmoadgens. amosavalia
naTesaobiTis forma atributul sintagmaSi.
88
atributuli sintagmis mTavari wevria mTavari wevria mTavari wevria mTavari wevria s a z R v r u l i saxeli.
gramatikul klasniSnian msazRvrelSi (gansazRvrebaSi) sazRvruli arsebiTi
saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSani warmoCndeba: dddd-axen lark _ grZeli yuri
(Sdr. lark (mx. ricxvSi dddd klass ganekuTvneba) dddda _ yuri aris); bbbb-avin mu _
msubuqi tvirTi (Sdr. mu mx. ricxvSi bbbb klass ganekuTvneba) bbbba _ tvirTi
aris; vvvv-aƒon knaT _ didi vaJi, ����-aƒon �o _ didi gogona; dddd-aƒon wa (Sdr. wa
mx. r. dddd klass ganekuTvneba) _ didi saxli; bbbb-aƒon xen (Sdr. xen, mx. r. bbbb klass
ganekuTvneba) _ didi xe.
atributul sintagmaSi gansazRvreba metwilad pirvelpirvelpirvelpirvel adgilze dgas.
brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas msazRvreli ori formiori formiori formiori formiTTTT iCens Tavs: _ erTi _ saxelobiTis saxelobiTis saxelobiTis saxelobiTis
da meore meore meore meore _ _ _ _ danarCeni danarCeni danarCeni danarCeni (ergativis, micemiTis, naTesaobiTis...) brunvebisa.
meore formaSi C{™} `savrcobi~ gvaqvs: zedsarTav saxelebTan sax. ku�in don _
TeTri cxeni. erg. ku�C™™™™ donev, mic. ku�C™™™™ donen _ naT. ku�CCCC™™™™ donen... sax.
wegen fstu _ wiTeli xari, erg. wegeC™™™™ fstarav, mic. wegeCCCC™™™™ fstaran, naT.
wegeCCCC™™™™ fstaran...
-CCCC{™™™™}- `savrcobiT~ ibruneba agreTve r i g o b i T i r i c x v i T i
saxelebi da zogi C v e n e b i T i n a c v a l s a x e l i, romelTac zedsarTavi
saxelis forma aqvT: r i g o b i T i ricxviTi saxelebi, -ReReReRennnn sufiqsiT
nawarmoebi (Sdr. zeds. saxelTa mawarmoebeli -ReReReRennnn sufiqsi: vaSa�-Ren Zmuri,
Zmiseburi...): sax. SilRen klas _ meore klasi, erg. SilReCCCC™™™™ klasev, mic.
SilReCCCC™™™™ klasen, naT. SilReC™ klasen) da uuuun-boloxmovniani C v e n e b i T i
nacvalsaxelebi (Sdr. uuuun-boloxmovniani zedsarTavi saxelebi: gamuuuun `mrude~,
dacuuuun `mokle~...): sax. oStu bader _ iseTi bavSvi, erg. oStuCCCC™™™™ badrev, mic.
oStuCCCC™™™™ badren, naT. oStuCCCC™™™™ badren... -CCCC™™™™ `savrcobiT~ ibruneba mimReoba: sax.
aTin™ Tu�x˜ _ danayili marili, erg. aTinC™ Tuxov, mic. aTinC™ Tuxon, naT.
89
aTinC™ Tuxon... -CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobi~ iCens Tavs n a T e s a o b i T S i dasmuli
msazRvreli ars. saxelis brunebisas meore sabrunebel fuZeSi: sax. xin (naT.
br. xixixixi `wyali~ saxelisa) bulay _ wylis Wa erg. xiCCCC™™™™ bulyev, mic. xiCCCC™™™™
bulyen...
sazRvrulTan erTad m s a z R v r e l i saxeli n a T e s a o b i T
b r u n v a S i ibruneba CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobissavrcobissavrcobissavrcobis~ gareSecgareSecgareSecgareSec. ganirCeva sami SemTxveva:
1) msazRvrelSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania m o k v e c i l i: sax.
stakiiiinnnn SalT _ kacis xanjali; erg. ssssta�kta�kta�kta�k˜̃̃̃ (< stakiiii < stakiiiinnnn < stakiiiinnnn) SalTev;
mic. sta�k˜ SalTen... 2) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad
ikveceba ikveceba ikveceba ikveceba da m e o r e f u Z e e m T x v e v a s a x e l o b i T s: sax. dadeeeennnn Jagn _
mamis wigni, erg. daddaddaddad (< dadeeeennnn) Jagnov, mic. dad Jagnon... Sdr. saxelobiTi
d a d `mama~; 3) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloebadaboloebadaboloebadaboloeba mokveciliamokveciliamokveciliamokvecilia, meore
fuZe (aq SesityvebaSi) saxelobiTis formisaa da ukumSveli; sax. badren iS _
bavSvis xma, erg. bader bader bader bader aSirv, mic. bader bader bader bader aSirn... maSin rodesac saxelis
damoukideblad brunebisas meore fuZed SekumSuli forma gvaqvs (sax. bader bader bader bader
`bavSvi~, Sdr. erg. badrev badrev badrev badrev (< baderev), mic. badren badren badren badren iseve, rogorc msazRvrel-
sazRvrulis saxelobiTi brunvis formaSi _ badrebadrebadrebadrennnn iS.
msazRvrelis aseTi forma bacburSi qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa SesityvebaSi
m s a z R v r e l i s a n a l o g i u r i c v l i l e b i s (ix. arn. Ciqobava,
T. uTurgaiZe, a. kiziria) Sedegi unda iyos.
-CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobiT~ ibrunvis d a m o u k i d e b e l i zedsarTavi saxeli,
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli, kiTxviTi da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi.
magaliTad, damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxeli m a w r i n ibrunvis ase:
mx. r. sax. mawrin `tkbili~
erg. mawriCoCoCoCov
mic. mawriCoCoCoCon
naT. mawriCoCoCoCon
moqm. mawriCoCoCoCov...
90
m s a z R v r e l - s a z R v r u l i s brunebisas ergativsa da irib brunvebSi
mxolod -CCCC{™™™™} savrcobiani meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea warmodgenili.
naTesaobiTis formiani msazRvreli arsebiTi saxelis -CCCC{™™™™} savrcobiT
bruneba (ix. zemoT) ufro gviandeli Cans, naTesaobiTSi msazRvreli arsebiTi
saxelis atributul saxelebTan gaTanabrebis Sedegi. CaCnursa da inguSurSi
naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniani msazRvreli saxeli, Cveulebriv, ucvlelad
gvxvdeba yvela brunvaSi (iakovlevi, z. malsagovi).
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic piris nacvalsaxelebis
naTesaobiTi brunvisagan momdinareoben, msazRvrelis funqciiT sazRvrulTan
erTad brunebis dros -CCCC™™™™ `savrcobis~ gareSe ibrunvian da meore, _
naTesaobiTis daboloebis nnnn _ TanxmovanCamoSorebuli, _ f u Z i s s a x i T
daCndebian ergativsa da irib brunvebSi (aseTive viTareba gvaqvs raodenobiT
ricxviT saxelebsa da CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebSi).
magaliTad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad:
sax. sen Tur _ Cemi xmali, Sdr. sen _ Cemi
erg. sesesese Turevevevev erg. seCoCoCoCov
mic. sesesese Turenenenen... mic. seCoCoCoConnnn...
calke unda SevCerdeT m i m R e o b a z e s a z R v r u l i s funqciiT _
`mimReobur gansazRvrebaze~.
sazRvrulad mimReoba Cveulebriv gvxvdeba `mimReobur gansazRvrebaSi~,
rodesac masTan Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia msazRvreli saxeli: msazRvreli
saxeli + mimReoba sazRvruli (sazRvruli ← mimReoba → msazRvreli) +
sazRvruli arsebiTi saxeli.
wova-TuSur enaSi, rogorc cnobilia, mimReobas axasiaTebs saxeluri da
zmnuri niSnebic, msgavsad sxva enebisa: saxelis gramatikuli kategoriebidan _
bruneba, ricxvi; zmnuridan _ aspeqti, dro; saxelisa da zmnisTvis saerTo
gramatikuli klasisa da ricxvis kategoriebi.
91
mimReobis zmnuri niSnebidan wova-TuSuri enisaTvis specifikuria
SesityvebaSi _ substantiuri msazRvreli + mimReoba + sazRvruli saxeli _
zmnuri funqcia: igi marTavs saxels (substantiur msazRvrels) brunvaSi
iseve, rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (Sdr. wova-TuSuris
monaTesave enebis _ CaCnuris, inguSurisa da agreTve daRestnuri enebidan
didouris... analogiuri viTareba), meore mxriv, mimReobaSi aisaxeba saTanado
saxelis substantiuri msazRvrelis gramatikuli klasi.
mimReoba, nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli, arsebiT saxelTan msazRvrelis
funqciiT gvxvdeba: dacin™ ƒav _ gaTibuli yana (ix. zemoT).
es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobasac
axlavs substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTin™ Tu�x˜ (Cemi danayili
marili), erg. as aTinC™ Tuxov, naT. as aTinC™ Tuxon...
aseT konstruqciaSi, rodesac mimReobasTan warmodgenilia prepoziciuri
substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli da mimReoba misi sazRvrulia, igi (mimReoba-
sazRvruli) avlens zmnur Tvisebas. mimReoba marTavs msazRvrel saxels iseve,
rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (msgavsi viTareba SeiniSneba
CaCnur-inguSursa1 da agreTve zog daRestnur enaSi2), Sesabamisad aris
warmodgenili masSi (mimReobaSi) saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnebi.
(msazRvrel mimReobaSi sazRvruli saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnis
warmoCenisa da sazRvrulTan brunvaSi Sewyobis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT).
es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobas axlavs
Tavis mxriv substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTinaTinaTinaTin™™™™ Tu�x˜ _ Cemi
danayili marili, erg. as aTinCaTinCaTinCaTinC™™™™ Tuxov, naT. as aTinCaTinCaTinCaTinC™™™™ Tuxon... msazRvrel
mimReobas, Cveulebriv axlavs msazRvreli, romelTanac axla ukve igive
mimReoba sazRvrulis funqciiTaa da sazRvruli mimReoba Seiwyobs msazRvrel
1 msgavsi konstruqciis Sesaxeb ix. О. В. Чапанов, Основные типы словосочетаний в ингушском
языке, krebulSi Вопросы вайнахского синтаксиса, Грозный, 1980, gv. 63, 88.
2 n. ardoteli, nazmnari saxelebi didour enebSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 163.
92
saxels saxelobiT brunvaSi an ergativSi: gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoebi
mimReoba erTdroulad moqmedebiTi (aqtiuri) da vnebiTi (pasiuri) gvaris
mniSvnelobisaa, omonimia. mniSvnelobaTa gamijvna xdeba sintaqsur doneze.
SesityvebaSi _ mimReoba sazRvrulad msazRvreliT + sazRvruli saxeli
ormxrivi daqvemdebareba gvaqvs. dasturdeba ori saxis mimReoburi
konstruqcia: I. nanas Tetu�n˜ ma�ƒ˜ `dedis (dedam) dasaWreli puri~; II. ma�ƒ˜
Tetu�n˜ nan `puris {da}mWreli deda~. orive konstruqciisaTvis amosavalia
gardamavali zmnis konstruqcia _ nanas Tet™ ma�ƒ˜ `deda Wris purs~:
gardamavali zmnis konstruqciam orgvari mimReoburi konstruqcia SeiZleba
mogvces: I _ obieqti obieqti obieqti obieqti sazRvrulad, II _ subieqtisubieqtisubieqtisubieqti sazRvrulad.
I konstruqciidan _ nanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�n˜̃̃̃ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ SesityvebaSi (msazRvrel-
sazRvruli) Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ _ ma�ƒ˜ sazRvrulia, am mimReoburi
konstruqciisaTvis amosaval zmnur konstruqciaSi, _ nanas Tet™ ma�ƒ˜, _
ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ obieqti-damatebaa, amdenad _ pasiuri. mimReobur konstruqciaSi
rogorc sazRvruli, igi Seiwyobs Tavis msazRvrel mimReobas da mas pasiuri
mniSvnelobis mqoned xdis. mimReoba inarCunebs zmnur niSans _ marTavs
mxolod saxels, _ substantiur msazRvrels, romelic momdinareobs zmnuri
konstruqciis subieqtidan (qvemdebaridan) ergativSi (nanasnanasnanasnanas), zmnuri
konstruqciis obieqti (damateba) ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃) masTan sazRvrulad daCndeba da ar
aris marTuli mimReobisagan: msazRvreli mimReoba daqvemdebarebulia
sazRvruli saxelisadmi, Seewyoba mas atributuli msazRvrelis formiT (ix.
zemoT).
II konstruqciaSi, _ ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ nannannannan, _ nannannannan sazRvrulia, aqtiuri,
subieqti, zmnuri konstruqciidan. mimReobas (Tetu�n˜) igi aqtiur Sinaarss
sZens. msazRvreli mimReoba ver marTavs Tavis sazRvruls nannannannan-s. Tetu�inTetu�inTetu�inTetu�in˜̃̃̃,
Tavis mxriv, sazRvrulia substantiuri msazRvrelisa ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜ da mas marTavs
saxelobiT brunvaSi, rogorc saTanado zmnuri konstruqciis zmna. aqac
substantiuri msazRvreli (ma�ƒ˜) pirvel adgilzea, sazRvruli mimReoba
(Tetu�n˜) _ meoreze.
93
mimReoba z m n u r m a r T v a s inarCunebs nawilobriv: erTi mxriv,
rogorc sazRvrulisazRvrulisazRvrulisazRvruli, oRond z m n u r i b u n e b i s a, msazRvrelsmsazRvrelsmsazRvrelsmsazRvrels m a r T a v s
brunvaSi, magram meore mxriv, TviTon S e e w y o b a sazRvrulssazRvrulssazRvrulssazRvruls, rogorc
msazRvrelimsazRvrelimsazRvrelimsazRvreli.
sazRvrulad SeiZleba Segvxvdes masdaricmasdaricmasdaricmasdaric, romelsac mimReobis msgavsad
aqvs zogi zmnuri niSani. am SemTxvevaSi igi mimReobis analogiurad masTan
dakavSirebul msazRvrel saxels marTavs brunvaSi ise, rogorc saTanado zmna:
Sur ����‰T´ar `rZis sxma~, d-‰T´ar zmna gardauvalia da saxelobiTSi Seiwyobs
subieqts: qoco{} �arWin vevevevennnn da�Tda�Tda�Tda�T ´́́́šššš `qvevrSi Savi RvinoRvinoRvinoRvino asxiaasxiaasxiaasxia~. masdarTanac
� a T ´ a r misi msazRvreli (zmnis subieqti) Sur (rZe) saxelobiT brunvaSia,
zedmiw. `rZe sxma~.
fstu �ikar `colis (zedmiw. coli) moyvana~ (q. l.); fstu ƒelar `colis
(zedmiw. coli) SerTva (q. l.).
�ol (sax. br.) qeq�ar `Tivis (zedmiw. Tiva) damzadeba~
admian (sax. br.) dalar `adamianis (zedmiw. adamiani) sikvdili~
masdarTanmasdarTanmasdarTanmasdarTan msazRvreladmsazRvreladmsazRvreladmsazRvrelad naTnaTnaTnaT. brbrbrbr.-SiSiSiSi mdgomi arsebarsebarsebarseb. saxelicsaxelicsaxelicsaxelic gvxvdeba,
SesaZlebelia, q a r T u l i s g a v l e n i T: (davdi�enC™) ƒava�n (ƒav `yana~ _
ars. saxelis naTesaobiTi br.-is forma) aƒar _ (gafuWebuli) yanis zRveva.
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis ricxvSiricxvSiricxvSiricxvSi SeTanxmebaSeTanxmebaSeTanxmebaSeTanxmeba.
m s a z R v r e l i (zedsarTavi saxeli, mimReoba, nacvalsaxeli, saxeli naT.
brunvaSi) s a z R v r u l sazogado saxelTan, romelic mravlobiT mravlobiT mravlobiT mravlobiT ricxvSia,
mxoloobiT mxoloobiT mxoloobiT mxoloobiT ricxvSi gvxvdeba: duƒ (mx. r.) ašgri (ošgri) mr. r.) _ bevri
agurebi; daydalin™ (mx. r.) xenbi (mr. r.) _ gamxmari xeebi; sen (mx. r.) du�
(mr. r.) _ Cemi cxenebi; ƒaven (mx. r.) qorTmi (mr. r.) yanis TavTavebi, qa�nzen
(mx. r.) akidu� (mr. r.) _ yurZnis akidoebi...
94
krebiT krebiT krebiT krebiT sazRvrul saxelebTanac msazRvreli mxoloobiT ricxvSi daismis:
Teyin˜ (mx. r.) nax nax nax nax (mx. r.) _ mTxovneli xalxixalxixalxixalxi...
sazRvruli mravlobiT ricxvSi msazRvrels zogjer g a o r k e c e b u l i
fuZiT iTanxmebs: � a f x - � a f x e gagnigagnigagnigagni (mr. r.) _ c x e l - c x e l i
kvercxebikvercxebikvercxebikvercxebi:::: R a z - R a z e n dayri dayri dayri dayri (mr. r.) _ k a r g - k a r g i saWmelebisaWmelebisaWmelebisaWmelebi...
ricxviTricxviTricxviTricxviT saxelssaxelssaxelssaxels (erTis gamoklebiT) msazRvrelad sazRvruli mxoloobiT
ricxvSi ukavSirdeba: ƒa a�Ta‡™ (mx. r.) _ sami naTlia; aTas Je (mx. r.) _
aTasi cxvari; Siƒ qoc™ (mx. r.) _ ori qvevri.
erT sazRvrulTan SeiZleba gvqondes r a m d e n i m e e r T g v a r i an
a r a e r T g v a r i msazRvreli: kawkokawkokawkokawkonnnn, , , , RazeRazeRazeRazennnn b a d r i _ patarapatarapatarapatara, , , , kargi kargi kargi kargi
b a v S v e b i; e e e e �iriiriiriirinnnn S a l T i _ e s b a s r i x a n j l e b i...
araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs Soris Tavis mxriv myardeba sintaqsuri sintaqsuri sintaqsuri sintaqsuri
kavSirikavSirikavSirikavSiri: : : : Raze�C™ xin bulay _ kargi wylis Wa. Raze�C™ meore sabrunebeli
fuZea, is eqvemdebareba Tavis sazRvruls _ xin, romelic naTesaobiTi brunvis
formaa xi xi xi xi saxelisa da masTan msazRvrelic (Raze�C™) naTesaobiT brunvaSi
(meore sabrunebeli fuZea) dgas.
95
predikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagma
predikatuli sintagma, atributuli sintagmisagan gansxvavebiT, Sedgeba
zmnisa da saxelisagan (atributul sintagmaSi zmna ar monawileobs).
maSasadame, Tu zmna da saxeli sintaqsurad aris dakavSirebuli, saqme gvaqvs
predikatul sintagmasTan. aseTi sintagma SeiZleba kompleqssac warmoadgendes,
romlis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris sintaqsuri kavSiria. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
predikatuli sintagma orwevraa Tu mravalwevra, predikatuli sintagmis
birTvs zmna warmoadgens. swored `zmnis morfologiur Taviseburebazea
damokidebuli, pirvel yovlisa, predikatuli sintagmis Tavisebureba~ (arn.
Ciqobava).
moviyvanoT predikatuli sintagmis nimuSebi wovaTuSuridan. aseTia,
magaliTad:
mux doJen `muxa waiqca~;
badri skoli du�tš `bavSvebi skolaSi midian~;
maTxov ma�Txa �efxo�™ `mze qveyanas aTbobs~;
dok deTTla `guli Zgers~;
knaTev fh´aran Tefx™ `biWi ZaRls scems~;
lav daR™ `Tovli modis~;
alax we laTin `Tivas cecxli waekida~;
Warego(h´) lašyCi �a `Tevzs layuCebi aqvs~;
sogo(z´) Si vaS™ va `me ori Zma myavs~.
msjeloba dakavSirebulia predikatul sintagmasTan. Tavis mxriv, msjeloba
Seexeba faqts, romelsac amtkiceben (an uaryofen). maSasadame, msjelobaSi
unda gamoiyos subieqti da predikati. dok deTTladok deTTladok deTTladok deTTla `guli Zgers~ sintagmaSi
dokdokdokdok `guli~ subieqtia, deTideTideTideTiTTTTlalalala `Zgers~ _ predikati. winadadebaSi baye‡ baye‡ baye‡ baye‡
96
RaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTi `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen biWebi~ knaTiknaTiknaTiknaTi `biWebi~ aris
realuri subieqti, baye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwir `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen~
predikatia. Sdr., agreTve:
taranin vu�ttaranin vu�ttaranin vu�ttaranin vu�tšššš Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS `taranina midis quCaSi simReriT~,
sadac tatatataraninraninraninranin (sakuTari saxelia) subieqtia, danarCeni sityvebi predikatuli
sintagmis Semadgenlebs warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom
msjelobis terminebi (subieqti, predikati) logikis kvlevis sagania, xolo
winadadebis wevrebs (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli, damateba, gansazRvreba,
garemoeba) gramatika Seiswavlis, logikuri subieqti da predikati orwevrian
winadadebaSi SeiZleba efardebodnen gramatikul (sintaqsur) qvemdebares da
Semasmenels.
winadadebis uSualo SemadgenelTa Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT qvemdebare _
damatebis nacvlad ixmareba realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti.
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli realuri subieqti wovaTuSurSi
sxvadasxva brunvaSi dgas. realuri subieqtis brunvis forma damokidebulia
zmnaze, zmna marTavs saxels (subieqtsac da obieqtsac) brunvaSi.
wovaTuSurSi realuri subieqtis brunvebi Semdegia:
1. saxelobiTi
2. ergativi
3. micemiTi
4. instrumentalisi
5. adgilobiTi
nominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcia. . . . realuri subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas
gardauval zmnasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqti gadmocemulia ars. saxeliT an
III piris nacvalsaxeliT (o `is~, obi `isini~) orive ricxvSi. magaliTad:
fxakalyure marfxakalyure marfxakalyure marfxakalyure mar----fstu daxralfstu daxralfstu daxralfstu daxral™™™™ `fxakalyureSi Turme col-qmari
cxovrobda~;
muxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr h ´́́́arCnor arCnor arCnor arCnor `muxas fiTri Semoexvia~;
lamf xellamf xellamf xellamf xel———— `lamfa qreba~;
97
o skoli vu�to skoli vu�to skoli vu�to skoli vu�tšššš `is (biWi) skolaSi midis~;
obobobobi miC daxei miC daxei miC daxei miC daxennnn `isini sad wavidnen?~
subieqtis brunvis mixedviT aseT konstruqcias nominatiurs eZaxian.
maSasadame wovaTuSurSi zogi gardauvali zmna, sxva naxur enebTan
SedarebiT, Taviseburebas gviCvenebs. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, gardauval
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi ergativSi
dganan, e. i. aRniSnul nacvalsaxelebs zogi gardauvali zmna marTavs
ergativSi. msgavsi movlena, rogorc iTqva, CeCnuri enis dialeqtebsa da
inguSur enaSi SeniSnuli ar aris. akdar akdar akdar akdar `kankali~, dalar dalar dalar dalar `mokvdoma~, dakar dakar dakar dakar
`wva~, doJar doJar doJar doJar `vardna~ zmnebi gardauvalia, miuxedavad amisa, es zmnebi I da II
piris nacvalsaxelebsac marTaven saxelobiT (da ara ergatiul) brunvaSi.
gardauval zmnasTan realuri subieqtis ergativSi Sewyobis nimuSebia,
magaliTad:
as as as as qalqih´ vu�taaaassss `me qalaqSi mivdivar~;
aTxo aTxo aTxo aTxo labwi `Cven vTamaSobT~;
ahahahah ´́́́ miC vu�tahhhh ´́́́ `Sen sad midixar?~
a�Si a�Si a�Si a�Si miC daxer `Tqven sad waxvediT?~
aRsaniSnavia, rom I piris inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli vvvvaaaa� � � � wovaTuSurSi ar
ganarCevs saxelobiTsa da ergativs, va� va� va� va� `Cven~ aRniSnul brunvebSi
gauformebelia. Sdr.:
zmna gardauvalia: Txa h´unl™ RoT va� `dRes tyeSi wavideT Cven
(bevrni)~.
zmna gardamavalia: va� Txa Camlin matr dayin `Cven dRes gemrieli sadili
vWameT~.
sainteresoa, rom RoT RoT RoT RoT formaSi -T sufiqsi subieqtis simravles
aRniSnavs. Sdr. RRRRo va� o va� o va� o va� `wavideT Cven (orni)~ da RoT va� RoT va� RoT va� RoT va� `wavideT Cven
(bevrni)~. pirvel formas (Ro va�) CeCnurSi Seesatyviseba Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa `wavideT
Cven (orni)~, Ro va� Ro va� Ro va� Ro va� ki niSnavs amas: `wavideT Cven (uklebliv yvela)~. va�Sa va�Sa va�Sa va�Sa
ase daiSleba: va� va� va� va� `Cven~ da Sa Sa Sa Sa (< Si' `ori~), e. i. Sa Sa Sa Sa ukavSirdeba ricxviT
98
saxels SiSiSiSi'''' `ori~. igive ricxviTi saxeli Cans CeCnurSi II piris
nacvalsaxelTanac. Sdr.: S ‘ S i' `Tqven (orni)~. aseTi formebi wovaTuSurSi
ar Cans. diferencireba `Cven~ da `Cven Cven Cven Cven (orni)~ formebs Soris gansxvavebuli
zmnuri formebiT aris miRweuli da ara gansxvavebuli nacvalsaxeluri
formebiT, rogorc es CeCnurSia.
maSasadame, gardauvali zmnis Taviseburebas wovaTuSurSi, sxva naxur
enebTan SedarebiT, warmoadgens I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa ergativSi dasma
(inkluziuri va� va� va� va� `Cven~ formis gamoklebiT), rac sxva naxuri ena-
kiloebisaTvis ucxoa, niSandoblivi ar aris.
garda amisa, nominatiur konstruqciaSi realuri subieqti, Tu zmna
klasniSniania, marTavs zmnas klasSi. magaliTad:
sen �aS�aS�aS�aS™™™™ alni � alni � alni � alni �-u�tš `Cemi da alvanSi midis~;
boWk dah´ b-ate-n- `kasri gaskda~;
xen kikel duƒ ƒori d-ater `xis Ziras bevri vaSlebi eyara~...
CamoTvlil magaliTebSi gramatikuli klasis niSnebi �- (�u�tš),
b- (baten), d- (dater) gamoxataven realuri subieqtis klass. maSasadame, msgavs
zmnebTanac realuri subieqti sax. brunvaSi dgas. klasniSnian zmnur formebSi
gramatikuli klasis niSani subieqtis klasis niSnis mixedviT Seicvleba,
magaliTad, ase: v-u�tš, �-u�tš, b-u�tš, d-u�tš...
Tavis mxriv, subieqti _ qvemdebare saxelobiT brunvaSi zmnas _
Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi:
ricxvSi SeTanxmeba aSkaraa maSin, rodesac saxeli mxoloobiTsa da
mravlobiT ricxvSi sxvadasxva gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba:
danlobi bdanlobi bdanlobi bdanlobi b-axken _ cxenosnebi cxenosnebi cxenosnebi cxenosnebi movidnen
donlov (mx. v _ mr. b) _ cxenosani
du� ddu� ddu� ddu� d-aR™ _ cxenebi modian
(don _ b d)
bazzi bbazzi bbazzi bbazzi b-avin _ bazazebi bazazebi bazazebi bazazebi daikargnen (aRar arian)
(bazaz _ v. b)
99
ergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqcia.... ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis gardamavali
zmna. es aris gardamavali zmnis erTaderTi konstruqcia (danarCen
konstruqciebs gardauvali zmnebi qmnian).
ergatiuli konstruqcia warmoadgens predikatul sintagmas, romelic,
sul mcire, sami wevrisagan Sedgeba. ergatiuli konstruqciis sintagmis
wevrebs warmoadgenen: gardamavali zmna-Semasmeneli da masTan Sexamebuli ori
saxeli _ realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti. moviyvanoT saTanado
magaliTebi:
oƒus zaral aƒin `man zarali zRo~;
oƒar davin™ asi lex™ `isini dakargul xborebs eZeben~;
knaTiv yuv lecov™ `biWebi qurds iWeren~;
sen �aSas atam leW™ badruna�n™ `Cemi da atams fcqvnis bavSvebisaTvis~;
fisos daxk™ labwob™ `kata Tagvs aTamaSebs~;
yodla‡os TanTi day™ `kodala WianWvelebs Wams~...
gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti dgas saxelobiT
brunvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti
yvela kavkasiur enaSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. garda amisa, klasniSnian
gardamaval zmnebSi klasis niSniT gamoxatulia realuri obieqti (da ara
realuri subieqti, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo). am niSnis mixedviTac
kavkasiuri enebi, da maT Soris wovaTuSuric, msgavsebas amJRavneben. orive
saxelis brunvaTa formebi (ergativi realuri subieqtisa da saxelobiTi
realuri obieqtisa) Taviseburia kavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT. TviT kavkasiur
enebSi, rogorc es gaziarebulia specialistebis mier, gardamavali zmnis
bunebidan gamomdinareobs masTan Sexamebul saxelTa brunvebis formebi, zmna
marTavs saxelebs brunvaSi.
ergatiuli konstruqciis zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs saxelobiTi
brunvisformiani saxeli obieqti obieqti obieqti obieqti damateba:
makas yarwen falzi dfalzi dfalzi dfalzi d-i�eg _ makam Wreli fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi moqsova.
100
falzi a™ cu� dddd-arJ-dddd-ina�S? _ fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi ar CamofineT?
fsteiv atlasen kabi �kabi �kabi �kabi �-efxor _ dedakacebi atlasis kabebs kabebs kabebs kabebs icvamdnen.
subieqti-qvemdebare brZanebiTi kilos zmna-Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi,
am SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsia TTTT:
ƒefsa-T! _ dayareT!
maxkar, kawkon bakal ƒalo-TTTT vai (inkl. forma)! _ qalebo, cota puri
SevWamoT!
Ro-TTTT va�! _ wavideT!
Tu zmna klasniSniania, mravlobiToba ormagad (klasis niSniTa da
mravlobiTobis TTTT _ niSniT) iqneba gamoxatuli: bbbb-aSliba-TTTT! gaiparseT! maxkar,
baxtrinl™ temaq dddd-alÀu-TTTT va�! _ qalebo, baxtrionis ferdobze avideT!
datiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqcia. . . . datiur konstruqcias wovaTuSurSi, rogorc
sxva enebSi, qmnian grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi. aseT zmnebTan realuri subieqti
dgas datiur brunvaSi, xolo realuri obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSia.
maSasadame, datiuri konstruqciis predikatuli sintagmac, sul cota, sami
wevrisagan Sedgeba, rogorc ergatiuli konstruqciis predikatuli sintagma,
romlisgan gansxvavebiTac datiuri konstruqciis zmna gardauvalia. rogorc
sxva enebSi, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi wova-TuSurSic mcirericxovania. moviyvanoT
saTanado magaliTebi:
kotin (mic. br.) daxk™ (sax. br.) b-agin `katam Tagvi dainaxa~;
badren nan �-agin `dedam bavSvi dainaxa~;
aleqsin ch´a�n˜ larkex dawiS˜ xawdanor `aleqsis erT yurSi mZimed
esmoda~;
son ƒor b-ew— `me vaSli minda~;
o vah´on e �oh´ �-ew— `im vaJs es qali uyvars~;
lošmren �-aRoS Ta�lzi dicdalin son `mTidan wamosvlisas xurjini
damaviwyda~...
101
dasaxelebul magaliTebSi realuri obieqtia klasniSnian zmnasTan klasSi
SeTanxmebuli, e. i. am konstruqciaSic moqmedebs wesi, romlis mixedviTac zmna
klasSi eTanxmeba saxels, romelic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.
datiur konstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT wovaTuSurSi saintereso masalas
iZleva i. deSerievi. kerZod, igi asaxelebs magaliTebs, sadac datiuri
konstruqciis zmnasTan realuri subieqti dgas rogorc dativSi, ise
ergativSi. Sdr., magaliTad:
1. mitu�n (mic. br.) h´o (sax.) gu
mitos (erg.) h´o gu `mito Sen gxedavs~;
2. oƒu�n (mic. br.) kort(b)i— i boTx
oƒus (erg.) kort(b)i— i boTx `imas mobezrda es samuSao~...
realuri subieqtis msgavsi paraleluri formebis arseboba datiur
konstruqciaSi wovaTuSuris Taviseburebaa. analogiuri formebi CeCnur-
inguSurSi jerjerobiT gamovlenili ar aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom CeCnuri enis
pirvel saanbano wignSi (q. dosovi,.. ix. ikew, t. VI, 1979) xaxaxaxa''''a a a a `codna~
zmnasTan, romelic amJamad datiuri konstruqciisaa, II piris nacvalsaxeli
ergativSi aris Sexamebuli. am rigis sxva SemTxvevebi CeCnur inguSurSi ar
Cans.
posesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqcia. . . . winadadebaSi chchchch ´́́́a doa doa doa donnnn ba se ba se ba se ba sennnn `erTi cxeni myavs
me~ sesesesennnn so so so so `me~ nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTis formaa. dodododonnnn `cxeni~ realuri
obieqtia, romelic warmoadgens realuri subieqtis kuTvnilebas. sxvagvarad:
realuri subieqti aris realuri obieqtis mflobeli. subieqtis brunvis
mixedviT (sen `Cemi~) aseT konstruqcias posesiur konstruqcias eZaxian. garda
amisa, zmna klasSi eTanxmeba realur obieqts, rogorc ergatiul da datiur
konstruqciebSi. realuri obieqti am SemTxvevaSic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.
posesiuri konstruqciis nimuSebia, magaliTad, qok bestin™ h´en `Sen fexi
dagisivda~ da misT.
analogiur magaliTebSi logikuri (realuri) subieqti SeiZleba idges
erT-erT lokatiur brunvaSic. Sdr.:
102
sogosogosogosogo((((hhhh ´́́́) ) ) ) qok lawir `me fexi mtkioda~
uƒgouƒgouƒgouƒgo((((hhhh ´́́́) ) ) ) qorT la�w˜ `mas Tavi stkiva~ da misT.
posesiuri da, gansakuTrebiT, lokatiuri konstruqciebi wovaTuSurSi
SedarebiT iSviaTia.
vlindeba neitralurineitralurineitralurineitraluri bunebis zmnuri fuZeebi, romlebic subieqts _
qvemdebares marTaven rogorc saxelobiT brunvaSi, kerZod, winadadebaSi
gardauvali zmnis mniSvnelobiT, ise _ ergatiul brunvaSi winadadebaSi
gardamavali zmnis funqciiT. am SemTxvevaSi amasTanave pirdapir (uaxloes)
obieqt-damatebas zmna-Semasmeneli saxelobiT brunvaSi marTavs
mox aƒin _ qarma dauberadauberadauberadaubera
mox _ subieqti, saxelobiT brunvaSi
oƒus urem burblin taut aƒiaƒiaƒiaƒinnnn _ urmis Tvlebs taoti wausvawausvawausvawausva
oƒus _ subieqti, ergatiul brunvaSi; taut _ obieqti _ saxelobiT
brunvaSi
nik™ ve‡eve‡eve‡eve‡ennnn _ niko movidamovidamovidamovida
nik™ _ subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi
naybistev Jagn™ de‡ede‡ede‡ede‡ennnn son _ amxanagma wigni momitanamomitanamomitanamomitana
naybistev _ subieqti ergatiul brunvaSia; Jagn™ _ obieqti _
saxelobiT brunvaSi.
bacburSi zmna icvleba ara mxolod g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s,
aramed g r a m a t i k u l i p i r e b i s mixedviTac, rac SedarebiT axali
movlenaa.
gram.klasebis mixedviT cvlis dros zmnas marTavs saxeli, romelic
saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, gardauval zmnasTan _ subieqti-qvemdebare,
gardamaval zmnasTan _ pirdapiri, uaxloesi obieqti _ damateba.
zmnis cvla pirispirispirispiris mixedviT xdeba I da II pirSi.
sxva viTareba gvaqvs pirebis garCevis SemTxvevaSi: I da II piris gardamaval
103
zmnas marTavs pirSi subieqti ergatiul brunvaSic, igi zmnaSi aCens niSans,
warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxels, romelic piris niSnad Camoyalibebis
procesSia:
(aTxaTxaTxaTx) duƒ qaniz �a�yn-aTxaTxaTxaTx _ bevri yurZeni vWameT
(asasasas) don naybisteg™ gagbiTo-ssss _ cxens amxanags vanaxvineb.
amasTanave saxelobiT brunvaSic gardauvali zmnis subieqti da
gardamavali zmnis obieqti zmnas marTavs pirSi:
(sosososo) ayr viSra-ssss™™™™ _ gulaRma viweqi
zmnaSi erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili rogorc klasis, ise
piris niSanic. ganirCeva ori SemTxveva: 1) rogorc klasis, ise piris niSanic
erTi da imave saxels (subieqts an obieqts) miemarTeba:
asasasasqalaqi{} vvvv-u�t-asasasas _ me qalaqSi mivdivar
aaaa miC vvvv-u�t-aaaa? _ Sen sad midixar?
Su� dSu� dSu� dSu� d-a�-SSSSšššš? _ Tqvena xarT?
a�S a�S a�S a�S vux Teg-dddd-u�Su�Su�Su�S-˜ _ Tqven ras akeTebT?
2) prefiqsuli klasis niSani da sufiqsuri piris niSani sxvadasxva
saxels _ subieqtsa da obieqts ukavSirdeba: klasis niSani obieqts aRniSnavs,
piris niSani _ subieqts:
kawkon �o�o�o�o � � � �-il�o-s s s s _ patara gogos vban
Cxindren dudududu dddd-il´n-asasasas _ windis qsova daviwye (zedmiw. `wveri davde~).
dodododonnnn b b b b-av-bbbb-in-as as as as _ cxeni davkarge
pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti _ damateba, qarTvelur enaTa msgavsad, bacburSi
winadadebis mTavarimTavarimTavarimTavari wevria _ pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti _ danarCeni damatebebi,
qarTvelur enaTa iribi obieqtis mniSvnelobiTac, pirmiumarTavi obieqti _
ubralo damatebaa: calmxrivi sintaqsuri kavSiri dasturdeba _ mxolod
zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli marTavs obieqtsobieqtsobieqtsobieqts----damatebas damatebas damatebas damatebas sxvadasxva brunvaSi. obieqts
damatebas ar uTanxmdeba zmna-Semasmeneli (gramatikul klasSi, arc ricxvSi).
ubralo damatebis funqciiT gvxvdeba: 1) micemiTi micemiTi micemiTi micemiTi brunva 2) -xxxx, -gggg™™™™ <
104
----gogogogo, -cicicicinnnn, -lolololo -elementebiani, iSviaTad agreTve rTulTandebuliani formebi
(rTuli TandebulebiT metwilad garemoebebi iwarmoeba).
1) oƒu�n oƒu�n oƒu�n oƒu�n Cui SalTa malÀ�en _ mucelSi xanjali Casca.
oƒarn oƒarn oƒarn oƒarn dadol debalalÀin _ imaT (daxocilebs) upatronono.
vaxen Sa�r naybistnaybistnaybistnaybisten en en en _ wavida Tavis amxanagTan
ann ann ann ann malÀ�ien SalT? _ vis Casca xanjali?
yalCaRa�lÀnor as al qeqdoes ona�lona�lona�lona�lÀÀÀÀnor nor nor nor _ gudaso me mogimzadebo
Sen
bakaltakli ffffarana arana arana arana ƒasin _ naWer-nuWrebi ZaRls gdauyares...
2) oTxi{} Cu dotuS qok dafxiTi�en knaTiknaTiknaTiknaTi----gggg™™™™ _ oTaxSi Sesvlisas fexze
gaaxdevines biWebs.
ca�n˜ meurmemeurmemeurmemeurme----gggg™™™™ dos daƒeiTis alvin˜ _ erT meurmes SeSas
vazidvineb alvanSi
yonoC™ naxnaxnaxnax----gggg™™™™ dakmi daƒdiTar dewe _ axalgazrda kacebs waTamameba
esaWiroeba
o feSrefeSrefeSrefeSre----gggg™™™™ alÀin, naybiste-gggg™™™™ _ im biWs uTxra, amxanags
al™ defcin oƒu�-g™ _ mouyva mas.
dos TetCoTetCoTetCoTetCo----xxxx, , , , oƒuoƒuoƒuoƒu----x x x x xatin _ SeSis mWrels, imas hkiTxa
o stakostakostakostako----x x x x b„arvaxen _ im kacs Sexvda
o wkipowkipowkipowkipo----x x x x b„ark ƒa‡biin _ im wkipos Tvali mohkra.
moe �aSe�aSe�aSe�aSe----xxxx, , , , u�St TeS so-x-a-�lÀnor! _ rogorc das, ise mende meo!
oƒaroƒaroƒaroƒar----cicicicinnnn Cu baxen _ maTTan Sevidnen
Sa�rCu var oƒu�-go{}... _ Rame iqa hyavda imasimasimasimas...
o Tur dah Teƒ— oƒoƒoƒoƒ----gogogogo{{{{} } } } _ is xmali misTravs imas
bader datdi�en TxoTxoTxoTxo----gogogogo{{{{} } } } _ bavSvi mogvtaces CvenCvenCvenCven
ca ku�x vagur TxoTxoTxoTxo----gogogogo{{{{} } } } koxiv _erTi kaxuri soflidan gveria Cven Cven Cven Cven
kaxeli
105
go < go + -sgan xSirad, rTuli (go+) formidan momdinareobs.
go-s saxiT aris warmodgenili `yofna~ zmnasTan, rodesac igi `qonis~
mniSvnelobas iZens:
ogo Tof �a _ Sen Tofi gaqvs
zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom -xxxx, -gggg™™™™, -gogogogo{{{{}}}} elementebi Tandebulebia.
arsebobs sxva azric, romlis Tanaxmadac –x, -go- elementebiani formebi
runvis formebia.
m. m i q e l a Z e -xxxx, -gogogogo-s micemiTi brunvis niSnebad miiCnevs, romlebic
micemiTi brunvis nnnn niSanTan erTad erTmaneTTan damatebiTi distibuciis
mimarTebaSi ariano: `qarTuli micemiTis funqciebi wova-TuSurSi oTx
sxvadasxva brunvasSoris aris ganawilebuli. adgili aqvs brunvis formaTa
konkretizacias Sinaarsobriv niuansebTan dakavSirebiT~.
Tumca aseTi konkretizacia swored ufro TandebulebisTvisaa damaxasia-
Tebeli. sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs:
qarTuli Tavisufali Targmani albaT kriteriumad ar gamogvadgeba, unda
amovdiodeT garkveuli enis (bacburis) zedmiwevniTi Targmanidan.1
1 am mxriv sainteresoa, rom CaCnurSic msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs (magaliTad, -go elementis
SemTxvevaSi).
106
bacburi bacburi bacburi bacburi t e q s t e b it e q s t e b it e q s t e b it e q s t e b i
andazebiandazebiandazebiandazebi
qastdaliqastdaliqastdaliqastdalinnnn xixixixinnnn xil xil xil xil co co co co ignorignorignorignor....
Cqari wyali wyalSi ar gaerevao
itinitinitinitin™™™™ itwiitwiitwiitwinnnn co co co co disnordisnordisnordisnor....
morbenali urbenali ar darCenila,
ƒeƒeƒeƒeÀÀÀÀinininin˜̃̃̃ ƒawiƒawiƒawiƒawinnnn co co co co d„i‡nord„i‡nord„i‡nord„i‡nor....
mwevari dauwevari ar darCenila.
zora�Czora�Czora�Czora�C™™™™ ( ( ( (itiCitiCitiCitiC™™™™) ) ) ) ddddon on on on Svet Svet Svet Svet co co co co �ew�ew�ew�ew....
karg (morbenal) cxens maTraxi ar sWirdeba (unda)
bbbb„„„„agu�rmaq agu�rmaq agu�rmaq agu�rmaq ((((bac maqbac maqbac maqbac maq) ) ) ) ma k„avlama k„avlama k„avlama k„avla!!!!
beltze (balaxze) nu koWlob!
fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC badriv badriv badriv badriv Tu�lnorTu�lnorTu�lnorTu�lnor....
qalisTvis qals kargi SvilebiT ejobna
gamocanebigamocanebigamocanebigamocanebi
�u�u�u�u ( ( ( (�ux�ux�ux�ux)))) ____ WolikWolikWolikWolik, , , , Si m„aSi m„aSi m„aSi m„aÀÀÀÀ™™™™ ( ( ( (makartamakartamakartamakarta))))
piri _ joxi, ori rqa (makrateli)
107
�uye �uye �uye �uye dalindalindalindalin™™™™ diS diS diS diS™™™™, , , , sivsivsivsiv----divdivdivdiv leTxan ix leTxan ix leTxan ix leTxan ix™™™™ ( ( ( (marmarmarmar½½½½lolololo----b„arkib„arkib„arkib„arki))))
SuaSi mkvdari wevs, aqeT-iqiT cekvaven (cxvir-Tvali)
Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes _ _ _ _ dadadadalellellellel————, , , , dadadadaxecoes xecoes xecoes xecoes ____ Cu Cu Cu Cu laTTlaTTlaTTlaTT———— ( ( ( (janijanijanijani))))
Sevkrav _ dadis, gavxsni (gavuSveb) _ dgas (qalamnebi)
aTx aTx aTx aTx _ _ _ _ sukisukisukisuki, , , , tyu�tyu�tyu�tyu� _ _ _ _ gaga‡gaga‡gaga‡gaga‡™™™™ ((((wikwikwikwik))))
win _ zurgi, ukan _ muceli (kanWi)
ku�ku�ku�ku�nnnn baso baso baso basonnnn _ _ _ _ naCx naCx naCx naCx co �asco �asco �asco �as™™™™
TeTri var _ yveli ara var
muR muR muR muR �e�w�e�w�e�w�e�w™™™™ sogo sogo sogo sogo, , , , daxko co basdaxko co basdaxko co basdaxko co bas™™™™ ((((bbbboooolka‡lka‡lka‡lka‡™™™™))))
kudi mabia me, Tagvi ara var (boloki)
ccccenenenen˜̃̃̃ erwni Culierwni Culierwni Culierwni Culinnnn fsti fsti fsti fsti le�pwle�pwle�pwle�pw˜̃̃̃ ((((xinkxinkxinkxinklililili))))
erT qvabSi orsuli qalebi TamaSoben (xinklebi)
kecad bosekecad bosekecad bosekecad bose, , , , co co co co kecadbomakso kecadbomakso kecadbomakso kecadbomakso ((((niyniyniyniy))))
vkece da ver davkece (gza)
TetoseTetoseTetoseTetose, , , , co co co co Tetmakso Tetmakso Tetmakso Tetmakso ((((xixixixi))))
vWeri da ver gavWeri (wyali)
108
ambebi ambebi ambebi ambebi bacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidan
bacbi qiqdolin d‰xno nax bar
(dar). ufr™ Jex bawur, cavCon Je
gagdar co xilÀur, eƒu�n dallö
melÀmen naybist vaSbar Roer
naJtara �exkor. naJtrego Sarin
vaƒux var. nidag, oStun stak
xilÀur vaƒu�CoR, ango-a� sošb
(doƒux) Je dar. naStar vaƒu�Cov
naybistax (naybistin) angriS (�or)
TelÀor Sar¡ Saw. sanam Je
daq¡qalar doe �e ƒen stab£,
macne loumre Je adaRor bare.
naStren boTx naybistigo
sodabeyin˜ bar. an¡ vux dewer
Tagdan, xeÀer. Sarin boTx
alcoTagbi�en™ stak (Turqad
vor) baqad vor. naStre Jeg™
aWuS ixor baSbar naybisti.
daaxloebiT fxauzty JelreCox
ca stak evvor. uStme ca�n RaziC
naStre aTas Je mainc dewer xilÀan.
eaT naJtre it¾ego stak
erwalaTer (erwir). daƒu�C
�afuR dar naybistes (naybistiv)
vaSbiwin ma�ƒ˜ �ayar, ma�ƒ˜ caR
bacbebi odiTganve mesaqonle
xalxi iyo. ufro cxvars (mecxvare-
obas) misdevdnen, martoka cxvars
ver upatronebda, amis gamo ramde-
nime amxanagi erTad wavidoda da
binas daidebda (kravda). binas Ta-
visi ufrosi hyavda. ra Tqma unda,
iseTi kaci iqneboda ufrosad, vi-
sac meti (ufro bevri) cxvari hyav-
da. binis ufrosi amxanagebs anga-
riSs abarebda (ukeTebda) weliwad-
Si orjer. sanam cxvari daiZvrebo-
da gazafxulze da mere _ Semo-
dgomaze, roca mTidan cxvari Camo-
vidoda barSi. binis saqme amxana-
gebs ganawilebuli hqondaT. visac
ra unda ekeTebina, icodnen. Tavis
saqmes rom ar akeTebda (ar gamke-
Tebeli), kacs (lanZRavdnen) kicxav-
dnen. binaSi cxvris misaxedad midi-
odnen erTad amxanagebi. daaxloe-
biT as cxvarze erT kacs iyvandnen.
ase rom, erT karg binaSi aTasi
cxvari mainc unda yofiliyo. maSin
binaSi aTiode kaci trialebda
xolme (trialebda). didi sircxvi-
109
�ewer �ayan, mo¡ naJtrego daric
dil´en™. bacbigo naJtre dil´en™
dar ƒekdien™ diTx sodaayor.
li iyo amxanagis (amxanagebis) mier
erTmaneTis gareSe puris Wama, pu-
ri erTad unda eWamaT, rogorc bi-
naSi aki iyo miRebuli (dadebuli).
bacbebs binaSi miRebuli hqondaT
moxarSuli xorcis erTmaneTSi
ganawileba.
duƒ ambu�ar bacbigo co dar.
duƒ ambu�n™ stak mot¾baxbi�enC™
_ laqaT stakoR lerÀlor.
bevri laparaki bacbebma ar
icodnen (iyo). bevri molaparake
kaci enawagrZelebul _ ybed kacad
iTvleboda.
Jen dadas qirbadvi�enC™ sta-
kon (�unan) Tel½or baT´an Si Jel-
re (RaziCon _ Si …isTx™, eSuSka‡
stakon u�sTxa� axroba� le Si ax-
rob. Tegardar baT´biTa� dinC™
Sarva�. Sarav Tegvi�enC™ stakon
sošb™ka‡ max TelÀor, tyait´
u�sTxgomcin. ye‡ stak ca�n˜ na-
Jtre ne‡ co valÀuS mawy it´ Saren
vaxer, iStuC™ zora�Ce golniC™
stakox Jen dad (daxnon dad_ Teg-
lar. ƒen o xazeinegore ne‡
valÀuer, Sarin naJtara axkor. mag-
ram naJtar �exkar at´an saqm co
�ar. �alvni saZovri co qorlar,
cxvris patroni daqiravebul
kacs (mwyemss) aZlevda TveSi or
cxvars (kargs _ or nerbs, cotaTi
nakleb kacs _ nerbsa da Toxls an
or Toxls). urigdebodnen Tveobi-
Tac da mTeli wliTac. wliT gari-
gebul kacs cota met fass (anazRa-
urebas) aZlevdnen, ocdaaT nerba-
mde. Raribi kaci erT binaSi gareT
gamousvlelad zogjer aTi weli
cxovrobda, aseTi yoCaRi da gonie-
ri kacisagan cxvris patroni (sa-
qonlis patroni) xdeboda (keTde-
boda), Semdeg im patronisgan gadi-
oda (midioda) Tavis binas daideb-
110
TiSiC™ xazeinig™ saZovri qore
�alir, dalbarin xazeinob qor
daar Znelbalar.
da. magram binis dadeba advili sa-
qme ar iyo. alvanSi saZovrebi ar
iyo (iSoveboda), Zvel patronebs
saZovrebi ekavaT. sawylebs mepat-
roneobis xelSi Cagdeba uZnelde-
bodaT.
*
* *
aTascxraas Sauzt´yaƒa Saren
dimitrovban koletivn Je Sirqilen
daqeqadalin Àalvu�C naJtrigu�.
so eaT koleqtiv TavmjdomareR
varas™. tyu�reC™ naJtrex
va�wras. eƒ naJtren brigadir
daqran zurab bar. �uv bar: bRujra
ga�bral, aWyuran cim™... Txocin
tyo‡ var koleqtiven aRmricxvel
paCran lev.
*
* *
aTacxraas ormocdasam wels
dimitrovis saxelobis koleqtivis
cxvari Siraqidan daiZra alvanis
binebisaken. me maSin kolmeurneo-
bis Tavmjdomared viyavi. ukana bi-
nas mivsdevdi. am binis brigadiri
daqaanT zurabi iyo. mwyemsebi iy-
vnen: bRujoanT (uSarauli) gabrie-
li, ajayianT (WrelaSvili) cimo...
CvenTan kidev iyo kolmeurneobis
aRmricxveli paCoanT leo.
ca�n „urden naJtre „ebax-
keTx, ma�ƒ˜ co ƒal´in�aTx. ga�bra-
les dayar eqod™, vedre va�Tlar
ƒexkob. warmaq Jeqonen va�Tlar
ƒexk—. eƒ dro aS TaTriv ve‡en
(//aS de‡en) Txo: vaSbin marSol
�e�lÀnaTx. TaTriv ga�bralq fenix
xa‡en. SinvaÀ Te�Trlen˜ laƒin. as
erT dilas binaSi vsxedvarT,
puri ar gvqonda naWami. gabrieli
saWmels amzadebs, vedroSi
va�Tlars xarSavs. cecxlze
cxvrisqonis vaiTlari ixarSeba. am
dros stumari TaTari mogvivida.
Cven: erTmaneTs mivesalmeT
(gamarjoba vuTxariT). TaTari
111
levu�n˜ fenix ‡evaRer divka‡.
w„irqon levu�go velar dalÀen. so
TaTrul coxawer (co ƒeTer), le-
vox xat´va�lnas: {v}u vilaa�no?
moecvilasa�n™! alÀin levos, a
va‡ar xiynoerTxon, flav ƒexkdi-
�enodaraTxa�n™, liv˜ ga�bral Ta-
iTrua�go. Ta�Truas ma (magram)
alÀin: eƒ maciC™ dro e xilÀara
�aƒon saqm�a�n™. levu�go tyo‡ ve-
lar dalÀen. tyo‡ xa�t´nax: stev
velvo, �ev™? moecvilas™,
ga�brales alÀin: baye‡da, mosin
dro �a va�go, magram a va‡ar
xa‡invaxeroTxo, dayrelo ƒain qon
co �en�araTxo. Ta�Tr…as alÀin:
barÀl So dageg— as ƒa bayu�n˜.
ga�bralen com alÀmakingeg˜,
daatarvalin; daaWenes ga�bra-
legu�, ohö so aWe sogu�, Tan
b„ark Toxbi�eson. daTolinc sox,
�ev™, e farin kaw TaTriv!
gabrielis gverdiT dajda. orive
TaTruls mieZalnen (miewebnen). me
leos gverdiT vijeqi, cota iqiT.
uceb levans sicili waskda. me
TaTruli ar mesmoda (ar vicodi),
leos vkiTxe: ras icinio? rogor
ar vicinoo! Tqva leom, Seni
mosvla rom gagvego, flavs
movxarSavdiTo, eubneba gabrieli
TaTars. TaTarma ki uTxra: am
SimSilobis dros amis qonac didi
saqmeao. leos isev sicili waskda.
isev vkiTxe: ra gacinebs, Wo?
rogor ar vicino, gabrielma Tqva:
marTalia, cudi droa CvenTvis,
magram Seni mosvla rom gagvego,
saWmel(Si)s Roris qons ar
gavukeTebdiT. TaTarma uTxra: rva
welia TiTqmis me Roris xorcs
(Rors) vWam. gabrielma veraferi
ver Tqva, gaCumda; gavixede
gabrielisken, manac Cemken gamoixe-
da, Tan Tvali Camikra. majoba, Wo,
am ZaRlis lekvma TaTarma!
112
*
* *
menSevika dro ƒkolix
aleqsigo naJtar qaCalgorex
lev�or. oƒu�n aSeR ixralo
axalqalaqi baxin™ inglisba afic-
r¢. aliqs oƒarn RaziS b„ar ixra-
l™, dok dagdoral™, Tu�x˜-meƒ
darJdoral™, moegu oƒarna vewa-
volin aliqs. wye aa vol Txon
aSeR, e�lÀnor inglisbiv.
*
* *
menSevikebis dros zafxulSi
aleqsis bina qaCalgoraze yofila
(amboben). mis stumrad midiodnen
Turme axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi ingli-
seli oficrebi. aleqsi maT Zalian
kargad xvdeboda (TvalSi mosdioda),
gulianad xvdeboda, pur-marils
(maril-purs) uSlida Turme.
rogorc Cans, maTac SeuyvardaT
aleqsi. erTxelac Senc modi CvenTan
stumrad, uTqvamT ingliselebs.
aSeR v‹xnor aliqs. alÀinC™
d�nlu�n aliqs donev axalqaliq
aSeR vexnor inglisbin. oƒar
dakreS miRebadvinor. maƒmaq (mat-
remaq) aficrigo Su�n fsti�aTan
levdor. ma�ƒ �ayoS, ca�n˜ afic-
rev besibinor aleqsigo, menux �o
lamzurx�a�no? aleqsis ca�ngu�
tark laƒbinoer _ is �a lamzurx,
e�lÀnor. vun da�n™, gakvirbada�lnor
vomay. oƒu�n dalla, me, a�lÀnor
aleqsis: koxix �a Tar½len™.
stumrad wasuliyo aleqsi.
daTqmuli dRisTvis aleqsi cxeniT
axalqalaqSi stumrad wasuliyo
ingliselebTan. maT gulianad mieRoT,
purobisas (sadilze) oficrebs Ta-
vianTi colebic Tan hyolodaT.
puris Wamisas erTi oficeri gaxum-
rebia aleqsis, romeli gogoa, ufro
lamazio? aleqsis erTisken TiTi
gauSveria _ es aris ufro lamazi,
uTqvams. ratomo, gakvirvebula
yvela. imisTvis, rom, uTqvams aleq-
sis: qarTvels hgavso (qarTvelis
aris msgavsi).
113
*
* *
s— nanvaS™ cixlura aleqs
davalin aTas cxraas Sauzty Sare
ƒouztya�Tx Sarlun. u�St me, inc
o vewer xilÀa d„euztyabar½lait´
Sarlun.
*
* *
Cemi biZa (dedis Zma)
cixeliSvili aleqsi gardaicvala
aTas cxraas ormoc wels
samocdaaTi wlisa. ase rom, axla
is unda yofiliyo (yofnad)
oTxmocdaTvrameti wlisa.
cixlura aliqs bacbigo
ma�xv�en™ var zora�C™ stakoR.
vor½l stak var uhgo v„evin™,
bani‡ masTxu�. miCu�Sn˜ co vewer,
nax bavbi�en™ va�n™. duƒiC Jen dad
var. fstu-bader Jego Sarcin (Tan)
leldor. baƒon karav lelb£ral™,
fstu-bader kraotax difSdoral™.
doe Je ƒŠlor aleqsis Trila�T.
qaCal gorexe �ar naJtar. aleqsigo
doaxgard ƒo furguna bar daƒan
kamCi doJin™. eƒ furgniv leldor
fstu-bader �e owin™ naCx, keWa�
furgniv ƒeor qala�q˜. stabo Je
bar akir. qalqiRa a dalen™ Je
Siriq aoRor. melÀax || melÀme
naJtar �ar aleqsigo Sirqi.
�uala lec™�or „alu�n˜
afsta�r daJrena�n™.
cixeliSvil aleqsis bacbebi
miiCnevdnen (dafasebuli hyavdaT)
yoCaR kacad. Svidi kaci hyavda imas
mokluli, yvela mtrebi. zogs ar
uyvarda, xalxis mkvleli ariso.
bevri cxvris patroni iyo. col-
Svili cxvarSi TavisTan (Tan)
dahyavda. didi karavi dahqonda
Turme, col-Svils sawolze
awvenda. gazafxulze cxvari
mihyavda aleqsis TrialeTSi. qaCal
goraze hqonda bina. aleqsis
cxenebis garda sami furgunic
hqonda didkameCebSebmuli. am
furgunebiT atarebda col-Svils
da (mowvelili) yveli, matylic
furgunebiT mihqonda qalaqSi.
Semodgomaze cxvari barSi
Camodioda (cvioda), qalaqze
114
Cavlili cxvari SiraqSi Cadioda.
ramdenime bina hqonda aleqsis
SiraqSi. gaRma ikavebda alvanSi
miwebs saZovrebad.
aTas cxraas tyafxi Sare
aleqsis Sarin Je dadoxkin. Telve
Razen wa ecin. �oa bacva�n �al½in.
Se�r fstu�ncin Telve
alvolvalin vaxan. it´eg™ Saren
vaxin Telve. ƒen Telveren wa
dadoxkin˜, �acin siZecin
sodaxken alvu�n d‰xan. aliqs
davalin sovu�tCedolin fxi Saren
dolin, aTas cxraas Sauzty Saren.
aTas cxraas ocdaxuT wels
aleqsim Tavisi cxvari gayida.
TelavSi kargi saxli iyida.
qaliSvilic bacbs misca. Tavis
colTan erTad TelavSi daiwyo
cxovreba. aTiode weli icxovra
TelavSi. mere Telavis saxli
gayida, qaliSvilTan da siZesTan
gadmovidnen alvanSi sacxovreblad.
aleqsi gardaicvala gadmosvlis
Semdeg xuTi wlis Semdeg, aTas
cxraas ormoc wels.
aliqsin �o nat™ dakax lawiS
�ar. nat nanego, eva�g™, a�lÀnor
du�xtriv, natu�n Sineƒ baT´an
beden co �axmaki�n™. dok„erd„avin-
C™ nanas ca�n˜ bu�s qorT b„evin
womal malÀenCov. ba‡e‡, Sineƒ
baT´adolin nat™ da�alin. iSt
�axen cixlura aliqs fstu-badren
saqm.
aleqsis qaliSvili nato
guliT avadmyofi iyo. natos
dedisTvis, evasTvis, eTqvaT eqimebs,
nato or-sam Tveze mets (garda)
ver icocxlebso. gulmkvdarma
dedam erT Rames Tavi moikla wam-
liT (wamlis daleviT). marTlac,
ori-sami Tvis Semdeg nato
gardaicvala. ase wavida cixeli-
Svili aleqsis col-Svilis saqme.
115
da�qran (abaSiZe) lev RaziS
dakovason. dinCo fev ma�xvor
moe golnin stak. du�relun
fstu�n™ da�alini ƒen SilRena
�iken, du�reluC fstu�nCocin Si
�o xilÀen, SilReCo fstu�nCcin _
it´ bader: vor½l knaTa ƒo �oa�.
Sa�r knaTigo da�qran levos
al�amdiTen. miCu�S umaRlesa�S
�axin. levu�n kawkox knaT iC™ Txa
profesoreR va, vaƒux knaT gig™
docenteR va.
abaSiZe (daqaanT) leo kargad
maxsovs, mTeli sofeli afasebda
rogorc gonier kacs. pirveli
coli moukvda da Semdeg meorec
moiyvana, pirvel colTan ori
qaliSvili gauCnda, meore colTan
_ aTi bavSvi: Svidi biWi da sami _
gogo. Tavis biWebs abaSiZe leom
ganaTleba misca (aswavla). zogma
umaRlesebi daamTavra. leos
umcrosi biWi iCo dRes
profesorad aris, ufrosi biWi
gigo docentad aris.
levu�go duƒ Je levdor.
�u�n˜ zora�S Razen levvor.
eaTluC �u�v inca veweS™
ebvalaT lev™. ka�ra ivnes,
menxume monamglaT v‰xral™ �a�l
naJtrax, busu-busu yoruR �aJ�an
la�Tnor levu�go. ca�n˜ bu�s™
donmaq ƒa�Ànoer le™ yu�rRen gogo
ba�ƒnor. vux gu ese? oƒu�n farxen
gogex, �uymaT™ yu�rRe, duwin˜ Je
dat—, fenix ma (magram) kawkon
�arWin ivane laT´—, qore Sarax
�axivx RoW laci�en™, leos
alao b„arkbu�wnor ivnex �e
leos bevri cxvari hyoloda
(?) mwyemsad Zalian kargs ambob-
dnen. maSindeli mwyemsebi axlac
siyvaruliT ixseneben leos. kaianT
ivane, romelic monamgled cxov-
robda Turme zamTris binebSi, Ram-
RamobiT yoruRSi mosaZoveblad
(cxvrisa) dauyenebia leos. erT Ra-
mes cxenze Semjdariyo leo yoru-
RisTvis gars Semouvlia. ra Cans
aq? misi farexis irgvliv, Sua yo-
ruRSi, maZRari cxvari yria, gver-
diT ki patara Savi ivane dgas,
xelSi masze ufro grZeli joxi da-
116
marSola xa�t´nor. mo va£ ivan—,
mo baxiS, Je (daxn) goni da
Sugo, stemas xum co qoT´bu�Sš,
xum com �iSun? ivnen vux co
la�vma�knor, dist ƒer bol´balin-
san daT´ral™. leos don gogex
berwnbinoer Sarna va�xnor.
da�efxeTinC™ ivnes la�xknoer
Sarin Je aTx Cu co oTdoS, Sa�r
naJtri alomalÀdinor. udrood
Je daxkdarev knaTi qoki maq
oT´binor. vux ambu�a en
qu�rTmaqa�n™, xa�t´nor. ivnes
aldifcnor, vune de oT´di�en
levos. vune �efdil´en Sarn ivnen,
RoW Cu laqinoer _ knaTig™
a�lÀnor: a�, Su Je, a� _ Su�e, as
Txadolin Jex co vowlages,
a�lÀnor. iSt Tewinor da�qra
leos gon ka�ra ivneg™.
uWiravs, leos auTval-CauTvalie-
rebia ivane da misalmebia. rogora
xar, ivane, rogor cxovrob, cxvar
(saqoneli) kargad gyavT Tqven, ra-
me xom ar gawuxebT, rame xom ar
gakliaT? ivanes veraferi uTqvams.
pirSi qvaCadebuliviT mdgara. le-
os cxeni gamoubrunebia da (Tavis-
Tvis) wasuliyo. Sercxvenil ivanes
gaereka Tavisi cxvari win SeuCe-
reblad, Tavis binaSi amoereka. ud-
rood cxvris morekvam biWebi fex-
ze wamoayena. ra ambavia Sens Tavso,
ukiTxavT. ivanes mouyolia, ra dRe
daayena leom. rogor Searcxvina
TviTon ivane.joxi gadaegdo _ bi-
WebisTvis eTqva: a�, Tqveni cxvari,
ai Tqven, me dReidan cxvars aRar
gavyvebio, uTqvams. ase eswavlebina
daqaanT leos Wkua ka�anT ivanes-
Tvis.
*
* *
Cxu�r (Zev) yen stak levvor.
o dallavovi�enCog™ Cu lawiS
fstu�n˜ �eaRral. vaSa�xin bed-
va�l½noer ca oTax wenina ƒa�Cnor
lapin fenix, dir laƒ�alin™.
*
* *
Cxuiri Raribi kaci yofila. am
sacodavs (kacs) Sin avadmyofi
coli hyavda (esva). Zmisgan gamoyo-
fila, erTi oTaxi saxlisa rgebia
kibis gverdiT, diregamoSverili.
117
wye macax i(e) ojax(kur) naTes-
viv qu�rwlex bixnor: raki fstu�-
n˜ lawiS �ar, Cxorin xil½en qu�r-
wlex vaxar. xat maq aTx— daana-
�n™ fstu�nCox taTeb d‹xnor.
fstu�nCov xurd de�l½nor: SinSo-
urlin˜, ƒaSourlin˜, abzilin˜, Cxo-
ris a�lÀnor: o Tumnili oqro so-
libalson, jibe dal´al sogo, stak
vaciso, stakox Tar½len™! fstu�n™
W„eRlaral™, magram Cxoris Sari
Tagdinor, oqr™ jibi du�l´nor.
erTxel, odesRac es ojaxi na-
Tesavebs qorwilSi daupatiJebiaT:
raki coli avad iyo, Cxoris mou-
wia qorwilSi wasvla. xatis win
dasadebad cols fuli sTxova.
cols xurda miucia: orSauriani,
samSauriani, abaziani. Cxoris uT-
qvams: is Tumniani oqro momeci-ra,
jibeSi medos. aki kaci var, kacad
viTvlebi! coli uZaliandeboda
Turme, magram Cxoris Tavisi gau-
tania, oqro jibeSi Caudvia.
qu�rwlex macne xat deÀen, may-
ri aTx ixan ba�lÀnor. bax naxv ab-
zex so…b co TelÀar™. malÀ-ƒalÀeno
Cxu�ra dau�Tnor aTx vaxan. kna-
Ti buRa ba�lÀnor, gari, Cxu�r
vaR™. aSenbalibal, Cxu�r aSenba-
libal, Cxu�r, viwvaƒalinC™ Cxoris
jiberen taTeb alda�ƒnoer, wegen
Tumnili oqr™ langarmaq xat aTx
Cu laqdinor. nef-winusgo qo
da�ƒnoer, ijfegoren maWrelen Ca-
rqa‡™ sole�cnor, dalocad
va�lnoer (dalocadinoer) nef-wi-
nus, saduxcodaƒoS aloma�lÀnor.
qorwilSi rodesac xati moi-
tanes, mayrebi win wamomdgaran
Turme. mdidar xalxs abazze meti
ar miucia Turme. SezarxoSebuli
Cxoric amdgra misasvlelad. vaJebs
yvirili aRmoxdomiaT, aba, Cxori
modis, aSendes Cxori aSendes, Cxo-
ri. gaamayebul Cxoris jibidan fu-
li amoeRo Turme, wiTelTumniani
oqro langarze xatis win daegdo.
mefe-patarZlisTvis xeli Camour-
Tmevia, TamadisTvis Rviniani Careqa
gamourTmevia, daulocavs Turme
mefe-patarZali, sulmouTqmelad
daulevia Turme.
118
qorwil cer dalÀen. Cxu�r
Sarn veÀen. gagu�gomcin lav
dil´nor (deÀnor) uƒ bu�s. fSe-
liC™ oTxe maWrev vofxuen™ Cxu�r
Toral™ div ka‡, ma maT´e lawiS
fstu�n™ �aTxral™. i yeCo margo
jiba dayinoer, macne oqr™ co xe-
Tin, natya�r˜ co laco� ma�knoger.
„urden fstu�nC™ �aTxrev awamvi-
nor Cxu�r, magram vux alÀor! Sa-
rin danaSaul aTx laT´er! vux we
va� daxrex, dosa‡™ co da va�go we
�„�ayu�n, vux co laveS alƒiTno-
er Cxu�r, n„eÀa va�lÀnor. lavego-
ren da com gural™, karik dasin
co xiTnor. vux dor, alicnoer
dik, lapigo leƒla�n˜ dir Tetana
va�lÀnor. Cu�renda fstu�n˜ �iq-
nor, �uRral™: vux Tegdo, naxax
cu� �efxeT´™?!
qorwili damTavrda. Cxori
Sin wasula. muxlebamde Tovli da-
debula (mosula) im Rames. gayi-
nul oTaxSi Rvinisgan gamTbar
Cxors dauZinia moSorebiT, login-
Si ki avadmyofi coli tiroda
Turme. mas Raribi qmris jibeSi Ca-
uyvia (xeli), rodesac oqro ver
(ar) ipova, cremlebis Sekaveba ver
SeZlo. diliT colis tirilisgan
gaRviZebia Cxoris, magram ra eTqva!
Tavisi danaSauli aSkara iyo (win
idga)! ra hqvia Cvens cxovrebas, Se-
Sa ara gvaqvs cecxlis dasanTebad,
usityvod amdgara Cxori, gareT ga-
sula. Tovlisgan araferi Canda,
fiCxi SeSac ver ipova. ras izamda,
auRia culi, kibis gamoSverili
diris Wras Sedgomia. Sinidan
cols uyviria, uRrialia: ras ake-
Teb, xalxis ara grcxvenia?!
119
leqsebileqsebileqsebileqsebi
**** **** ****
�arWiC™ �amura guvalÀur
don, dafxarx bilobi�eno,
gagu� v…�xval en, voalo!
son dalla Cqerbadbieno.
**** **** ****
Sav RameSi gamoCndeboda
cxeni, oflad daRvrili (oflSi nabanebi),
muxlebi mogtydes (Cagengres) netav,
Sen (Seni), biWuna!
CemTvis gametebuli!
**** **** ****
dolaT, maxkar, ixoT va�,
daxna vaSbar laxvoT va�,
qone RaWbi ecoT va�,
lomreC naymaq oT´uT va�,
baxtriln™ temaq dalÀuT va�,
osi Cua T�uT (xabJoT) va�,
kawkon bakal ƒaloT va�,
wye-Saw garmon ToxoT va�,
RaziS leTxan daRoT va�!
**** **** ****
modiT, gogonebo, viaroT (wavideT),
saqoneli erTad gavrekoT.
xelSi joxebi aviRoT,
mTebis gzas gavudgeT!
baxtrionis serze avideT,
iq davisvenoT (davsxdeT),
erTi (cota) lukma SevWamoT,
erTi-orjer garmoni davukraT,
kargad vicekvoT!
**** **** ****
va� labwino gogri e‡
t„akuRa �erwa�alino,
va�a deficino daxen doS
du�tyCoa xitandalino.
va�a ledieno kik-bubuk
qerigo maxna dalÀino!
**** **** ****
Cven rom vTamaSobdiT, is
Cveni (naTamaSebi) mrgvali mindori
talaxad qceula,
Cveni naTqvami (moyolili) grZeli sityva
wvril adilas (wvrilSi) gamwydara.
Cveni dakrefili mZiv-yvavili
naqeralasTan qarisTvis gagvitanebia
(migvicia).
120
**** **** ****
sagar baRo sag-saga�no,
winus �aRo JRar-JRara�no,
nefe vaRo tyar-tyara�no!
Cawerilia axmetis raionis sofel zemo
alvanSi 1962-63 w.w. mTqmeli _
bacbi (wova-TuSi) giorgi maCabli-
Svili (ma�Cran giu�rg˜), 50-51
wlisa.
**** **** ****
sagoravi qva modis raxraxiT,
patarZali modis JRarun-JRaruniT,
mefe modis medidurad!
**** **** ****
badri fe afsdinas, obi
uln™ dexnor. oSti‡ mindri
derwin.
SilReC™ deni qaliq daxen. obi
Telvi dadixCe aga-bab™ adaxke.
ƒo-d„iv deni vuma‡ axmit daxe.
2008 w.
**** **** ****
baSvebi sofelSi gavagzavne, isini tyeSi
wasulan. isev mindorSi dabrundnen.
meore dRes qalaqSi gaemgzavrnen. maTi
CasvlisTanave bebia-babuac Camovidnen.
sam-oTx dReSi yvelani axmetaSi wavidnen.
**** **** ****
molecin ca stak vaxen. mol,
va�n babu�n bab™ men var? xet´™
stakov. adam-pa�sxabadien molas.
va� agen ag-ge? _ ev. a va� naTesvi
ban™-ba va�. a, a a� qonben ca
day son dewe dal½an! daqin da _
al½ine molas �arWin taTeb daa
paptdien. mol, e vux da? dinC™
**** **** ****
molasTan erTi kaci wavida. mola, Cveni
babuis babua vin iyo? ekiTxeba kaci. adami
_ upasuxa molam. Cveni bebiis bebia? _
eva. maS, Cven naTesavebi vyofilvar _
(varT Cven). maS, Sen Seni qonebis erTi
nawili me unda momce! kargi (aris) _ upa-
suxa molam da Savi fuli gauwoda. mola,
es ra aris? mTeli Seni qonebidan mxolod
es Savi fuli argune Sens naTesavs?
121
en qonbeloren daCo e �arWin
taTebi ƒaCdina ha�n naTesven?
_ daat! coek e ƒeC™
naTesvin xa�wCe, on i �arWin
taTeba co ƒa�Cš!
Cawerilia zemo alvanSi 2008-2009 w.w.
mTqmeli _ mamulaSvili ciuri, 64
wlisa.
_ gaCumdi! Torem es sxva naTesavebma
rom gaigon, Sen es Savi fulic ar gergeba!
a v t o r i ioseb longiSviliioseb longiSviliioseb longiSviliioseb longiSvili (bacbi _ wova-TuSi)
tbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxara
tbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvlas gorze wasvlas gorze wasvlas gorze wasvla
madel mo‡ baral wye tyo‡a
tbaTnirna zurit vaxana;
nayaa alxakvalinCov
wyaru� xia mal½ana.
madli iqneboda erTxed kidev
tbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvla.
gzaze mowyurebulis mier
wyaros wylis daleva.
quC-xerbiloCu TivenCov
kawkon RiRina al½ana;
nayre-nay marwyo bayoSa
SavsofleRa alvaxana.
buCq-xeebSi svenebiT
mcire RiRini;
gzadagza marwyvis WamiT
SavsofelSi asvla.
Rarmaqan kaprSaT soƒefsu�n
veZena xia mal½ara.
guben laxSurna eT´-eT´iS
zurita daguval½ana.
Rarebze yviTlad (kapraSad) amoxeTqili
veZinis wylis daleva,
gubis qvemodan sveneb-svenebiT
zuros goraze gasvla.
122
lu�ngRarin ivseb ve‡enen,
naxae n„a dal½ara;
mo vao, RaziS cu� vau�n?
bacban fsteiva al½ana.
longianT iosebi movidao,
xalxis gareT gamosvla;
rogor xar, kargad ar xaro?
bacbi qalebis SekiTxva.
qorT CuboS oTxi Cuvaxan,
CamliSa meƒa �ayana.
weni gogxirna xawana
kawkeC badrana yayana.
Tavis CaRunviT oTaxSi Sesvla,
gemrielad puris Wama.
saxlis garSemo mosmena
patara bavSvebis Jriamulisa.
veSgurRar Silos kecmaqa
kalten daTxura Tagbana.
mWedluran natos w„erqona
daT´neren cua qakbara.
veSgurianT Silos kecze
xaWos xaviwis gakeTeba.
mWedlianT natos mier swrafad
erboiani qumlis mozela.
baZran Tamrosa laWy-laWyoS
aryelen boTl Cu�a‡ara.
lemzraT ToxinCon garmonmaq
ca-Si moƒ aloalÀana.
baZoanT Tamros mier malva-malviT
aryiani boTlis Semotana.
lamazad dakrul garmonze
erTi-orjer damRereba.
RaziS gunebaq oT´eno
oSti‡ tbaTin davaxara.
magram co xawic dalena
ivseben dakin al½ara.
1998 w.
karg gunebaze damdgaris
isev tbaTanaSi wasvla.
magram ar esmis RmerTsa
iosebis gulisTqma.
123
baRbaRbaRbaR----bostabostabostabostannnn morwyadar morwyadar morwyadar morwyadar baRbaRbaRbaR----bostnis morwyvabostnis morwyvabostnis morwyvabostnis morwyva
qoT´de�ln baR-bostan morwyadan
alovolvelnas �urdena,
du�relun xia daxiTnas
zore�S qoT´balinC gulbena.
daRonebuli baR-bostnis morwyva
daviwye diliT,
Tavidan wyali mivuSvi
Zalian daRonebul gulabze.
ƒen xi daxiTnas kat-ketkoS
Wermen, msxalena, ƒorena,
xix W„aRoS dawyafadbalin
prowlen lamzura ƒo xenna.
Semdeg wyali mivuSvi nel-nela
Weramze, msxalsa da vaSlze.
wyals Zlier dawafebula
broweulis lamazi xeca.
alawamdalin w„erqona,
Zire xi oT´en qliava,
alo baxiTen totigu�
laSxurna fSelin niava.
gaiRviZa uceb (yvelam).
ZirSi wyali Caudga qliavs,
auSva zemoT totebisken
qvemodan civi niavi.
alo owbalin laƒiS-ka‡
Wigox ƒeT´bisen lebiva.
CqerbalaS almorwyadalin
atman gogrina xenbia.
odnav zemoT aiwia
Wigos mokidebulma lobiom,
uxvad moirwya mTlianad
atmis da gogris xeebi.
kitrov, kombostov, badrijnev
dakreSa xia mal½ena,
xaxu�n kvalaxa fSelin xi
ZarRvax wigsana lalena.
kitrma, kombostom, badrijanma
wyali gulianad (gulianad wyali) dalies.
xaxvis kvlebSi civma wyalma
ZarRvebSi sisxliviT gaiara.
124
alawam�alin◦ fsarlu�nen◦
�urden CuToin nakveTa.
malvalis, alo macvalis◦,
fstu�nCov kecmaq daT´ katleta.
gaiRviZa saRamos(ken)
diliT mZinare nakveTma.
daviRale, momSivda kide,
coli katlets kecze miwvavs.
cervel½nas, xia axicnas,
aldexnas dani‡ ficria.
qoT´�alin nakveT enne�ec!
oƒu�n xil½ala inc xia.
2000 w.
movrCi, wyalic gavuSvi,
amoviRe sul mTeli (yvela ) ficrebi.
daRonebuli nakveTebi sxvebic xom aris!
maT miuvides (maTTvisac iyos) axla wyali.
125
bacburbacburbacburbacbur-qarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoni
aaaa
abarabarabarabar grdm. kerva
abuabuabuabu˜̃̃̃nnnn˜̃̃̃, abaabaabaabannnndewindewindewindewin˜̃̃̃ Sesakeri
agagagag�, d bebia
aguraguraguragur ����, � `aguri~
admiaadmiaadmiaadmiannnn d d adamiani
admianReadmianReadmianReadmianRennnn, admienReadmienReadmienReadmienRennnn `adamianuri~
dddd-avavavav-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. kvla, xocva, 2. dakargva
avRriavRriavRriavRri ���� aRviri
avSriavSriavSriavSri � mr.
azazazazöööörrrr Zv. `aTasi~
aTar aTar aTar aTar grdm. nayva; begva
aTasaTasaTasaTas `aTasi~
aTu�naTu�naTu�naTu�n˜̃̃̃ 1. dasanayi (nigozi...). 2. mnayveli
aTwaTwaTwaTwiiii daunayveli
a�Ta‡a�Ta‡a�Ta‡a�Ta‡™™™™ d d naTlia
a�mrika�mrika�mrika�mrik adadadad mitkali
a�prel a�prel a�prel a�prel b. aprili
a�rqela�rqela�rqela�rqel v b egzarxosi
a�ra�ra�ra�r½½½½llll bbbb dddd yoCi, erkemali
a�a�a�a�ttttnononono d d siCume
atatatat ´́́́vevevevennnn bednieri, iRbliani
a�ya�ya�ya�y˜̃̃̃ b i sipi qva
akarakarakarakar 1. cvena; 2. danTeba
a�a�a�a�xxxxnnnn££££ moxnuli, naxnavi
a�a�a�a�˜̃̃̃ d nawlavi, weli
126
akakakak-dddd-ar ar ar ar grdm. 1. Camoyra; TrTola, kankali- 3. anTeba
akvaakvaakvaakvannnn d d akvani
akidakidakidakid™™™™ d d Wido (yurZnisa)
dalardalardalardalar grduv. gardacvaleba
alaralaralaralar grdm. Tqma
ambu�ambu�ambu�ambu� � mr. ambavi
angelozangelozangelozangeloz d angelozid-ani‡ yvela, yvelaferi
anwanwanwanw d d anwli
apyarbasiapyarbasiapyarbasiapyarbasinnnn nacrisferi
arkearkearkearkennnn mkvaxe
arkum arkum arkum arkum d mxali
arlararlararlararlar grdm. lewva
arliarliarliarlinnnn marcxena
dddd-arstarstarstarst-dddd-arararar grdm. gasuqeba
artaxartaxartaxartax d d artaxi
aaaastistististinnnn � � xeleCo, eCo
asasasasa‡a‡a‡a‡™™™™ d d dekeuli
assassassass———— d d xbo
asasasas ´́́́™™™™ � � Tasma
ataratarataratar grduv. gaCumeba
afuSafuSafuSafuS b d tyuili, sicrue
aRriaRriaRriaRri � mr. aRviri
afeafeafeafennnn mwvane
auauauaušššš d xvela
ayarayarayarayar grdm. gayofa
axaxaxax naxevari
axaraxaraxaraxar grdm. xvna
ööööCarCarCarCar grdm. mityepa, mibegva
127
axaxaxax-dddd-arararar motyueba
axkaraxkaraxkaraxkar bma grdm. 1. dabma; 2. Txra; 3. grduv. bma.
ahahahah ´́́́arararar grdm. 1. parva; 2. fqva
aaaa, aaaa™™™™ zmns. qveviT
aƒaƒaƒaƒ, aƒ aƒ aƒ aƒ———— d d nadiri
öööösarebsarebsarebsareb aRsareba
bbbb
bag bag bag bag b d baga (patara venaxi)
baderbaderbaderbader d d `bavSvi~
baderdarbaderdarbaderdarbaderdar Soba
badbadbadbad™™™™ v b; � d oboli
badrewibadrewibadrewibadrewinnnn `uSvilo~
baz baz baz baz d d samarile
baTbaTbaTbaT ´́́́win win win win umTvaro (Rame)
baiylabaiylabaiylabaiylaؙؙؙؙ bayila, norCi xe
ba�Waba�Waba�Waba�Waؙؙؙؙ d d `baWia~
bbbb––––kalkalkalkal b d lukma
bakbakbakbak-dddd-arararar dawva
bbbbaaaalkolkolkolkonnnn b d aivani
barkal barkal barkal barkal b d kvirti (uvargisi matyli); naWeri
bbbbaaaarlim rlim rlim rlim b d barnela rZis sadRvebi joxi
barodbarodbarodbarod-dddd-arararar grdm. dabarva
barbarbarbar½½½½llll rva
bbbbaaaatatatatannnn b d iataki (miwis, Tixis)
batrbatrbatrbatr � d tuCi
baqbaqbaqbaq b � piri
128
baqaddarbaqaddarbaqaddarbaqaddar grdm. lanZRva
baqaraxabaqaraxabaqaraxabaqaraxašššš d d sagobi
baye‡baye‡baye‡baye‡ marTali, namdvili
baybaybaybay™™™™ d d kvici
bbbbööööSarSarSarSar � unari
baStbaStbaStbaSt b d gomuri
bbbbööööSforTSforTSforTSforT d d pasporti
bacabacabacabaca � mTa-TuSeTSi wova-TuSebis sacxovrebeli adgilis saxelwodeba
b‰xb‰xb‰xb‰x didari
bajbajbajbaj v b qvisli
baƒobaƒobaƒobaƒonnnn didi
bedbedbedbed calke
beTbeTbeTbeT ´́́́TarTarTarTar b d mewveli cxvari, Zroxa...
be�ba‡be�ba‡be�ba‡be�ba‡™™™™ � d bebia qali
bejbejbejbej � � Tma
biZza�biZza�biZza�biZza� � d bicola
bebebebennnn b d bude
bbbblllluvuvuvuv v b; � d munji
bobobobo b d niori
boTxboTxboTxboTx b d saqme (ZiriTadad qalisa)
bbbboooo�t�t�t�t˜̃̃̃ d d boti
borS borS borS borS d d mozveri
bosbosbosbos d feri
borcborcborcborc b d fetvi
botbotbotbot b d comi
bbbboooot t t t umi, mouxarSavi an naklebad moxarSuli
bbbb££££RurRurRurRur b d palo
bohbohbohboh ´́́́ d d cikani
bragbragbragbrag d d weraqvi Zv.
129
bubukbubukbubukbubuk d d yvavili
buTbuTbuTbuT ´́́́ b d 1. mTvare. 2. Tve.
bu�bu�bu�bu� b � 1. muSti. 2. muWa, peSvi.
bu�ReSbu�ReSbu�ReSbu�ReS ucxo enaze
bu�hbu�hbu�hbu�h d d bu
bulaybulaybulaybulay b d Wa
bunagbunagbunagbunag d d WurWeli
buybuybuybuy b d weli
bucbucbucbuc � balaxi
bbbbuuuuxxxx 1. Ziri, fskeri; 2. naZirali
bubububuhhhh ´́́́ b Cxubi, omi
b„ab„ab„ab„annnn b d wveri
b„akab„akab„akab„akannnn � � guda
b„arkb„arkb„arkb„ark b � Tvali
b„b„b„b„arkiwiarkiwiarkiwiarkiwinnnn brma
b„arweb„arweb„arweb„arwennnn ix. b„arkiwin
b„arwob„arwob„arwob„arwonnnn d d jori
b„okb„okb„okb„ok b d vaci
babbabbabbab™™™™vvvv b papa, babua
gggg
gagagagagagagagannnn � � kvercxi
ggggaaaaga‡ga‡ga‡ga‡™™™™ d d 1. muceli; 2. kuWi
gavgavgavgav d d Sulo
gazagazagazagazannnn b d Txa
galgalgalgal � � aryis xe
galagalagalagalannnn � � gunda
gamgamgamgam-dddd-arararar gamrudeba
130
gargegargegargegarge axlos
garfgarfgarfgarf � � SeWamadi, xarSo, salafavi
ga…g…ga…g…ga…g…ga…g… b � muxli
gaƒinodgaƒinodgaƒinodgaƒinod-dddd-arararar grdm. gaWedva, gaglesa
girgamgirgamgirgamgirgam b d gvirgvini
goggoggoggog™™™™ b d 1. rgoli; 2. wre
gogrigogrigogrigogrinnnn mrgvali
golgolgolgol � � fiWi
gogogogonnnn � � Wkua, goneba
gorCgorCgorCgorC � � filTaqva
guga‡guga‡guga‡guga‡ � � Tojina
guTaguTaguTaguTannnn � � guTani
gulgulgulgul � � gunda (damrgvalebuli comi...).
gurgurgurgurgurgurgurgur d grgvinva, guguni
dddd
daddaddaddad v b 1. mama; 2. d d patroni
dadadadadadadadannnn mamapapiseuli (qoneba, Cveuleba)
dadbuydadbuydadbuydadbuy b STamomavloba
dadvaSdadvaSdadvaSdadvaS™™™™ v b biZa (mamis Zma)
dadidadidadidadi mama-papani, winaprebi q.
daddaddaddad-nannannannan d mSoblebi, ded-mama
dadoldardadoldardadoldardadoldar patronoba
dazepaddazepaddazepaddazepad-dddd-arararar mZimed datvirTva
dabadabadabadabaRRRR d d yabaxi
daTdaTdaTdaT ´́́́eeeennnn d d erbo
daTxurdaTxurdaTxurdaTxur b d xaviwi (erboSi moSuSuli xaWo an fqvili)
dakardakardakardakar-dddd-arararar grdm. daTvla
131
daklavardaklavardaklavardaklavar 1. fiqri; 2. grduv. dafiqreba.
daklidaklidaklidaklinnnn guladi
daldaldaldal, daldaldaldal———— v RmerTi
ddddaaaallllocaddarocaddarocaddarocaddar dalocva
dalu�dalu�dalu�dalu� d mr. safuari
ddddaaaaJJJJarararar d d saZovari balaxi, moli
dardaxardardaxardardaxardardaxar, dardaƒardardaƒardardaƒardardaƒar grdm. daniSvna (qal-vaJisa)
darvadarvadarvadarva � � patara ru
darjikdarjikdarjikdarjik d d xinklis guli
daqeqaddaqeqaddaqeqaddaqeqad-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. ganZreva
daqidaqidaqidaqinnnn Zv. kargi
daydaydayday d d 1. wili, xvedri
dayardayardayardayar d d saWmeli, sanovage
daymaldaymaldaymaldaymalÀÀÀÀarararar d d saWmel-sasmeli
daydaydayday{™™™™} d d cxedari
daSmattlidaSmattlidaSmattlidaSmattlinnnn enamWevri, enawyliani
daZmdaZmdaZmdaZm d d naTesavi
daxe‡daxe‡daxe‡daxe‡; daxdaxdaxdax amitom, imitom
daxkdaxkdaxkdaxk™™™™ b d Tagvi
daxndaxndaxndaxn———— d d saqoneli
dededede d d dRe
debu�svadebu�svadebu�svadebu�sva d d dRe-Rame
de�nde�nde�nde�n˜̃̃̃, d‹nd‹nd‹nd‹n˜̃̃̃ 1. cocxali; 2. saRi, mTeli
dekardekardekardekar-dddd-arararar Tvla
deni‡deni‡deni‡deni‡ mTlad, sruliad
deRdeRdeRdeR d d tani
deRlideRlideRlideRlinnnn tanadi
dedededennnn-dddd-arararar, dendendenden-dddd-arararar grdm. morCena, gamTeleba
dibdibdibdib b fici
132
divdivdivdiv{————} iqiT
dikdikdikdik d d culi
dokdokdokdok d d guli
donyuz (xarixa (risame gadasaRobad gadebuli joxi)
dosdosdosdos d SeSa
doSdoSdoSdoS d d sityva
doxkdoxkdoxkdoxk d d Rrubeli
dodododoaaaa � � gazafxuli
dodododoqotqotqotqot™™™™ d d prisaxe
duriduriduridurinnnn mlaSe
durkdurkdurkdurk d d kasri
durdurdurdur nabadi
dustardustardustardustar d d sazomi
duxkaduxkaduxkaduxkannnn d d sartyeli (qalisa, ganieri, naqsovi)
duƒduƒduƒduƒ bevri, mravali
eeee
eeeennnn d d Crdili, grilo
dddd-ebJarebJarebJarebJar grduv. waqceva, vardna.
ebwarebwarebwarebwar, epwarepwarepwarepwar1 grdm. 1. gaweva; 2. wvela
ebwarebwarebwarebwar, epwarepwarepwarepwar2 grdm. wona (wonis)
egaregaregaregar grduv. Careva, Sereva
eeeevvvv-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. aReba; 2. yidva
dddd-eTeTeTeT ´́́́dddd-alaralaralaralar2 grduv. farTxali, Zgera.
dddd-eTeTeTeT ´́́́arararar grdm. wvela
{{{{eeee}}}}�rTva�rTva�rTva�rTvannnn''''aaaa�rTva�rTva�rTva�rTvannnn blomad, mravlad
dddd-elarelarelarelar sicili
dddd-eptareptareptareptar grdm. ylapva, sr. d-optar.
133
dddd-erwarerwarerwarerwar grduv. mobruneba, mibruneba, dabrundeba; datrialeba. usr. erwar
esevesevesevesev———— aqeT, aqeTken
dddd-estarestarestarestar grduv. dasiveba
etaretaretaretar grduv. gaskdoma, gabzarva
eeeetttt ´́́́iTariTariTariTar grdm. Rebineba
dddd-efsarefsarefsarefsar grduv. gaberva
dddd-efSarefSarefSarefSar grduv. dafSvna, dafxvna
dddd-efcarefcarefcarefcar grdm. 1. dawvna; 2. moyola
dddd-efxefxefxefx-dddd-alaralaralaralar gacxeleba, gaTboba
dddd-eqareqareqareqar grdm. Zaxili, yvirili
dddd-eyareyareyareyar grdm. gayofa
eSareSareSareSar grduv. kleba
dddd-eSareSareSareSar grdm. dapireba
ecececec-dddd-alaralaralaralar frena
ecarecarecarecar grdm. 1. aReba, miReba; 2. yidva
dddd-ewarewarewarewar grduv. siyvaruli
dewardewardewardewar d d satrfo, sayvareli
dddd-eWareWareWareWar grdm. CeCva
dddd-exarexarexarexar Txovna
dddd-exexexex-dddd-arararar ngreva, Sla
exkarexkarexkarexkar grdm. Txra
ehaTehaTehaTehaT———— maSin
dddd-eeeeaaaarrrr grdm. moparva
e‡e‡e‡e‡ � � mindori
134
vvvv
vavavavaddddoooonnnn 1. mavne, mawyinari; 2. mkacri, ukmexi
va�ReSva�ReSva�ReSva�ReS Cveneburad (wova-TuSurad)
vastvastvastvast d d seri
vaSvavaSvavaSvavaSvannnn, vaSbavaSbavaSbavaSbannnn erTmaneTi
vevevevennnn d d Rvino
venqmeƒvenqmeƒvenqmeƒvenqmeƒ purmarili (Rvino-puri)
vaSvaSvaSvaS™™™™ v b Zma
vedrvedrvedrvedr d d vedro
venaƒvenaƒvenaƒvenaƒ � � venaxi
viryanWviryanWviryanWviryanW WriWina, kalia
vTvTvTvT v b vaJi
vuma‡ vuma‡ vuma‡ vuma‡ yvela, yvelaferi
vuvuvuvunnnn ratom?
vuxvuxvuxvux???? ra?
v„ala‡v„ala‡v„ala‡v„ala‡ sruliad
zzzz
zarzarzarzar d d lasti
zarozarozarozaro mocxari (roWos yurZeni)
zayzayzayzay ´́́́ d d bzari
zorazorazorazorannnn guladi, uSiSari; mkacri
zosterzosterzosterzoster qamari
zoqzoqzoqzoq � � niskarti
zrinadzrinadzrinadzrinad-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. zmuili
zzzzoqoqoqoq � � niskarti
135
TTTT
TaTaTaTabwbwbwbw d d Subi
TagTagTagTag-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. gakeTeba; galamazeba
TaTaTaTaTaTaTaTannnn � � xmauri, xma
Ta�lziTa�lziTa�lziTa�lzi d mr. xurjini
TakarTakarTakarTakar grdm. dakereba
TarsarTarsarTarsarTarsar grduv. Wixvini
TarqTarqTarqTarq-dddd-arararar darweva
TarlTarlTarlTarl½½½½-dddd-arararar 1. mimsgavseba; morgeba
TasTasTasTasarararar grdm. dagdeba, Cagdeba
TaTaTaTaššššbbbbšššš d d Wedila
TebarTebarTebarTebar grdm. Tqma, Txroba
TetarTetarTetarTetar grdm. 1. Wra; 2. mka
TetinTetinTetinTetin™™™™ 1. moWrili; 2. daWrili
Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ mWreli
TefTefTefTef � � borcvi
TefsarTefsarTefsarTefsar grdm. dagdeba, Camogdeba
TeyarTeyarTeyarTeyar grduv. xvewna, vedreba
TeSarTeSarTeSarTeSar grduv. dajereba
TeZTeZTeZTeZ-CavjiCavjiCavjiCavji barZayi
TewTewTewTew-dddd-arararar grdm. swavleba, miswavleba
TeƒarTeƒarTeƒarTeƒar grduv. Treva cocva
TivarTivarTivarTivar grduv. dasveneba; damSvideba
TilTilTilTil ´́́́arararar grdm. (saxelis) darqmeva
TiSiTiSiTiSiTiSinnnn Zveli, adrindeli
TolTolTolTol d d derefani
TolarTolarTolarTolar grduv. moreva, damarcxeba
ToxarToxarToxarToxar grdm. 1. cema; 2. dakvra
136
TohTohTohToh ´́́́ar ar ar ar grduv. Zili
Tu�xTu�xTu�xTu�x˜̃̃̃ d d marili
TurTurTurTur d d xmali
TursTursTursTurs uzani (xea)
iiii
dddd-iiiivarvarvarvar 1. Tesva; 2. rgva
dddd-iTiTiTiT ´́́́arararar grdm. recxva
dddd-iiiiTTTT ´́́́u�u�u�u�nnnn˜̃̃̃ 1. mrecxavi; 2. {ga}sarecxi
dddd-ikarikarikarikar grdm. wayvana; garekva
isisisis eg, ege
dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. darCena
isevaisevaisevaiseva � � 1. saaqao; 2. aqauroba
iseiseiseise � � aq{a}
iskampiskampiskampiskamp b d wkipurti
isaisaisaisa cxra
itaritaritaritar �itaritaritaritar grduv. rbena, sirbili
itititit ´́́́ aTi
iSiSiSiS � � xma, hangi
dddd-iSiSiSiS-dddd-arararar daxeTqveba, dartyma
iStiStiStiSt ase, agre
iStuiStuiStuiStunnnn aseTi
ixarixarixarixar grduv. svla, dena
137
����
�al�al�al�al½½½½arararar grduv. SeZlebis, Zalis qona.
�aS�aS�aS�aS™™™™ � d da
�eg�eg�eg�eg d d ludi
�eT�eT�eT�eT ´́́́ b b Zroxa
�exk�exk�exk�exk � � savarcxeli
�obst�obst�obst�obst, �ofst�ofst�ofst�ofst � � miwa
�ol�ol�ol�ol � � Tiva
�opy�opy�opy�opy � � nacari
�ofx�ofx�ofx�ofx � sicxe, siTbo
ioioioio � d qali, qaliSvili
�ub�ub�ub�ub � � sadgisi
�uy�uy�uy�uy � � weli
�u�u�u�u � � saxe, pirisaxe
�„e‡�„e‡�„e‡�„e‡ � � tari; TiTistari
kkkk
kavkavkavkav d d xorbali
kaTaTvkaTaTvkaTaTvkaTaTv b d mkaTaTve
kalavkalavkalavkalav v b mklavi
kkkkalaxalaxalaxalax � � bexreki
kaltkaltkaltkalt � � xaWo
kamarkamarkamarkamar 1. grduv. qavili; 2. d d muni
kkkk ´́́́ararararkkkkara‡ara‡ara‡ara‡™™™™ d � yba
karCarkarCarkarCarkarCar grduv. gagoreba
karcxilkarcxilkarcxilkarcxil d d rcxila
katkatkatkat-dddd-arararar grdm. darbileba
138
katekatekatekatennnn rbili, Cvili
katkoSkatkoSkatkoSkatkoS, katkuSkatkuSkatkuSkatkuS nela, Cumad
kaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaS kiskisi
kaZakkaZakkaZakkaZak, , , , kaZikaZikaZikaZikkkk cota
kawkawkawkaw———— d d lekvi
keskeskeskes sipi (qva)
keW�axarkeW�axarkeW�axarkeW�axar grdm. aduReba
kikelkikelkikelkikel qveS
kokkokkokkok � � tyapuWi
korkorkorkor b naxSiri
kotarkotarkotarkotar grduv. mobezreba
kotorkotorkotorkotor � � qada
kurkurkurkur d kvamli
kurbungalkurbungalkurbungalkurbungal b d korianteli `bolomtveri~
kurkkurkkurkkurk™™™™ � � rko
kuWkuWkuWkuW b d gorakis Tavi, mTis wveri, 2. grova
k„avek„avek„avek„avennnn koWli
k„akk„akk„akk„ak b� qusli
k„akamk„akamk„akamk„akam b d abedi
llll
labJarlabJarlabJarlabJar grduv. dasxltoma, fexis dacurva
lbwarlbwarlbwarlbwar grduv. TamaSi
lagazlagazlagazlagaz � � mocvi
lavlavlavlav d d Tovli
lavarlavarlavarlavar 1. daZaxeba; 2. gamolaparakeba
laTarlaTarlaTarlaTar 1. mikvra, miwebeba; 2. daWideba, waWideba
laTlaTlaTlaT ´́́́ d d nagavi
139
laTlaTlaTlaT ´́́́arararar grduv. dgoma
lalarlalarlalarlalar grduv. davla, Semovla
lamlamlamlam b d mTa 2. bca
lmlmlmlm™™™™ � zeg
laplaplaplap b d kibe
lara‡lara‡lara‡lara‡ ukve, uceb
larklarklarklark d � yuri
larkarlarkarlarkarlarkar grdm. gakreWa
lardarlardarlardarlardar grdm. CamoTvla
lasarlasarlasarlasar grdm. gacra
lastlastlastlast-dddd-arararar gaqneva
latarlatarlatarlatar grduv. Svela, daxmareba
lafsarlafsarlafsarlafsar grduv. gaSroba
lacarlacarlacarlacar grdm. daWera
lawarlawarlawarlawar 1. grduv. tkivili; 2. d d tkivili
laWylaWylaWylaWy-dddd-arararar damalva
laxarlaxarlaxarlaxar grdm. moZebna
laxkarlaxkarlaxkarlaxkar grdm. garekva
laxulaxulaxulaxunnnn dabali; mdare
la‡arla‡arla‡arla‡ar grduv. survili, mowadineba
lahlahlahlah ´́́́ b d gveli
laƒe�Slaƒe�Slaƒe�Slaƒe�S˜̃̃̃ maRla, aRma
lelelele an, anu
lelarlelarlelarlelar grduv. siaruli
lekarlekarlekarlekar kreWa, parsva
lesarlesarlesarlesar grdm. cra
lefsarlefsarlefsarlefsar grduv. Sroba
lelelele-dddd-rrrr krefa; Segroveba
140
lelelelearararar dabraleba
lolololo, lalalalašššššššš 1. Sesatanebeli; 2. xaWo
mmmm
ma�Txama�Txama�Txama�Txa � samzeo, qveyana
ma�ma�ma�ma�˜̃̃̃ � � puri
ma�xma�xma�xma�x-dddd-arararar dafaseba
makarmakarmakarmakar grduv. SeZleba
malimalimalimalinnnn Tbili
malmalmalmal½½½½arararar 1. grdm. Sesma, daleva; 2. d d sasmeli
maJmaJmaJmaJ-dddd-arararar grdm. moSveba, darbileba
maJdarmaJdarmaJdarmaJdar b mWadis fqvili
mmmmaJuaJuaJuaJunnnn rbili
marmarmarmar v b qmari
marlmarlmarlmarlؙؙؙؙ b d cxviri
marSolmarSolmarSolmarSol � mSvidoba
masTxovmasTxovmasTxovmasTxov v b; d d mteri
matematematematennnn mwife
maqremaqremaqremaqren n n n zed
maSmaSmaSmaSöööö � � sinaTle
maSmaSmaSmaS———— b d Sali
macmacmacmac-dddd-arararar damSeva
macamacamacamacannnn rodis
mawmawmawmaw b d tili
mawrimawrimawrimawrinnnn tkbili
maWmaWmaWmaW � � ulvaSi
maxmaxmaxmax b d fasi
m‰xm‰xm‰xm‰x b d nemsi
141
maxkmaxkmaxkmaxk-dddd-arararar daRvra, dafantva
mamamama b d iabo
memememennnn 1. vin; 2. zogi
mercarmercarmercarmercar grdm. trusva
meyarmeyarmeyarmeyar grduv. darCena
meƒmeƒmeƒmeƒ b d taxti
milmilmilmil-dddd-arararar Seciveba
m‹Cm‹Cm‹Cm‹C sad? saiT?
moTmoTmoTmoT ´́́́ b d logini
moTmoTmoTmoT ´́́́arararar grduv. miCneva
mowmowmowmow d Tafli
moxmoxmoxmox b d qari
moxkmoxkmoxkmoxk1 b miwa, dedamiwa
moxkmoxkmoxkmoxk2 d d fili, rodini
moƒmoƒmoƒmoƒ b d simRera
momomomo, mumumumu nawlavi (gamxmari)
mu�tmu�tmu�tmu�t˜̃̃̃ b d WuWyi, usufTaoba
murjimurjimurjimurjinnnn mRvrie
muRmuRmuRmuR � � kudi
muymuymuymuy b d tari, vada
mumumumu b d tvirTi
m„a�rm„a�rm„a�rm„a�r˜̃̃̃ b� frCxili
m„alm„alm„alm„al———— saziaro, saerTo
m„m„m„m„a‡a‡a‡a‡™™™™ � � rqa
142
nnnn
nannannannan � d deda
nannannannaneeeeSSSS™™™™ � d deida
nanvaSnanvaSnanvaSnanvaS™™™™ v b dedis Zma, biZa
naJtarnaJtarnaJtarnaJtar � � bina (adamianisa, saqonlisa)
nastnastnastnast Zlivs, Znelad
nanananatya�rtya�rtya�rtya�r˜̃̃̃ � Cirqi, wirpli
naybistnaybistnaybistnaybist v b; � d; d d amxanagi
naxnaxnaxnax d xalxi
naƒnaƒnaƒnaƒ b d xaxa, sasa
neTxineTxineTxineTxinnnn Txeli
neknekneknek d d dana
nitnitnitnit ´́́́ b d WinWari
nifsornifsornifsornifsor toli
niyniyniyniy bb; b d gza
nnnn¢¢¢¢wywywywy b Zala, Rone
oooo
oToToToT ´́́́arararar grduv. dadgoma, gaCereba
o�so�so�so�s, u�s u�s u�s u�s iq
o�Sto�Sto�Sto�St, u�Stu�Stu�Stu�St ise
olokolokolokolok � � idayvi
dddd-oJaroJaroJaroJar grduv. waqceva
orkulorkulorkulorkul d d gorgali
dddd-otarotarotarotar grduv. wasvla
otarotarotarotar grdm. dageba, dafena
dddd-ofxarofxarofxarofxar grdm. Cacma
143
dddd-owarowarowarowar grdm. mibma
dddd-ŒxkarŒxkarŒxkarŒxkar gayidva, miyidva
ohohohoh ´́́́ nawlavi
o‡o‡o‡o‡ b d marcvali
pppp
paipaipaipai b d kocna, ambori
palpalpalpal™™™™ dReidan mexuTe dRe
paraskparaskparaskparask d d paraskevi
pepelpepelpepelpepel d d Rili
pirpirpirpir b d fara
obobobob b d sadgomi
JJJJ
JabJabJabJab™™™™ kreb. Zroxa
JaJaJaJaggggnnnn d d wigni, werili
JeJeJeJe d d kreb. cxvari
JerJerJerJer™™™™ � d; v b qvrivi (qali, kaci)
JiJiJiJinnnn b d Tirkmeli
JomeJomeJomeJomennnn mcire, patara
JorJdarJorJdarJorJdarJorJdar grdm. faTuri
rrrr
raRraRraRraR � � jeri, rigi
ricxvricxvricxvricxv d d ricxvi
rurururu{{{{vvvv}}}} � � ru
144
ssss
sasasasa d d suli
sagsagsagsag b, d iremi
sakersakersakersaker � � kiseri
samuƒlsamuƒlsamuƒlsamuƒl � � Salvari
sansansansan™™™™ � � ezo
sanTsanTsanTsanTxxxx™™™™ b d saRmrTo
sansansansaniiii d mr. karebi
sartarsartarsartarsartar grduv. wyevla
sasasasaššššbbbb{{{{šššš}}}} meti, Warbi
safssafssafssafs-dddd-arararar afueba
saSorisaSorisaSorisaSorinnnn sulgrZeli
sixqoTinsixqoTinsixqoTinsixqoTin™™™™ nerviuli. ficxi
sosososo me
stakstakstakstak v v mamakaci
stastastastaššššxkxkxkxkšššš SarSan
stastastasta � � Zewvki; jaWvi
stostostosto d d saWreteli, satexi
su�su�su�su� b d nakvercxali
tttt
tatatata d d beWi, mxari
tavtavtavtav d d xis toti, wylis toti
taTebtaTebtaTebtaTeb d vercxli, fuli
tamartamartamartamar-dddd-arararar grdm. gaToSva
tartartartar b d ZuZu
145
tardtardtardtard d d beWedi
tarktarktarktark � TiTi
tartartartar™™™™ d d sila
tatatatatttt-dddd-arararar grdm. dasveleba
tatetatetatetatennnn sveli
tafleƒartafleƒartafleƒartafleƒar gaelveba
tetetete � xseni
teateateatea mTis seri
terkterkterkterk � � xvanjari
tivtivtivtiv1 xidi
tivtivtivtiv2 d d laviwi
tkmeltkmeltkmeltkmel b mtveri
toliktoliktoliktolik d d uxeSi qeCis nabadi
tot tot tot tot d� xeli
tontrtontrtontrtontr™™™™ � � wirpli
totkiklatotkiklatotkiklatotkikla � � iRlia
toRtoRtoRtoR d d toli
toRwitoRwitoRwitoRwinnnn utolo{d}, ucolo{d}
trayaltrayaltrayaltrayal troyi axmaxi
tumtumtumtum � � 1. Zvlis tvini; 2. nigozi
tuttuttuttut b d buzi
tya tya tya tya oci
tyexwtyexwtyexwtyexw cxrameti
tyo‡tyo‡tyo‡tyo‡ kidev
tyutyutyutyu����sinsinsinsinlllluuuunnnn ukanaskneli
t„akt„akt„akt„ak b d talaxi
t„e�rt„e�rt„e�rt„e�r˜̃̃̃, t„‹rt„‹rt„‹rt„‹r˜̃̃̃ b d varskvlavi
146
uuuu
ugundaqnaugundaqnaugundaqnaugundaqna bodva, Zilburani
uTouTouTouTo-dddd-dardardardar, uTauTauTauTa-dddd-dardardardar grdm. gauToeba
uTxuTxuTxuTx™™™™ � � naWeri; natexi
u�lu�lu�lu�l ´́́́-dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. {ga}modeba
u�su�su�su�s˜̃̃̃, o�so�so�so�s˜̃̃̃ iq
u�sTxu�sTxu�sTxu�sTx˜̃̃̃ b d nerbi, dedali cxvari
dddd-u�tu�tu�tu�t-dddd-aRaraRaraRaraRar, dddd-o�to�to�to�t-dddd-aRaraRaraRaraRar grduv. misvla-mosvla, aqeT-iqiT siaruli
u�qmu�qmu�qmu�qm˜̃̃̃ d d uqme
dddd-u�u�u�u�tartartartar, dddd-u�u�u�u�textextextex pirqve
ukdavebukdavebukdavebukdaveb � ukvdaveba
unZraxunZraxunZraxunZrax umZraxad
urivurivurivuriv, uuuu�rov�rov�rov�rov v b uria, ebraeli
urumurumurumurum, uremuremuremurem b d uremi
urZurZurZurZ™™™™ b mWvartli
dddd-ustar ustar ustar ustar grdm. zomva
dddd-ustiTarustiTarustiTarustiTar grdm. {ga}zomvineba
dddd-utyiutyiutyiutyinnnn wvrili
dddd-uRuRuRuR-dddd-akarakarakarakar grduv. wivil-kivili
dddd-uRaruRaruRaruRar grduv. yvirili, kivili, bRavili
dddd-uyaruyaruyaruyar grdm. SerWoba, darWoba
dddd-uyuyuyuy-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. SerWoba; 2. gasqeleba
dddd-uyiuyiuyiuyinnnn sqeli, xSiri, Sededebuli
uCaruCaruCaruCar-dddd-arararar grdm. dabneleba
uCiuCiuCiuCinnnn � sibnele
dddd-uwaruwaruwaruwar grduv. avseba
dddd-uwinuwinuwinuwin™™™™ 1. savse; 2. maZRari
dddd-uxuxuxux ukan
dddd-uxe�uxe�uxe�uxe�{˜̃̃̃} ukuRma
147
dddd-uxliuxliuxliuxlinnnn ukuRmarTi, jiuti
dddd-uxuxuxux-waRmwaRmwaRmwaRm waRma-ukuRma
uhamuruhamuruhamuruhamur 1. usiamovno; 2. briyvi
dddd-uuuua�a�a�a�lilililinnnn d ukuRmarTi, jiuti
dddd-uuuua�a�a�a�{vvvv} ukuRma, pirukuRma
ffff
falfalfalfal b d zRapari
falazfalazfalazfalaz b d fardagi
fargulfargulfargulfargul d d farguli, gulispiri
farTidfarTidfarTidfarTid gamWol
fafaRfafaRfafaRfafaR b d fafaxi
faSkutfaSkutfaSkutfaSkut b d fSukura, gudafSuta
fefefefe b d 1. gverdi, ferdi; 2. mxare
fezukfezukfezukfezuk d d paiWi
feTefsarfeTefsarfeTefsarfeTefsar grdm. mkerdis aqceva
fersfersfersfers™™™™ � � ferso
fesfesfesfeskakakakannnn d d wvivi
feSqarfeSqarfeSqarfeSqar, feSkarfeSkarfeSkarfeSkar d d biWuna
fifinarfifinarfifinarfifinar iribad, almacerad
folocfolocfolocfoloc pirferi
fsafsafsafsa b d qeri
fsadfsadfsadfsad d wiTela
fsarefsarefsarefsare guSin
fsofsofsofsonnnn � mx. fsoni
fsfsfsfsttttuuuu1 � d coli
fstufstufstufstu2 b d xari
148
fstu�nfstu�nfstu�nfstu�n™™™™ � � dedakaci; gaTxovili qali
fstunanfstunanfstunanfstunan � d sidedri
fstunlifstunlifstunlifstunlinnnn coliani
fukfukfukfuk � � narCeni (naCeCi matylisa); matylis kvirti
fuSfuSfuSfuS � � kopi
fuSkadfuSkadfuSkadfuSkad-dddd-arararar d b pepvla
fSafSafSafSa b d yinuli
fSelfSelfSelfSel, fSelfSelfSelfSel™™™™ � � sicive
fSelfSelfSelfSel-dddd-arararar gaciveba
fSelifSelifSelifSelinnnn civi
fxuvfxuvfxuvfxuv � � xufi, sarqveli
fxafxafxafxa b d ZarRvi
ffffarsarsarsars b � mklavi
ffffaSaSaSaS{————} d d sudara
ffffeeee b d sofeli
ffffitititit b d bayayi
ffffoooo b d saxelo
fffforororor d d vaxSami
ffffuuuu b d ZaRli
qqqq
qa�jbera™ d d oboba
qazdar � � miwa
qaqaqaqakkkk-dddd-arararar moreva
qakeqakeqakeqakennnn wvrili
qamzokqamzokqamzokqamzok™™™™ � � qama soko
qanizqanizqanizqaniz � � yurZeni
149
qarsaqarsaqarsaqarsannnn � � Toki
qastqastqastqast-dddd-arararar aCqareba
qalvardqalvardqalvardqalvard d d kopi, bebera
qatarqatarqatarqatar grduv. Civili
qaSqaSqaSqaSnnnnurururur d d qaSanuri
qaCqaCqaCqaC b d sayelo
qevxqevxqevxqevx v b qevxa (mamasaxlisi)
qekqekqekqek-dddd-arararar1 dawvrileba, dakuwva, daWra
qqqqeeeekkkk-dddd-arararar2 {mo}reva
qerqerqerqereeeeWWWW � d qereWi (sqeli qerqi xisa)
qesarqesarqesarqesar grduv. Sroma, muSaoba
qeq qeq qeq qeq aaaadddd-dddd-arararar {gan}Zreva, rxeva
qeqilqeqilqeqilqeqil �a�a�a�avvvvaaaa-rrrr amowyveta, amowydoma
qeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSela, didmucliani
qiTqiTqiTqiT d d tiki, tikWora
qiTiqiTiqiTiqiTinnnn � � qviTini
qqqqiiiindla‡ndla‡ndla‡ndla‡™™™™ d fafa
qirqirqirqir � � Srati
qirjodqirjodqirjodqirjod-dddd-arararar Zageba
qiqo‡qiqo‡qiqo‡qiqo‡ adre, winaT
qiCilqiCilqiCilqiCil d d Ciqila
qoqoqoqo d xeli
qodarJdqodarJdqodarJdqodarJdarararar guluxvoba
qodasqodasqodasqodas ´́́́eeeennnn 1. xelcarieli, 2. xelmokle.
qoTqoTqoTqoT ´́́́-dddd-arararar 1. daviwroeba; 2. Seviwroeba
qoTqoTqoTqoT ´́́́iiiinnnn 1. viwro; 2. duxWiri
qokqokqokqok b� fexi
qokƒe‡barqokƒe‡barqokƒe‡barqokƒe‡bar fexis wakvra, waborZikeba
qokdoqokdoqokdoqokdoššššfxfxfxfxšššš, qokd�fxqokd�fxqokd�fxqokd�fxšššš d d fexsacmeli
150
qolTqolTqolTqolT d d saxeluri, tari
qolatqolatqolatqolatdardardardar xelis SeSveleba, daxmareba
qoloSqoloSqoloSqoloS Tanabrad, Tavisuflad
qomoqomoqomoqomonnnn xvadi, mamali
qorqorqorqor1 d d sarkmeli; saTofuri
qorqorqorqor2 d d xelTaTmani
qorqorqorqor-dddd-aaaaarararar grdm. xelSi Cagdeba, damorCileba
qorTqorTqorTqorT™™™™, qorTqorTqorTqorT b d Tavi
qosmelqosmelqosmelqosmel d d qosmeni
qocqocqocqocaveaveaveavennnn martoxela
qoW„aRoqoW„aRoqoW„aRoqoW„aRonnnn xelmoWerili
qsivqsivqsivqsiv qsu, qsuvi
qqqqeqeqeqeq-dddd-arararar momzadeba, damzadeba
RRRR
RaRaRaRa d� ferdi, sazarduli
RagRagRagRag b d sasTumali
RazeRazeRazeRazennnn kargi
RazolRazolRazolRazol � � sikeTe
Ra�rRa�rRa�rRa�r � � 1. kona, 2. jgufi, 3. xrova.
RRRRaaaa�fSebad�fSebad�fSebad�fSebad-dddd-arararar layboba
RalRalRalRal-dddd-arararar vargisad miCneva
RamRamRamRam™™™™ gadasafarebeli (tyavisa)
RaRaRaRannnn d d sizmari
RarRarRarRar ��; �d Rari
RarSa�nRarSa�nRarSa�nRarSa�n™™™™ cxadad, aSkarad
RafangRafangRafangRafang �i xafangi
151
RawRawRawRaw d d bzari, naprali
RelRelRelRel-dddd-arararar dasusteba
ReliReliReliRelinnnn susti
RernalRernalRernalRernal v b generali
RvTisrisxRvTisrisxRvTisrisxRvTisrisxvvvvaaaa � d RvTisrisx RvTis risxva.
RvTisSobeRvTisSobeRvTisSobeRvTisSobellll, RTiSobelRTiSobelRTiSobelRTiSobel � � RvTismSobeli
RozRozRozRoz b d wneli
RorRorRorRor1 � � didi sicive, yinva
RorRorRorRor2 � � Rvari
RosxeTarRosxeTarRosxeTarRosxeTar, RozxeTarRozxeTarRozxeTarRozxeTar grduv. gaxareba
RoWRoWRoWRoW � � joxi
RrantRrantRrantRrant �aƒar grdm. krintis daZvra, xmis amoReba
RruvRruvRruvRruv � � Rru
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yayayaya b d codva
ya�nya�nya�nya�n˜̃̃̃ beberi
yakyakyakyak � d uro
ya�tya�tya�tya�tšššš d d duqardi
yalaryalaryalaryalar grduv. Cxvleta
yalyala‡yalyala‡yalyala‡yalyala‡À™À™À™À™ � � yaryara
yanyanyanyan-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. dabereba
yaryaryaryar � � wvima
yartalyartalyartalyartal Wreli
yarRyarRyarRyarR™™™™ d d lerwami
yyyyaaaaryuriryuriryuriryuri � mr. laqlaqi
yarweyarweyarweyarwennnn Wreli
yasadotenyasadotenyasadotenyasadoten™™™™ uqoneli, sacodavi
152
yastyastyastyast-dddd-arararar {Ca}moSoreba
yat�aryat�aryat�aryat�ar grdm. gaxela (Tvalisa)
yatyatyatyat-dddd-arararar dabCena; gaReba
yaR yaR yaR yaR �i yaRi
yawimyawimyawimyawim d d yawimi
yaWyaWyaWyaW d d Zafi, yaWi
yaxeTar yaxeTar yaxeTar yaxeTar grduv. Secodeba
yayayaya-dddd-arararar gamwareba
yayayayaeeeennnn mware
yegaryegaryegaryegar grdm. mtvreva, texa
yeyeyeyennnn 1. Raribi; 2. gamxdari
yepyaryepyaryepyaryepyar grduv. Weqa, quxili
yepy�aryepy�aryepy�aryepy�ar grdm. moTmena
yestyestyestyest-dddd-arararar moSoreba
yexkyexkyexkyexk-dddd-arararar dabrkoleba
yivyivyivyiv � � yloti
yivolyivolyivolyivol, yiolyiolyiolyiol � i 1. sigamxdre; 2. siRaribe
yintyintyintyintrrrroooonnnn axladamosuli, norCi, qorfa
yityityityit � � wvintli
yolyolyolyol d d qurdoba
yolyolyolyol™™™™ b d xarSo
yomralyomralyomralyomral yomrali, lega
yonoyonoyonoyononnnn axalgazrda
yopy yopy yopy yopy � mx. fifqi
yo‡yo‡yo‡yo‡ b d yvavi
yuyuyuyu{vvvv} v, b qurdi
yunadyunadyunadyunad-dddd-arararar RrRna
yuruyuruyuruyurunnnn yru
153
SSSS
SaloSaloSaloSalo � i xanjali
Sava�nSava�nSava�nSava�n££££ siCume, simyudrove
SaTSaTSaTSaT™™™™ � � dorbli, nerwvi
SanarSanarSanarSanar wynari, mSvidi
SarSarSarSar d d do
SarSarSarSar-dddd-arararar moSandakeba, gasworeba
SareSareSareSarennnn 1. swori, gluvi; 2. Tavisufali, Seuferxebeli
SatSatSatSat1 d d fiwali
SatSatSatSat2 b d kvanZi, naskvi
SeSeSeSe � � mtkaveli
SetraƒSetraƒSetraƒSetraƒ � � 1. sabeli; 2. nawnavi
SvetSvetSvetSvet �i maTraxi; Solti
SvrivSvrivSvrivSvriv d d Svria
SiSiSiSi ori
SiSiSiSinnnn b d curi
SiSliqSiSliqSiSliqSiSliq d d SiSligi
SiCSiCSiCSiC———— SinSi (mxolod deidaSvili)
SoSoSoSo d d weliwadi
SorSorSorSor-dddd-arararar gaganivreba
SorbSorbSorbSorb � � Sorba
SoriSoriSoriSorinnnn ganieri, vrceli
SoSarSoSarSoSarSoSar d d nestari
Su Su Su Su Tqven
SurSurSurSur � � rZe
SuraleSuraleSuraleSuralennnn rZiani
SuSuaSuSuaSuSuaSuSuannnn TavTavisi, TavTavianTi
154
CCCC
CaCaCaCa b d daTvi
CCCCööööbJirodbJirodbJirodbJirod-dddd-arararar Camtvreva, Calewva
CavarCavarCavarCavar-dddd-arararar arCeva
CaTkokCaTkokCaTkokCaTkok™™™™ Cadkoko
CakCakCakCak™™™™ d d skami
CalmaliCalmaliCalmaliCalmalinnnn rbili
CamCamCamCam b gemo
CaƒCaƒCaƒCaƒ Sors
CeCilCeCilCeCilCeCil d d bulula
CilaCilaCilaCila �i ube
CimCimCimCim b d ferfli
CeCilCeCilCeCilCeCil d d bulula
CimCimCimCim b d ferfli
CoCoCoCo b d bewvi, Tma, balani
CuaCuaCuaCua � � Tavisi bina (Sin)
CuvCuvCuvCuv � � faSvi, Sigani
Cu�xCu�xCu�xCu�x˜̃̃̃ d batkani, kravi
CuCuCuCullllaqaqaqaq-dddd-arararar dagdeba, mogdeba
CulCulCulCul-dddd-arararar damakeba; daorsuleba
CuliCuliCuliCulinnnn make; orsuli
CupCupCupCup �i Cumpe (daSvebuli muceli)
CureCureCureCurennnn Sinauri
Cutu�Cutu�Cutu�Cutu� � mr. nawlavebi
CuCuCuCu Sin
CqafdiTarCqafdiTarCqafdiTarCqafdiTar grdm. Cqafuni
CqCqCqCqeeeerbadrbadrbadrbad-dddd-arararar gameteba, ardazogva
CxabadCxabadCxabadCxabad-dddd-arararar jRabna
155
CxamCxamCxamCxamCxama‡oCxama‡oCxama‡oCxama‡o, CxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxam saknatela
CxikCxikCxikCxik{vvvv}, CxikCxikCxikCxik d d Cxikvi, jafara
CxindurCxindurCxindurCxindur d d winda
CxintCxintCxintCxint � Cxinti
CxirCxirCxirCxir b d Cxiri
CxCxCxCxooootttt b d CanCqeri
CCCCogogogog d moTali yveli
cccc
calcalcalcal d d cali, cxenze orive mxares gadasakidi Sekruli bargis erTi mxare
carkcarkcarkcark � � kbili
caccaccaccac b d saceri
celucelucelucelunnnn wlevandeli
cenexcenexcenexcenex wels
cercercercer � � napiri
cccceeeerlerlerlerlennnn ganarira
cilcilcilcil eWvi
ciccicciccic d d kata
cica‡cica‡cica‡cica‡™™™™ d d mweri
cixcixcixcix � � cixe
cocococo ara
cokalcokalcokalcokal d d mela
comcomcomcom1 araferi
comcomcomcom2 comi
coqeseScoqeseScoqeseScoqeseS gaurjelad
cruvcruvcruvcruv amayi, Tavmomwone; kopwia
cucucucu b d qumeli
cu�ncu�ncu�ncu�n˜̃̃̃ mSrali
156
cqafcqafcqafcqaf cqafi, cqviti
cxavcxavcxavcxav b d cxavi
ccccaaaa erTi
ccccaveaveaveavennnn marto
ccccaaaa{nnnn}RRRR erTad
ZZZZ
ZabZabZabZab b d simi, alya
ZabrZabrZabrZabr � � Zabri
ZagrodZagrodZagrodZagrod-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. dawafeba
ZviroZviroZviroZvironnnn Zviri
ZirkvZirkvZirkvZirkv � � Zirkvi, jirkvi
Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡™™™™ d d orovandi
ZuZuZuZu{vvvv} Zu
ZuZuZuZu{vvvv}2 � � Zua
wwww
wawawawa d d saxli
w�liw�liw�liw�li b d wali (wlinaxevris dedali Txa)
wa�nwa�nwa�nwa�n˜̃̃̃ wminda, sufTa
wakwakwakwak™™™™, wawawawaúúúúkkkk™™™™ d d kudusuni
walamwalamwalamwalam b d walami
waltwaltwaltwalt d d waldi
wamwamwamwam-dddd-arararar gawmenda, gasufTaveba
wandilwandilwandilwandil b d wandili
157
warakwarakwarakwarak d d orRobe
wastwastwastwast d d spilenZi
waqwaqwaqwaq d d isari
waxkwaxkwaxkwaxk d d ganakawri, nafxaWni
we � � 1. cecxli 2. saxeli
wegwegwegweg-dddd-arararar gawiTleba
wegewegewegewegennnn wiTeli
wevarwevarwevarwevar d d mwevari
weTweTweTweT ´́́́ d mx. saxeli, dideba
we�gwe�gwe�gwe�g{˜̃̃̃}, w‹gw‹gw‹gw‹g{˜̃̃̃} d d sisxli
weltiweltiweltiwelti d mr. axali weli
wemwemwemwem-dddd-arararar grdm. {ga}wmenda
werqoxawerqoxawerqoxawerqoxa samzadi saxli (cecxlis qoxi)
wibwibwibwib wmindani
wikwikwikwik �� wvivi, kanWi
winwinwinwin˜̃̃̃ axali
winwinwinwin™™™™ d d SiSaqi
winuswinuswinuswinus � d 1. patarZali; rZali; 2. bicola
wipwipwipwip d d xinkali
wipworikelawipworikelawipworikelawipworikela nemsi
wirwirwirwir{™™™™}, wirvwirvwirvwirv � � wirva
wiwaywiwaywiwaywiway d d WuWrutana
wwwwiiiiwka‡wka‡wka‡wka‡™™™™ d d; b d wiwkana
wkunadwkunadwkunadwkunad-dddd-alaralaralaralar wkmutuni
wnilwnilwnilwnil b d mwnili
wnorwnorwnorwnor d d wnori
wokwokwokwok, wawawawašššškkkk{šššš}, wo wo wo wošššškkkkšššš 1. mwikvi 2. d d kudusuni, kudi
wonilwonilwonilwonil d d mwvanili
wowkarwowkarwowkarwowkar d d; b d wkepla
158
wuTwuTwuTwuT � � wuTi
wupwupwupwup-dddd-arararar wuwna, wova
wurwurwurwur b d 1. mwkrivi, striqoni 2. b d furis Sardi
wurblawurblawurblawurbla‡‡‡‡™™™™ d d wurbela
wyartuwyartuwyartuwyartunnnn, wyartowyartowyartowyartonnnn xalasi, wminda
wyewyewyewye erTxel
wywywywyuuuurwurrwurrwurrwur d d wurwuri
w„a�rqvaw„a�rqvaw„a�rqvaw„a�rqvannnn, w„irqow„irqow„irqow„irqonnnn ucabd, moulodnelad
w„eraw„eraw„eraw„erannnn � � wero
w„verw„verw„verw„ver b d wveri, mwvervali
w„ow„ow„ow„opppp d d wveri
WWWW
WagarWagarWagarWagar d d jagari
WadWadWadWad � � Wde
Wa�nWa�nWa�nWa�n˜̃̃̃ Wani (cudad dakodili cxoveli)
WalWalWalWal d d Wala
WalkWalkWalkWalk™™™™ � � Cliqi
WamaRWamaRWamaRWamaR d � loya, Rawvi
Wanib Wanib Wanib Wanib Txoris wibo
WanikWanikWanikWanik � � nikapi
WanWurWanWurWanWurWanWur d d WanWuri
WarWarWarWar d d kani, piri
WarWarWarWar———— b d Tevzi
WarkeWarkeWarkeWarkennnn � � mokle joxi
WarkoWarkoWarkoWarkonnnn � � mixveul-moxveuli
WarxalWarxalWarxalWarxal b d Warxali
159
WaRƒeTinWaRƒeTinWaRƒeTinWaRƒeTin™™™™ WaRaragareuli
WWWWaaaaSnikSnikSnikSnik d WaSniki
WWWWaaaaxrakxrakxrakxrak b d Waxraki
WekWekWekWek b d 1. urduli 2. b mwvane lobio.
WeramWeramWeramWeram d d Werami
WirWirWirWir-dddd-ikarikarikarikar grdm. dartyma, daSena
WWWWiiiiyolyolyolyol d Ritini
WotWotWotWot ´́́́ d d Woti
WoWWoWWoWWoW b d 1. piri; 2. kriWa
Wu�Wu�Wu�Wu� d d cxemli
WukWukWukWuk d d yanwi
WyempWyempWyempWyemp™™™™ b� yeli
WyvinadWyvinadWyvinadWyvinad-dddd-alaralaralaralar brWyviali
W„aRW„aRW„aRW„aR-dddd-arararar, WaRWaRWaRWaR-arararar gamagreba, daxSva
W„aRoW„aRoW„aRoW„aRonnnn magari, Zlieri
xxxx
xaxaxaxa d � barkali, TeZo, barZayi
xabroxabroxabroxabronnnn Zunwi
xaborxaborxaborxabor b obi
xabJarxabJarxabJarxabJar grduv. dasxdoma
xaverdxaverdxaverdxaverd d d xaverdi
xavsxavsxavsxavs d mx. xavsi
xazxazxazxaz d d xazi
xazixazixazixazinnnn � � xazina
xazodxazodxazodxazod-dddd-arararar xazva
xaTrxaTrxaTrxaTr b d xaTri
160
xa�lzexa�lzexa�lzexa�lzennnn xalisiani
xa�saTxa�saTxa�saTxa�saT � � xasiaTi
xakxakxakxak d d tomara
xakxakxakxak-dddd-arararar mowyureba
xalaxalaxalaxalannnn samwuxaro, arasasiamovno (ambavi)
xalarxalarxalarxalar grduv. gaqroba, Caqroba
xalxxalxxalxxalx � mx. xalxi
xaxaxaxannnn � � xani, dro, Jami
xanluxanluxanluxanlunnnn xnieri, moxuci
xxxxarazarazarazaraz xarazi
xarTuTxarTuTxarTuTxarTuT � � xarTuTa
xarisxxarisxxarisxxarisx � � xarisxi
xarixxarixxarixxarix b d xalxa, grZeli keti
xartulxartulxartulxartul d d xaratuli
xarc xarc xarc xarc araswori, mcdari
xarcarxarcarxarcarxarcar grdm. gacvla, Secvla, gadacvla
xxxxarcarcarcarc-dddd-arararar grdm. gamocvla
xarjxarjxarjxarj � � xarji
xasxasxasxas � d xasa
xatxatxatxat d d jvari
xatxatxatxat ´́́́arararar1 grdm. 1. SekiTxva; 2. wakiTxva
xatxatxatxat ´́́́arararar2 grduv. akravs, midgmulia
xaxaxaxašššškkkk-dddd-arararar, xoxoxoxošššškkkk-dddd-arararar grduv. wyurvili
xaSxaSxaSxaS d d xaSi
xawarxawarxawarxawar grduv. smena; gageba
xaxaxaxaxkarxkarxkarxkar grdm. gaWeneba
xaxxaxxaxxax™™™™ b d xaxvi
xa‡arxa‡arxa‡arxa‡ar grduv. gageba, SemCneva
x‰arx‰arx‰arx‰ar, xa‡ar xa‡ar xa‡ar xa‡ar grduv. dajdoma
161
xeTarxeTarxeTarxeTar grduv. povna
xeibarxeibarxeibarxeibar xeibari
xelaTxelaTxelaTxelaT, ƒelaTƒelaTƒelaTƒelaT xelad, axlave
xelarxelarxelarxelar grduv. qroba
xeldaxelxeldaxelxeldaxelxeldaxel xeldaxel
xelda‡xelda‡xelda‡xelda‡™™™™, ƒelda‡ƒelda‡ƒelda‡ƒelda‡™™™™ � � xelada
xelfasxelfasxelfasxelfas b d xelfasi
xelCafxelCafxelCafxelCaf � � xelCafi
xelwerilxelwerilxelwerilxelweril d d xelwerili
xexexexennnn b d xe
xeptarxeptarxeptarxeptar grduv. srutva
xergxergxergxerg � � xergi
xercar xercar xercar xercar grdm. cvla
xetyxetyxetyxety d mx. xetye
xecarxecarxecarxecar grdm. {ga}Sveba, gaTavisufleba
xexadxexadxexadxexad-dddd-arararar grdm. xexva
xexilxexilxexilxexil � mx. xexili
xvniSxvniSxvniSxvniS, xv xv xv xvrrrriSiSiSiS �i xvriSi
xixixixi d mx. wyali
xizlalxizlalxizlalxizlal d d xizilala
xilxilxilxil½½½½arararar qona, yola
xkarxkarxkarxkar d d yore
xkexkexkexke{aaaa} � � xeoba
xkoxkoxkoxko d d zafxuli
xkorxkorxkorxkor d d buSti
xmiadxmiadxmiadxmiad � � xmiadi
xobsxobsxobsxobs, xofsxofsxofsxofs b d namceci
xodxodxodxod xvadi
xo�xo�xo�xo� b � kona
162
xoptarxoptarxoptarxoptar {Se}srutva
xoroSahxoroSahxoroSahxoroSah ´́́́arararar grdm. msxvilad fqva
xorSa‡xorSa‡xorSa‡xorSa‡{™™™™} � � cieba, cieb-cxeleba
xotxotxotxot ´́́́arararar grdm. mikvra, gadabma
xsnilxsnilxsnilxsnil d mx. xsnili
xulxulxulxul d d xula
xumxumxumxum xom
xumwxumwxumwxumw b d xunwi
xupalxupalxupalxupal½½½½arararar grdm. Sexvrepa
xurmxurmxurmxurm � � xurma
xursxursxursxurs d d nasicxi, msxmo, zRmurdli
xursTaƒarxursTaƒarxursTaƒarxursTaƒar grdm. waZineba, Tvalis motyueba
xucurxucurxucurxucur xucuri
xxxxuuuurxurrxurrxurrxur d mx. xvrinva
ƒƒƒƒ
ƒadalƒadalƒadalƒadal b d faSati cxeni, Waki cxeni
ƒavƒavƒavƒav d d yana
ƒalƒalƒalƒal ´́́́arararar Wama
ƒaƒaƒaƒannnn xval
ƒƒƒƒaptaraptaraptaraptar xelis gawodeba
ƒƒƒƒasarasarasarasar grdm. da gdeba, yra.
ƒastarƒastarƒastarƒastar Semovla
ƒaƒaƒaƒaššššppppšššš � � matli
ƒaƒaƒaƒaššššƒƒƒƒšššš b d mtredi
ƒafsarƒafsarƒafsarƒafsar grdm. fxana
ƒaCarƒaCarƒaCarƒaCar 1. grduv. misvla, miRweva 2. rgeba
163
ƒaCƒaCƒaCƒaC———— b d sagzali
ƒawarƒawarƒawarƒawar grduv. dakideba
ƒaWƒaWƒaWƒaW b d naWeri, wili
ƒa‡arƒa‡arƒa‡arƒa‡ar grduv. daweva
ƒahƒahƒahƒah ´́́́arararar grdm. kbena
ƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒannnn b d tyavi
ƒaƒaƒaƒaƒƒƒƒolololol b d Rababi
ƒeTƒeTƒeTƒeT ´́́́arararar adgoma
ƒelƒelƒelƒel b mx. 1. wesi, adaTi, Cveuleba 2. samarTali
ƒeƒeƒeƒennnn mere
ƒerƒerƒerƒer b d qva
ƒerlƒerlƒerlƒerl½½½½arararar grduv. SeSineba
ƒetƒetƒetƒet � � niCabi
ƒoƒoƒoƒo1 sami
ƒoƒoƒoƒo2222 � � wiva
ƒogƒogƒogƒog � � muxudo, cercvi
ƒoTƒoTƒoTƒoT ´́́́arararar grdm. dasxma, mopkureba
ƒorƒorƒorƒor b d vaSli, vaSlis xe
jjjj
jajajajannnn d d qalamani
jomardjomardjomardjomard jomardi, guladi
joyarjoyarjoyarjoyar � � kaWaxi
juRurjuRurjuRurjuRur ulamazo
jijaƒjijaƒjijaƒjijaƒ � � bibilo
jRarTjRarTjRarTjRarT d d CxarTvi
164
hhhh
ha�rha�rha�rha�r˜̃̃̃ � � wisqvili
halhalhalhal ´́́́oooonnnn mSvidi, wynari
haptihaptihaptihaptinnnn qorfa, axali (xorci, Tevzi, mwvanili)
herwherwherwherw™™™™ d d qvabi
hikhikhikhik � � tari, saxeluri
himhimhimhim™™™™ d d lokokina
huvhuvhuvhuv d d Tesli
aaaa maS!
adbadbadbadb d d baga
aTe‡aTe‡aTe‡aTe‡ maSinve, saCqarod
aTxe‡aTxe‡aTxe‡aTxe‡ winaT, uwin
a�ra�ra�ra�ršššš d d fqvili
a�Wa�Wa�Wa�W˜̃̃̃ � mx. suni
ama‡ama‡ama‡ama‡ yvela
apapapap-dddd-arararar dakecva, daxuWva
arCarCarCarC-dddd-arararar Semoxveva
arwararwararwararwar rTva, darTva
aRaRaRaR b jibri, Suri
aRaraRaraRaraRar yorani
aSaSaSaS———— d d stumari
acacacac-dddd-arararar gamZaReba
awukawukawukawuk d d Citi
aWaraWaraWaraWar Sexedva, yureba
165
aWoreaWoreaWoreaWorennnn suniani, myrali
aWyaraWyaraWyaraWyar grdm. gawurva, moWera
haƒarhaƒarhaƒarhaƒar grmd. 1. wasma; 2. xveta
edaredaredaredar grduv. dagvianeba
evarevarevarevar grdm. moTelva, moqna (tyavisa), zela
erCarerCarerCarerCar grduv. xvevna
erwarerwarerwarerwar grduv. triali, brunva
etaretaretaretar grduv. mirbena
ewamewamewamewam-dddd-arararar gaRviZeba
eWeWeWeWarararar grduv. yureba, cqera
eWyareWyareWyareWyar grdm. 1. moWera, gawurva
orSarorSarorSarorSar, orCarorCarorCarorCar dagoreba
oƒaroƒaroƒaroƒar grdm. Cveneba, danaxveba
uuuunnnn � � tye
„„„„
dddd-„apar„apar„apar„apar grdm. grexa, dagrexa, daZaxva
dddd-„a‡ar„a‡ar„a‡ar„a‡ar grdm. anTeba
dddd-„evar„evar„evar„evar grdm. mokvla; dakvla
dddd-„e�p„e�p„e�p„e�p-dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. momwyvdeva; darCena
dddd-„iar„iar„iar„iar, dddd-„i‡ar„i‡ar„i‡ar„i‡ar grduv. darCena
dddd-„ogar„ogar„ogar„ogar grdm. gatexa, damtvreva
166
�
�aaaa d d 1. zamTari 2. orTqli, oSxivari
�abikabikabikabik b d kovzi
�avaravaravaravar grdm. kvla, xocva
�amaramaramaramar grdm. daCveva, SeCveva
�anaranaranaranar � mx. oxSivari
�afliafliafliaflinnnn morcxvi, moridebuli
�eeee-dddd-aaaaRRRRarararar grduv. jdoma
�efefefef d d sircxvili
�iriiriiriirinnnn basri, mWreli
�okokokok � � Rvezeli
�ofofofof-dddd-arararar Sefareba, mofareba
�uuuu � � Rame
�uvuvuvuv v b mwyemsi
�unalunalunalunal d d xelfasi, jamagiri
�urdnaurdnaurdnaurdna � � dila
167
lilililiteteteterarararatutututurararara
gagua 1953 _ r. gagua, zmnis cvla gramatikuli klas-kategoriis niSnis mi-
xedviT bacbur enaSi, ike, IV, Tb., 1953.
deSerievi 1953 _ Д. Ю. Дешериев, Бацбийский язык, М., 1953.
deSerievi 1963 _ Ю. Д. Дешериев, Сравнительно-историческая грамматика
нахских языков, Грозный, 1963.
diumezili 1932 _ Dumezil G., Études comparatives sur les Langues caucasiennes du
Nord-Ouest (Morphologie), Paris, 1932.
imnaiSvili 1942 _ d. imnaiSvili, ZiriTadi da Tandebuliani brunvebi ingu-
SurSi, saq. ssr akad. moambe, t. XII, Tb. 1942.
somerfelti 1934 _ A. Sommerfelt, Études comparatives sur le caucasique du Nord-
Est (Norst Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, B. VII, 1934, B. IX, 1938, B. XIV, 1947.
imnaiSvili 1977 _ Д. С. Имнайшвили, Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики
нахских языков, Тб., 1977.
trubeckoi 1930 _ N. Trubetzkoy, Die Konsonantensysteme der ostkaukasischen
Sprachen, Caucasica, fasc. 8, Leipzig, 1930.
qadagiZe 1953 _ Н. Д. Кадагидзе, Грамматические классы в цова-тушинском
(бацбийском) глаголе, Автореферат дисс., Тб., 1953.
Ciqobava 1965 _ arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,
Tb., 1965.
WrelaSvili 1975 _ k. WrelaSvili, naxur enaTa Tanxmovnebis sistema, Tb.,
1975.
WrelaSvili 2002 _ k. WrelaSvili, wova-TuSuri ena, Tb., 2002.
javaxiSvili 1937 _ iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapir-
veli buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.
jolbordi 1978 _ i. jolbordi, a. Sifneri da wova-TuSuri enis fonetikis
sakiTxebi, ike, XX, Tb., 1978.
holiski _ gagua 1994 _ D. A. Holisky-R. Gagua, Tsova-Tush (Batsbi), The Indige-
nous Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 4, Delmar, Niwiork, 1994.