Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for Limb Salvage or Early ...
Grade Selection Criteria - How to Select Appropriate Grades in
Transcript of Grade Selection Criteria - How to Select Appropriate Grades in
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P. 1
Stainless Steels :How to select appropriate grades
in different business climates.
Jacques CHARLES – U&A-ARCELOR
P. 2
Stainless Crude Steel Production
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source : INCO - Arcelor
More than 5% / year
Stainless Steel: steady growth
K mt
P. 3
SS market: drivers for developments (1 )
Cost driven factors- raw material costs. …- productivity ( labor costs, electricity, consum. ..) - financial aspects. - standardisation …. Volume markets.- .. Competitivity of alternative solutions
Economical stability … and growth.- SS consumption related to GDP per capita.
Confidence concerning the product.- Reliability / tracability.- Standards, codes, - Technical assistance
P. 4
SS market: drivers for developments ( 2 )
Strength - Ductility(several micro-structures)
LOW LIFE CYCLE COSTS• Reduction in material costs• Reliability / Stainless Steel design
SURFACEPROPERTIES
AESTHETIC& DESIGN
CORROSION RESISTANCE• Wet corrosion• High temperature
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.EASY TO WORK WITH.weldabilityFormability…
Customers needs satisfied with a better cost of ownership
P. 5
The Stainless family
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 4036
32
AUSTENITE
A+M
MARTENSITE A+M+F
FERRITE
Cr equivalent
317 LNM
316L304L 2205+2205
2304
F+M
50α / 50γ
100%
904L
6 Mo0%
5%
20%
2507
Ni equivalent Ni% + 30 C% + 0,87 + 0,33 Cu% + k (N% - 0,045) k = 30 if N% : 0,1 - 0,2k = 22 if N% : 0,21-0,25k = 20 if N% : 0,26-0,35
Cr% + Mo% + 1,5 Si% + 0,5 Nb% + 5 V% + 3 Al%
409 430 434 444
DUPLEX
P. 6
Austenitic x125
Microstructures
Duplex,
Austenite
Ferrite
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P. 7
Cost of raw materials : evolutions.
Nickel LME evolution
0 $/T
2 000 $/T
4 000 $/T
6 000 $/T
8 000 $/T
10 000 $/T
12 000 $/T
14 000 $/T
16 000 $/T
18 000 $/T
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Chromium evolution
0.2 $/lb
0.3 $/lb
0.4 $/lb
0.5 $/lb
0.6 $/lb
0.7 $/lb
0.8 $/lb
Molybdenium LME evolution
0 $/T
10 000 $/T
20 000 $/T
30 000 $/T
40 000 $/T
50 000 $/T
60 000 $/T
70 000 $/T
80 000 $/T
90 000 $/T
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01-0
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01-0
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Raw Material Costs for different S.S.
1 2 3 4
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
316
304
2022304434
430
$/TNi 6000 10000 14000 16000Mo 7000 17000 35000 80000Cr 800 1000 1500 1500
P. 9
71,5
5,3
23,2
72,2
5,7
22,1
70,8
7,4
21,8
65,6
9,3
23,1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
2001 2002 2003 2004 (p)
CrNiCrMnCrProvided by ISSF
Stainless Crude Steel by Categories
P. 10
Mechanical Properties.
0.6C+N (%)
YS /
0.2%
Pro
of S
tren
gth
(MPa
)
AL201L
P300A
16-7Mn16-4Mn
D10
Posco204MAL219H400
P202A
Nitronic19D
AF2020-7Mn
LDX2101
18-9D
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Austenitics
Duplex
J1409L
430
434
446
436
Tenelon
216
J4
Ferritic
200 series
300 seriesAL201
304N
304316
25072205
2304
AL201LN
P201A301
304N
Ferritics : more strength than austenitics
ferr.
aust.
duplex
P. 11
20
25
30
35
40
304
316
317LN317LNM
904
6Mo
AUSTENITIC
Nominal PREN values for different stainless steels
15
PREN
PREN =%Cr + 3,3 x %Mo + 16 x %N
WATER
SEA WATER ENV.
SEA WATER 20°C
SEA WATER 35°C
2304
2205
2205+
2507+
DUPLEX430
2XX
201-202
200 AUST.
219
216
434
446
409
444
FERRITICP. 12
MechanicalProperties
2mm 4mm 6mm
25%
50%
DUPLEX
FERRITIC
200/ 300 AUSTENITICS
EL%
The uses of ferritics are restricted for heavy gauges due to mechanical properties of base metal and welds ( sensitive to brittle transitions ).
Ti Nb
TextureDesign
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Markets and applications
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Reliability mean stainless!!
Sand wedgePutter
P. 15
Homes & Offices :Appliances including white goods.
Medium corrosion resistanceAesthetic & Design
Improve the design
More ferritics
P. 16
Sinks
Aesthetic& DesignAustenitics and ferritics
EBTEDT
P. 17
Cookware,Holloware, Cuttlery
DrawabilityAestheticHygienic
304 top quality
Optimised ferritics
P. 18
Collective and commercial catering
Hospitals.
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P. 19
The General Industry Market
Food tanksBeer kegsMiscellaneous food processing equipmentWaste water treatments.
HygienicCleanlessSurface qualityAustenitics and ferritics P. 20
Heating / Chemney
From Austenitcs to Ferritics
Boilers and water heatersHeat exchangers
Fume ducts
P. 21
Process Industry
ChemicalChemical , strong acidsOil & Gas, PetrochemicalPulp & PaperEnergyWater treatments.Sugar Industry
20 30 40 50
304316317LNM
9046Mo
23042205
25072205+
Cost, including weight saving factors
PREN Va
Material selection based on :Corrosion resistance
ReliabilityLCC
austenitics
duplex
Higher strength(weight reductions)Lower Ni and Mo!
Pulp and Paper - worldwide Duplex referencesPulp and PaperPulp and Paper -- worldwideworldwide Duplex Duplex referencesreferences
USUTU PULP CoUSUTU PULP Co
NEW ZEALAND FORESTNEW ZEALAND FOREST
CELLULOSE DES ARDENNES (F)CELLULOSE DES ARDENNES (F)
SINAR MASSINAR MAS
CELLULOSE DU MAROCCELLULOSE DU MAROC
EMPRESA DE PONTEVEDRAEMPRESA DE PONTEVEDRA
LUKE #5.6.7LUKE #5.6.7
POTLATCH CORP.POTLATCH CORP.
ESPANOLAESPANOLA
SFJOUTSENO PULPWISA FORESTKAUKASKEMI JARVI
SFJOUTSENO PULPWISA FORESTKAUKASKEMI JARVI
SKEENASKEENA
HARMAC PACIFICHARMAC PACIFIC
BRAZILBRAZIL SAPPI FINE PAPERSSAPPI FINE PAPERS
TUMUT PulpTUMUT Pulp
CELLULOSE D'AQUITAINE (F)CELLULOSE D'AQUITAINE (F)
AGRO ADVANCED (T)AGRO ADVANCED (T)
RIZHAORIZHAO
P. 23
Pollution control : absorbers units
Absorber for Teruel (Absorber for Teruel (SpainSpain))
25Cr duplex
P. 24
Oil and Gas applications
Corrosion Res.Mech.Prop.
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P. 25
20
25
30
35
40
304
316
317LN317LNM
904
6Mo
AUSTENITIC
Nominal PREN values for different stainless steels
15
PREN
PREN =%Cr + 3,3 x %Mo + 16 x %N
WATER
SEA WATER ENV.
SEA WATER 20°C
SEA WATER 35°C
2304
2205
2205+
2507+
DUPLEX
13-2
SUPERMARTENSITIC
12-4.5-1.5
Stress Corrosion Cracking :Example of cracking in pipe girth weld
Test Conditions:
T = 110°C
Formation waterpH2S = 1,6mbarpCO2 = 20 barCl- : 20000ppmHCO3- : 300ppmpH : 4,2
P. 27
Grade 444 / Sugar Industry.
P. 28
WATER …. Desalination plant.
.TARGETS :Guide map for Stainless Steelgrade selection in water systems.
- domestic water.- industrial, waste water.- chlorinated water.- seawater…
P. 29
Stainless Steels and automotive applications.
Motorisation / Engine
management• Injection • Common rail• EGR
ABS
Exhaust Systems.
•High strength stainless steel to reduce weight.
•Air-bags•Security belts
Automotive industryExhaust systemAccessories, decorative appl.,intAccessories, decorative app,extStructural applications
P. 30
XHaust system and material selection guide.
700 – 1050 °C
150 – 250 °C
High temperature Oxydation
Corrosion dueto condensations
« Atmosphéric »Corrosion
Thermal fatigue properties Garantee ( nbr of years )Cosmetic aspects
New ferritic grades are coming
From austenitics to ferritics?
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P. 31
Railway equipment (trains, underground, etc.)
Road tankers
Containers (tanks, refrigeratedcontainers etc.) …. austenitics
Transportation
P. 32
Transportation
structural / bus bodydecorative / motorcycle rims
More ferritcs
High strengthaustenitics
P. 33
ABC / Architecture, Building, Construction.
Indoors 430 (200) Outdoors non coastal 434 304Outdoors Industrial env. 444 2304Outdoors coastal / road salt. 316 2205
Furnishing and decoration
doors, escalators, lifts…
Town furnishing P. 34
Stainless steel in all its forms : long and flat products.
P. 35
The need : well specified materials.
P. 36
Walt Disney Center Hall / Los Angeles -USA
Frank Gehry - 316 -
Opera Bastille
Building shells / Roofing, Façade
AUSTENITICS AND FERRITICS
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P. 37
Roofing: Technology of profiled sheetRoll Profile up to 80 m length
Centre MicroélectroniqueDUISBURG (Allemagne)Maître d ’œuvre : FOSTER & PARTNER
USINE SAPEICTHIERSRéalisation mai 2000
P. 38
Building and Architecture.
Shaft of the liftLa Grande Arche, Paris 2205 - S 31803
Corrosin resistantAesthetic &Design.( strenght )
P. 39
Building and constructionBuilding and construction
Façades:- Immeuble des Bons Enfants, 2304Monuments:- Spire of Dublin, 316L grade- Omaha beach, 316L + 2205
P. 40
Long products : new marketsMeshes, grids, screen for decoration and façadeArchitectural and Structural rigging systemRockfall protection barriers Stainless steel rebars… High Strength steels …. Duplex grades
P. 41
New surfaces ? New colors? … New fonctionalities
Stainless Steel SolutionsP. 42
Conclusion ( 1 )Stainless steels may have different microstructures closelylinked to the chemistry.
The most popular grades are the austenitic 304 and 316…but they are loosing competitiveness due to Ni , Mo surcharges
The most cost competitive economical alternative solutions arethe ferritic grades. In some cases, duplex grades have to be considered as the appropriate solution. ( higher corr. resistance )
With the new ferritics grades, magnetic grades are no more to be considered as poor quality grades ..
In many applications substitution of 304 or 316 grades ispossible. Proper specification and identification of alternativesolutions is needed.
More is to be done for market developments and education.
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P. 43
Conlusion.
John Wayne.