Grade 12 LEARNER SUPPORT Revision Term 2 - 2020 · 2.2 What percentage of South Africans lived in...

Geography revision booklet 2020 Grade 12 Term 2

Grade 12

LEARNER SUPPORT

Revision Term 2 - 2020

RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT This revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical content and skills

covered during the 2nd term. The purpose is to prepare you to understand the key

concepts and to provide you with an opportunity to establish the required standard and

the application of the knowledge necessary to succeed in the NCS examination.

GEOGRAPHY

Please NB the following:

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CONTENT

What must I know to get 40%, 50% and 70%

3

1 Rural settlement 4

1.1 Nucleated and dispersed patterns 4

1.2 Rural and urban settlements 4

1.3 Round, linear and cross-road shapes 5

1.4 Rural settlement issues 5

2 Urban settlement 6

2.1 Site and situation 6

2.2 Types of urban settlements according to function 7

2.3 Urban hierarchies 7

2.4 Urban structure 8

2.4.1 Land-use zones 8

2.4.2 Street patterns (plan) 9

2.4.3 Urban profile 10

2.5 Urban settlement issues/problems 10

Informal settlements 11

Activities

Activity 1 : Rural settlement 12

Activity 2 : Rural-urban migration 13

Activity 3 : Land reform 14

Activity 4 : Urban settlement 15

Activity 5 : Urban issues 16

Activity 6 : Settlement concepts 17


What must I know to get 40%, 50% and 70%

40% (30 marks per question) MUST HAVE THIS BASIC

KNOWLEDGE

50% (38 marks per question)

ADD THE FOLLOWING

70% (53 marks per question)

ADD THE FOLLOWING RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Distinguish between Nucleated/dispersed pattern

Reasons for round, Linear and cross road shapes

Distinguish between rural and urban settlements

RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES

Discuss the causes and consequences of rural depopulation

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Define site and situation

Classification: Central place, trade and transport, specialised. NB Must identify on maps(function)

URBAN STRUCTURE

Discuss location, characteristics of the following Land use zones: CBD, industrial, residential, zone of decay, commercial, rural-urban fringe

Identify the 3 Street patterns + explain advantages and disadvantages of each

Urban profile? Where highest buildings? Why?

URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES

How can traffic issues be managed?

Describe Informal settlements and issues

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Define site and situation RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES

Social justice issues associated with rural settlements:

URBAN HIERARCHIES

Define concepts: central place, threshold population, sphere of influence, range of goods

What are lower + higher order functions?

URBAN STRUCTURE

Models of urban structure

Discus the characteristics of Third world- and South African city. (apply on diagrams)


Discuss causes and management of informal settlements and issues

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Classification: function RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES

Discuss and manage all social justice issues

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

What are the origin and development of urban settlements?

URBAN HIERARCHIES

What are lower + higher order centres? Give examples

URBAN STRUCTURE

How did the post-apartheid era cause major changes in urban patterns and land use in SA?


Discuss causes and management of all issues

QUESTIONS GEOGRAPHERS ASK EXAMPLE OF EXAM QUESTION (Urban Settlement)

1 What is it? Identify the land use zone at A.

2 Where is it? Is the zone of decay found at B or at C.? Give two reasons for your answer.

3 Why is it where? Discuss the factors that influenced the location of the industries at D.

4 What does it look like? Describe the type of buildings and functions found in the zone of decay.

5 What is the impact on the environment? Identify the sources of pollution found in the city on the diagram.

6 How can it be managed? Explain what can be done to manage the traffic problems in the city on the diagram.

Ask these questions when you prepare any topic in Rural and Urban Settlement. Questions 5 and 6 are usually the paragraph type questions(4x2=8). Remember that you cannot study Geography PARROT STYLE!! The questions are not set in that way.


1. RURAL SETTLEMENT 1.1 NUCLEATED AND DISPERSED PATTERNS Key questions:

Identify the pattern + reason

What factors caused the type of pattern?

Give advantages/disadvantages of nucleated and dispersed patterns.

1.2 RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Distinguish between rural and urban settlements


1.3 ROUND, LINEAR AND CROSS-ROAD SHAPES

1.4 RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES Key questions:

Define rural-urban migration.

Discuss the causes of rural-urban migration (Pull/push factors).

Discuss the consequences of rural-urban migration.

What can be done to get people to stay in rural areas?

What is land reform?

Name and define the three types of land reform.

What are the challenges of land reform?


2. URBAN SETTLEMENT 2.1 SITE AND SITUATION Key questions:

Define site and situation.

What are the factors influencing site and situation?

Application of factors on maps, photos and diagrams

A combination of physical and social (human) factors determine where urban settlements are located.

Physical factors: Fresh water, underlying rock and structure, relief, drainage aspect, resources Social factors: Transport routes, harbours, defensibility, building materials, food supply


2.2 TYPES OF URBAN SETTLEMENT ACCORDING TO FUNCTION Key questions:

Name the 3 types of urban settlements

Describe each of the urban settlements.

Identify the types of urban settlements on maps and diagrams

1. CENTRAL PLACES

Towns that provide urban goods and services to surrounding rural area.

For example: Upington provides centralised services to people living in the sparsely populated Northern Cape.

2. TRADE AND TRANSPORT TOWNS/CITIES

Established due to trade and transportation. There are three types:

Break of bulk points

Transport changes (e.g. from sea to land.

Eg: Cape Town

Junction

Intersection of two or more main transport routes.

Eg: De Aar

Gap town

Point of access at physical barrier (mountain pass)

Eg: Worcester

3. SPECIALISED TOWNS/CITIES

Centres with one dominant function

Mining Eg: Welkom

Education Eg: Stellenbosch

Industrial Eg: Secunda

Resort Eg: Margate

Commuter Eg: Soweto

2.3 URBAN HIERARCHIES Key questions:

Define of concepts Urban hierarchies, Central place, Threshold population, Sphere of influence, Range.

Application of concepts on maps and diagrams


2.4 URBAN STRUCTURE 2.4.1 Land-use zones

Key Questions (1st and 2nd paper)

Identify land use zone

The location of each of the land-use zones

Describe characteristics of each Land-use zone Where? Characteristics

CBD Most accessible

Where transport routes meet

In the city centre

Highest land values

Highest building density

Tallest buildings

Concentration of shops and offices

High-order commercial functions

Ind

ustr

ies

(a) Light industry

Often near CBD or residential areas

In planned industrial estates

Near road transport

Little noise and air pollution

No heavy machinery

(b) Heavy industry

On outskirts of the city on cheap land

Near major road and rail networks

On flat land

Near water source

Lots of air and noise pollution

Dangerous

Re

sid

en

tial

(a) Middle to high income

Found away from CBD

Good view

Larger properties

Good services

Recreational areas

(b) Low income

Closer to CBD Houses close together

Fewer facilities

Poor services

Smaller properties

(c) Informal settlement

On the city outskirts Houses built out of plastic, wood, zinc

Unhealthy conditions

No service delivery

Poverty

Crime

Zone of decay (Transition zone)

Just outside the CBD Mixed functions (residential, commercial, light industry)

Decayed buildings

Renewal

Valuable land

Rural-urban fringe On edge of urban area Urban functions invade rural area

Both Urban and rural functions

Large properties because of cheaper land

Plots and small holdings

Airports, cemeteries, power stations, golf courses, sewage works

Green belt In/around CBD

Parks and sports fields

No buildings in this area

Cleans air in urban areas

For recreation purposes

Very dense housing


2.4.2 Street patterns (plan)

Key questions (1st and 2nd paper)

Identify the street patterns

Discuss the advantages of all 3 street patterns

Discuss the disadvantages of all 3 street patterns

Name Gridiron/Rectangular Radial Irregular

Characteristics Roads intersect at right

angles Roads radiate outwards from central point like spider’s web

No clear structure

Can be planned or unplanned

Advantages Easy to plan

Land divided easily

Easy to find way

Easier flow of traffic

All roads lead to central point

Improves traffic flow

Fewer intersections

Accommodates topography

Disadvantages Traffic congestion

Monotonous

Accidents

Traffic jams

Traffic is slow

Wasted space

Difficult to plan

Easy to get lost

Not easy to expand or subdivide


2.4.3 Urban profile Key questions:

What is urban profile?

Describe how the buildings change as you move away from the CBD.

Why does the height and density of the profile change?

2.5 URBAN SETTLEMENT ISSUES/PROBLEMS Key questions

Describe causes of each issue

What are the effects of each issue?

How can issues be managed?

CONGESTION URBAN DECAY OVERCROWDING

CA

US

ES

Too many people using own cars

Not enough public transport

Old street pattern

Too many people living in the city

Empty buildings

High demand for land in city

Too many people living in the city

EF

FE

CT

S

Air pollution

More accidents

Stress, health problems road rage

Slums develop

Services decline

Increased pollution

Area becomes dirty

Increased pollution

Health problems

Destruction of environment

Production of too much waste

SO

LU

TIO

NS

Improve public transport

Lift schemes

Decentralisation of businesses

Synchronise traffic lights

Renovation

Renewal

Reduce housing density

Improve services

Decentralisation of functions

Green belts

Stricter control of pollution

Urban profile is the view of the city from the

side showing the heights of the buildings


INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

Key questions

What is an informal settlement?

Where are informal settlements found?

What problems/issues found in informal settlements?

How can informal settlements be managed?


REVISION ACTIVITIES

REVISION ACTIVITY 1 : RURAL SETTLEMENT The questions are based on the photos below.

1.1 (a) Are the settlements in the photos rural or urban? (1x1) (1) (b) Give a reason for your answer. (1x2) (2) 1.2 (a) Is the settlement in A a village or a city? (1x1) (1) (b) Give a reason for your answer. (1x2) (2) 1.3 (a) Identify the pattern of the settlements at A and B. (2x1) (2) (b) Give a reason for your answer for both A and B. (2x2) (2 1.4 Give TWO factors that influenced the site of settlement B. (2x2) (2) 1.5 Identify the shape of the settlement at A. (1x1) (1) 1.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain why settlement B is better from an economic point of view. (4x2) (8)

To complete this activity, you must know and understand the content of Size and Complexity, Nucleated and Dispersed, Rural and Urban and Shape of settlements. All these concepts are applied on the photographs. To answer the questions, you must see the relationships between all these concepts


REVISION ACTIVITY 2 : RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION The graph below shows the trend of rural population in South Africa from 2004 to 2015.

2.1 Comment on the trend from 2004 to 2015 in the graph regarding people

living in rural areas in South Africa. (1 x 1) (1)

2.2 What percentage of South Africans lived in rural areas in 2015? (1 x 1) (1) 2.3 Give a projected percentage for the South African rural population in 2018. (1 x 2) (1) 2.4 What impact will the trend in Question 1 have on rural areas in the future? (2 x 2) (4) 2.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss strategies for getting people to stay in rural areas. (4 x 2) (8)

To complete this activity, you must have a deep understanding of the process, consequences and management of rural-urban migration. This question can be based on a variety of sources like graphs, cartoons, diagrams, case studies and maps


REVISION ACTIVITY 3 : LAND REFORM Study the case study below.

What some Bakwena people say about their removal

“My people, the Bakwena, bought land at Mogopa as long ago as 1913.It was our land, but it became part of South Africa set aside for whites. In 1984 we were forced to move to Pachsdraai.” “We did not want to leave, but we had no choice. They knocked down our buildings and stopped paying our pensions. We had many donkeys, goats and cattle. We grew maize, beans and sorghum. We had stone houses, three schools, four churches, two water pumps and a reservoir. Now there are only ruins.” “Some people got R2 000 for their houses. In the new place we have nothing. We got no money for the land we left. Now we have no taps and no running water. A tanker comes to fill the drums outside our iron shacks. The nearest town is far away. We have no jobs and cannot feed ourselves.”

3.1 Which law has forced the Bakwenas to leave their property? (1 x 1) (1) 3.2 How far were the Bakwenas forced travel to Pachsdraai? (1 x 1) (1) 3.3 Why was land reform only introduced only after 1994? (1 x 1) (1) 3.4 Which land reform process in post-apartheid South Africa will allow the land To be given back to the Bakwenas? (1 x 1) (1) 3.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the challenges that the Bakwenas would face during the process of land reform. (1 x 1) (1)

To complete this activity, you must know the three types, and the challenges facing land reform . This question is usually based on a case study. Never treat case studies like a comprehension test. Case studies are usually used to provide additional information and to set the scene on which questions are based. Some of the answers of the lower order questions are found in case studies, but you must still study and know the content to successfully respond to the higher order questions.


REVISION ACTIVITY 4 : URBAN SETTLEMENT The diagram below is an urban profile showing the relationship between land-use zones and building density.

4.1 Refer to land-use zone A. (a) Name the land-use zone. (1 x 1) (1) (b) State TWO characteristics of land-use zone A. (2 x 1) (2) (c) Why is this land-use zone ideal for the location of light industries? (1 x 2) (2) (d) Suggest ONE reason for land-use zone A having high land values. (1 x 2) (2)

4.2 Give TWO pieces of evidence that suggest that land-use zone B is a residential

zone of high income. (2 x 2) (4)

4.3 Explain why land-use zone B and land-use zone C are not compatible. (2 x 2) (4)

4.4 (a) Identify the street pattern in the CBD and the High income residential area. (2 x 1) (2) (b) Give TWO disadvantaged of the street pattern in the CBD. (2 x 2) (4) (c) Give TWO advantages of the street pattern in the high income residential area. (2 x 2) (4)

This activity is an integration of land-use zones, urban profile and street patterns (plan). You must know the content of all three and realise how closely they are linked in reality.


REVISION ACTIVITY 5 : URBAN ISSUES

5.1 Define the term traffic congestion. (1x1) (1)

5.2 Why were the people in the car on time in 1985, but late in 2015?

(1x2)

(2)

5.3 State one negative effect according to the article of traffic

jams on each of the following: (a) The physical environment (b) The commuter (c) The economy

(3x2)

(6)

5.4 Write THREE sentences to complete the last paragraph in the article with regard to solutions of traffic congestion.

(3x2)

(6)

Traffic congestion as an urban issue is a very popular examination question. Expect a question on any urban issue regarding causes, effects and solutions.


REVISION ACTIVITY 6 : SETTLEMENT CONCEPTS

Give the correct definition/description for each of the following concepts. Write only the

definition/description next to the concept. Use this revision booklet and your textbook

Concept Description

1 Nucleated settlement

2 Dispersed settlement

3 Rural settlement

4 Urban settlement

5 Round shape

6 Linear shape

7 Crossroad shape

8 Rural-urban migration

9 Push factor

10 Pull factor

12 Land restitution

13 Land redistribution

14 Land tenure reform

15 Site

Terminology is the key for understanding Geography. You need to understand these concepts in order to

be able to understand the question and to have the necessary vocabulary to answer the questions.


Concept Description

16 Situation

17 Central place town

18 Break of bulk town

19 Junction town

20 Gap town

21 Urban hierarchy

22 Central place

23 Threshold population

24 Sphere of influence

25 Range

26 Land-use zone

27 Urban profile

28 Traffic congestion

29 Urban decay

30 Overcrowding

Grade 12 LEARNER SUPPORT Revision Term 2 - 2020 · 2.2 What percentage of South Africans lived in...

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