Grade 10 Economics Term 3 - pnpschoolclub.e-classroom.co.za

Grade 10 Economics Term 3Study Notes

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Growth, Development and Globalisation

Early economic development and emergence of trade

Self-sufficiency and dependence on agriculture:

• In early times, communities gathered fruit and nuts and hunted their own animals to eat, making them self-sufficient

• Later, farming of cattle and crops enabled people to survive

Bartering, trade and the emergence of money:

• Due to specialisation of specific tasks, people started to produce a surplus of what they needed

• People started to swap items – called bartering e.g. swapping meat for grain




LIMITATIONS OF BARTERING SYSTEM:

BOTH PARTIES MUST WANT TO SWAP

BOTH PARTIES MUST AGREE ON AMOUNTS TO SWAP

SOME PRODUCTS CANNOT BE EASILY DIVIDED E.G. A

WHOLE SHEEP

INTRODUCTION OF MONEY – ADVANTAGES:

MONEY CAN BE HELD/ACCUMULATED

MONEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SMALLER AMOUNTS

MONEY HOLDS ITS VALUE UNLIKE PERISHABLE GOODS




LANGUAGE DEVELOPED AS PEOPLE NEEDED BETTER WAYS

TO COMMUNICATE WHEN TRADING

TRAINING IN SKILLS BECAME IMPORTANT MORE DUE TO SPECIALISATION OF GOODS

THOSE WITH BETTER RESOURCES E.G. GRAZING

LAND OR HUNTING GROUNDS COULD PRODUCE AND SELL

MORE

WEALTH COULD BE ACCUMULATED

THE MORE WEALTH SOMEONE HAD, THE MORE POWERFUL

THEY BECAME



The evolution of markets

Surplus production, trade and transport development:• People traded surplus production either by bartering or with the use of

money• In order to move goods from place to place, animals were used, and roads

and vehicles were developed; ships / boats for transport over water• Travelling was risky due to threat of robbery; protection was needed




Growth of towns and cities:

• Towns developed in strategic locations where people could meet to trade

• Governments emerged, improving infrastructure and security

Specialisation of labour and the emergence of guilds:

• Clothing started to be worn and housing was developed

• Crafters became important to make clothes and build

• Crafters’ guilds emerged to support the crafters by deciding on prices and wages and supervising training / providing tools




Mercantile law and the emergence of business forms:

• Mercantile laws (run by merchants) developed as a system of customs and best practice

• Increase in trade > more taxes for government

• Organisations that developed / formalised:• Churches and local governments (medieval Europe)• Commercial companies (earliest known one was 1347 in Sweden)• Nations formed companies to establish colonies e.g. the Dutch East India Company• Chartered companies that sold shares to the public (provided investment opportunities for people)• Partnerships, trusts, close corporations• Companies and corporations provided limited liability (creditors could not sue the company for more than it was worth)




Technological progress:

• Wheel (8000 BC)

• Printing Press (1400s – Gutenberg)

• Power and electricity (1700s - Industrial Revolution)

• Internal combustion engine (1800s) > cars and aeroplanes

• Electric telephone (1876)

• Electronic goods and computers (20th Century)

Growth of money and forms of saving:

• Banks

• Shares

• Present day: savings accounts, unit trusts, retirement annuities, shares



Governments and the regulation of markets

State involvement and trade:

• Law and order: rulers use power to protect citizens which creates a safe environment for the continuation of trade

• Taxes:• main source of income for states• frustrations with paying taxes to colonisers led to wars of

independence• Some countries are fortunate to have enough resources not

to tax citizens e.g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait

• Influence prices and quantities in market:• Responsibility of states to supply certain goods and services

e.g. heath care and education• States determine which goods are illegal e.g. drugs




Taxation and the mobilisation of finance for investment in infrastructure:• Citizens pay taxes to states to

supply infrastructure• States may need to borrow if they

have a budget deficit• Lending interest rates are usually

lower for states than businesses




Comparative economic systems:

• Capitalism: state provides basic security services and individuals / businesses provide everything else e.g. Victorian England

• Socialism: State provides all needs; individuals work for the state which decides what / how many and for whom goods are produced e.g. USSR and Cuba historically

• Mixed economies: a mix of capitalism and socialism e.g. South Africa




Public finance and the emergence of ideas about economic policy:• In democracies, political parties

express how much tax they will expect, and allocate taxes

• Citizens vote for the leader / party with the economic policy they prefer

• Majority pay less taxes but have more needs

• Problem of income inequality within countries and between countries



Industrial Development

Manufacturing:• Using machines, tools and labour to make goods for sale or use

• Putting-out system: work allocated to specific households or cottages to bypass guilds (1400s – 1700s)

Technological progress, the mobilisation of energy and the mechanisation of production:

• Industrial Revolution (1750 onwards)• Steam power replaced muscle power




Technological progress, the mobilisation of energy and the mechanisation of production (continued):• Production moved from cottages to factories• Factories were built close to coal mines• Factories needed to be large, to make the

investment in capital machinery worthwhile• People left homes to work in factories• Cities with housing and factories were developed

around coalfields




Technological progress, the mobilisation of energy and the mechanisation of production (continued):

• English system followed initially: one worker made entire product (time consuming)

• American system: semi-skilled labour used machinery to make identical, interchangeable components of an article; all the components would then be combined to make the full article (division of labour)

• Industrialists improved mass production

• Assembly line (Henry Ford, 1908, Model T Ford car)




Technological progress, the mobilisation of energy and the mechanisation of production (continued):

• Time and motion studies: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth studied efficiency of movement 1920’s > lean production

• Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing aimed to keep as little work-in-progress parts and raw materials on hand

• Increases return on investment (ROI) by cutting waste

• Mechanisation: use of machines or robots run by computers to do certain tasks




Urbanisation and migration:• People had to leave homes to live near factories >

development of cities (called urbanisation)• In 1950, 14,7% of Africans lived in cities• By 2015, 45,3 % of Africans lived in cities

(estimate)



The evolution of economic institutionsLimited liability companies:• With increased trade, people grouped together to

finance bigger investments

• Companies continue to exist even if stockholders die• People could invest in companies by buying and selling

shares• At first, shareholders were personally liable for debts up

to the value of their investment in the company

• In 1855 joint stock companies received limited liability



The evolution of economic institutions

• South African companies fall into two categories:

• Public Limited Companies – shares are traded on Stock Exchange

• Name ends in “Limited”

• Private Company – shareholders invest money to buy stock, but shares are not traded publicly on the Stock Exchange. If a shareholder wants to remove his or her investment, it has to be offered to the other shareholders first.

• Name ends in “Property Limited”

Labour unions:

• Were needed to prevent exploitation of workers by employers

• First Trade Union in South Africa (1881)

• Miners collectively formed unions (mostly English and European)

• Many Boer farmers looked for mining work following Anglo-Boer War (ended 1902) and subsequent drought



The evolution of economic

institutions

Labour unions (continued):• Trade unions protected the jobs of Europeans

• Trade Unions only had white members• Training for better paid jobs limited to trade

union members• South African National Congress (SANC) formed

1912 to empower Black workers

• First strike by Black workers (1918)• Post 1994 democracy, trade unions functioned

normally



The evolution of economic

institutions

Financial institutions and the emergence of joint stock companies:

• Banks• Ancient banks were temples where goods were stored• 3rd Century - letters of credit issued to Persian traders• 9th Century - early form of cheques• 14th Century (Renaissance Italy) - banks started to

conduct business as they do today

• Insurance firms• Began with Chinese and Babylonian traders offering

financial protection if goods were lost in transit• Ancient Greeks and Romans had benevolent societies

to pay funeral costs in case of death• Guilds of the Middle Ages also paid for funerals• Present-day example: Lloyds of London



• The evolution of economic institutions• Emergence of joint stock companies

• People pool their investment money via financial institutions into joint stock companies

• Joint stock companies revive capital for new ventures• Individuals benefit from the profits

Globalisation and international economic co-operation

• Countries offer different resources e.g. some countries offer cheap and well-trained labour, others have plentiful and cheap natural resources and some countries offer large markets

• Each country contributes their part (called globalisation)



The History of Economic Growth and Development in South Africa

Animal husbandry and agriculture (until the mid-1800s)

• San and Khoikhoi groups participated in subsistence activities (herding livestock, hunting, fishing, gathering) – animal husbandry

• Nguni people – crops, kept cattle and other livestock, hunting• These groups were pushed into the interior because of the land

taken by the Dutch East India Company to provide fresh food for passing ships




Characteristics:

• San and Khoikhoi used basic hunting weapons e.g. bows and arrows

• Nguni and Sotho used hunting weapons and implements to till the soil

• Economic activity: agriculture and hunting to meet own needs

• Little trade (some bartering)

• Population widely spaced

• Scarce labour, therefore slaves imported

• Scarce capital

• Farmers were self-sufficient




Factors that promoted economic development:• Dutch bartered with indigenous people for

land• Game hunting easy due to plentiful animals• Small market developed for passing ships;

protected by colonial powers (taxes raised on non-Cape wines in Britain to promote Cape wine sales)

• Locals encouraged to grow food because imports were taxed and therefore expensive

• Improved infrastructure and transport




Factors that hampered economic development:• Lack of capital• Scarce labour• Poor education• Poor infrastructure• Monopolies held by colonial powers hampered

free trade• Difficult farming land (drought and poor soil)• Large distances between market participants




Consequences:

Markets, trade and infrastructure developed and improvedFarmers improved livestock e.g. new breeds importedCommercial banks provided loans and safe deposits (1860s onwards)Farming main source of income for SA



Agriculture and mining (1860s

to 1910)

Characteristics:• Thousands of new immigrants forced development of

infrastructure in order to cope

• Improved infrastructure enabled farmers to get produce to market

• Produce demand increased due to growth in mining cities (world’s largest producer of gold in 1898)

• Early miners exploited

• 3 political areas united in 1910 (Union of South Africa)



Agriculture and mining (1860s to 1910)Factors that prompted economic development:• Large market for agricultural produce (mining

companies)

• Rich gold deposits• Cheap labour• Already-established international markets

• Entrepreneurs and artisans brought to SA• Mine owners (white) developed monopoly e.g. ordinary

people not allowed to own uncut diamonds



Agriculture and mining (1860s to 1910)

Factors that hampered economic development:

• Poor infrastructure and communication

• Vast distances, so transport of goods was slow

• Mining accidents due to poor techniques

• Scarce capital, skilled labour, water and electricity which led to high taxes in order to fund infrastructure

• SA War (1899-1902) paused mining development

• Equipment expensive

• Depth of gold and diamonds – difficult and expensive to mine

• Poorly established supply lines



Agriculture and mining (1860s to 1910)

Consequences:• Influx of immigrants (miners and artisans)

• Mining companies formed – had better machinery• Capital inflows into SA• Railway system developed

• Demand for produce increased• Communication system improved• Migrant worker system developed (blacks excluded

from better jobs due to job reservation system)

• More minerals discovered (coal, platinum, chrome)



Mining and industry (1910 to 1990)

SA imported expensive products e.g. machinery and exported cheap commodities e.g. iron ore - disadvantage for country

Characteristics:

• Fast industrial growth (new technologies)

• Political disruption and World Wars and communist / non-communist wars > new technological inventions

• Land Act 1913 (removal of land from black people)

• Apartheid laws (1948)

• Farming commercialised (no longer subsistence) and mechanised

• Urbanisation meant greater demand for farm produce

• Increased labour available for mines and factories in cities



Mining and industry (1910

to 1990)

Factors that contributed to economic development:

• Safety of SA during World Wars to manufacture goods e.g. military uniforms

• SA Government promoted industrial development

• Skilled / entrepreneurial foreign settlers came (fleeing wars in Europe)

• Growing demands of mining industry

• Processing and manufacturing industries well supplied with raw materials

• Plentiful workforce

• SA goods competitive in Africa versus other imports

• Cheap coal therefore cheap electricity

• Sanctions forced independent production within SA

• Weak Rand made SA products competitive internationally



Mining and industry (1910

to 1990)

Factors that hampered economic development:• Small domestic market therefore per unit

prices remained high, without benefit of economies of scale

• Long distances increased supply distribution costs, power and communication costs

• Lack of capital• Lack of skilled labour• Inadequate education to equip people with

skills and knowledge




Factors that hampered economic development:

• Workplace inequality and job reservation system limited number of skilled workers

• Trade sanctions affected ability to import and export

• Brain drain due to political upheaval

• Housing and water shortages




Consequences:

• General improvement in infrastructure e.g. airports built

• Improvement in training and education

• Industry became more valuable than agriculture > improved economic security

• Increased urbanisation > stimulated demand for domestic goods and services



Manufacturing and services (1990 to present)

Economic activities are classified in different SECTORS:

Primary Sector – harvesting raw materials or goods from nature e.g. miningSecondary Sector – processing of raw materials into finished goods e.g. constructionTertiary Sector – providing other needs of population e.g. doctors, teachers, banking. This accounts for most of South Africa’s economic activity.




Characteristics:

Manufacturing

• Includes processing of agricultural goods e.g. foods, cars, electronics

• City-based and centralised; encourages urbanisation

Services

• Government provides some essential services such as electricity or transport e.g. Eskom

• Parastatals or government/private partnerships may be set up or privatisation e.g. Telkom

• Government provides free services such as education or medical care, policing, justice and military defense

• Private service provider examples are Vodacom, DStv and private doctors




Factors that contribute to economic development:• Economic growth post 1994 democracy >

development of trade, communications and infrastructure

• Increase in international tourism• Globalisation of trade and information

positioned South Africa competitively in world markets




Factors that hamper economic development:• Insufficient trained workers• Brain drain of professionals e.g. engineers• High crime and corruption• Security is expensive• Increasing labour costs• Competition from international

competitors due to globalisation• Poverty• Inadequate education and training




Consequences:• Parts of the country are well developed

• International tourists and business-people are attracted to South Africa

• Services that are outsourced to other companies, e.g. cleaning, provide business opportunities



The History of Money and Banking in South Africa: Money

Early African Money

• Early system of trade was bartering which was inefficient

• Egyptians first used gold, matching it to the value of an item e.g. one ox was worth 8.5g of gold or 27g copper

• 800AD dated copper coins found DRC and Zimbabwe

• Money made of metals used across Southern Africa by early tribes

• Vasco de Gama found minted sequins from Venice dated 1280 along the east coast of Southern Africa



Indigenous money• Initial bartering - exchanging livestock for copper, beads, tobacco and alcohol• San used shell pieces for payment• San used assegai points (spear heads) and copper bangles as payment

Colonial money• Dutch settlers used various coins e.g. Spanish silver dollar, Dutch florin, Indian

rupee, French and British crown and Russian ruble• 1705 Dutch established the Cape rixdollar > exchange problems and coin shortage• 1782 paper rixdollar replaced the coin• Griquas were the first to have minted money, called “dove money”



Imperial money 1806

British rule of Cape; 1826 Sterling introduced – the only legal tender after 1841

1886

gold discovered Transvaal - Zuid-Afrikaansche Rebubliek (ZAR) minted gold pounds for use in the two Boer Republics (Transvaal and Orange Free State)

1901

Union of South Africa formed, one currency: Sterling

1921

South African Reserve Bank printed and issued Pound notes based on gold standard

1932

deceased from gold standard and minting gold coins

1952

collector gold coins and ten-shilling pieces issued



South African money

• 1961 South Africa became a republic• Rands and cents replaced pounds, shillings and pence

The History of Money and Banking in South Africa: Banking

Early development• 1793 Lombard Bank established (state bank) - issued loans and granted

mortgages; no savings• Discount Bank – savings and deposit facilities• 1842 Lombard Bank closed



Private banks

• 1834 slavery abolished – former slave owners paid compensation

• Slaves began earning and agriculture booming > first private bank

• 1836 Cape of Good Hope Bank followed by other district banks

• District banks offered savings and credit facilities but were not able to compete with imperial banks



Imperial Banks

• 1861 London Bank of South Africa (headquarters and shareholders in England)

• 1862 Standard Bank (took over 5 district banks)

• Standard Bank played an important role in the diamond and gold rush; by 1889 there were 66 branches

• 1891 Cape Bank Act controlled issuing of notes• District banks collapsed except Stellenbosch

District Bank



Imperial Banks1920

Other important banks:•Netherlands Bank and Credit Association of South Africa (later Nedbank)

•National Bank of South Africa (later Barclays Bank, now First National Bank)

•Standard Bank of South Africa•The African Banking Corporation•Land and Agricultural Bank

30 June 1921

South African Reserve Bank established•Only bank to issue bank notes•Private institution (not listed on JSE)•Supervises commercial banks



Decreasing importance of

the commercial

banks

• With economic development after WW2, traditional commercial banks could not handle the needs of entrepreneurs and consumers

• Building societies started (home loans and savings)

• Shop credit –customers could pay back items in monthly instalments

Consolidation of banking

• Banks bought or merged with building societies > 4 main banks today are Standard Bank, FNB, Nedbank and ABSA

• Many South Africans do not use banks as they do not earn enough or have security to offer for loans or don’t want to pay banking costs – they may borrow from micro-lenders or join stokvels



Population and Labour Force –Population Size

Population growth

• South African population is made up of everyone within SA’s geographical borders• Population is 58,8 Million as estimated in mid-2019 (Statistics South Africa, 2019)• Influenced by natural growth rate (births minus deaths in same year) and

migration (people entering or leaving)• Population Growth Rate = change in population x 100

total population



Population Growth & Population Growth Rate South Africa

The South African population is growing, but at a decreasing rate

Image source: Macro Trends, 2020



Natural growth rate • Natural growth rate = birth rate – death rate• Birth rate: number of deaths per 1 000

• Death rate: number of deaths per 1 000• Fertility rate: average number of children born to each woman of child- bearing age (15-49 years)

• Fertility rate in 2020 is 2.372 births per woman (Macro Trends, 2020)• Fertility rate has decreased over the years – in 1960 it was 6.5 births per woman• Decrease in fertility rate due to urbanization and HIV/AIDS pandemic which has caused the deaths

of many child-bearing women



Natural growth rate • Life expectancy: the average

number of years a person in that country expects to live

• Life expectancy is high in developed countries

• Life expectancy in SA in 2020 is 64.12 years (Macro Trends, 2020)

• The HIV/AIDS pandemic caused a drop in life expectancy after 1990

South African Life Expectancy 1950-2020 (Macro Trends, 2020)



The demographic cycle

The demographic cycle experienced by developed countries took about 250 years and consisted of five stages.

• Stage 1 – stationary phase (births and deaths both high)

• Stage 2- pre-modern phase (birth rate high, death rate lower, population increases)

• Stage 3 – modern phase (modernisation, better living standards and health care, birth control: death rate drops and birth rate declines at a slower rate than the death rate, so population continues to grow until it peaks)

• Stage 4 – modern stationary phase (birth rate decreases more quickly than the death rate)

• Stage 5 – both births and deaths are low so natural growth rate is low



The demographic transition cycle graph

Image source: ThoughtCo., 2019



Projected growth rates

• This is used to forecast a country’s population growth

• Different, unpredictable factors affect this, so it is difficult to calculate

Migration

• Overall (net) migration = immigration – emigration

• International migration – South Africa has had many immigrants such as

• Labourers from India working sugar plantations in KZN

• Diamond and gold rush followers 19th Century• Settlers after WW2• People fleeing political instability and economic

uncertainty from other African countries



Migration

• International migration• Many South Africans have emigrated to other

countries e.g. UK since 1994

• Internal migration• Movement of people within a country• Movement in South Africa is usually from rural to

urban areas (urbanisation) as people seek better work opportunities



Population and Labour Force –South African Labour ForceLabour force = everyone from the economically active population (EAP) who are either employed or wish to be employed

Age composition

• Number of people per age group

• South Africa has a large population who are too young to work and must be supported using a large part of the country’s resources

• In developed countries, such as Japan, the largest part of the population is older than 65 and need to be cared for in retirement facilities



Age composition

South Africa Age Structure (Index Mundi, 2018)



Labour force numbers

• The labour market of South Africa is made up of several sectors according to the types of skills required.

Employment by Occupation, 2012-2017 (Statistics South Africa, 2017)



Unemployment

• The definition of unemployment includes people have not worked in the past seven days (prior to statistics being recorded); those who want to work and are able to start working within a week of being recorded, and those who have taken active steps to look for work in the previous four weeks prior to being recorded.

• The expanded definition includes people who are not actively looking for work.



Unemployment• By end of June 2019 the official

unemployment rate was 29% in South Africa

• Labour force participation rate was 59.8% showing that almost 60% of able and working-age workers were employed or actively seeking employment

• The labour absorption rate shows that 42.4% of the working-age population were employed

Key Labour Market Indicators, (Statistics SA, 2019)



Unemployment

• High unemployment is caused by lack of skills and training and low economic growth

• Impact of HIV/AIDS • In 2018, there were 7.7 Million people living

with HIV in South Africa (Avert, 2020)• HIV is prevalent in 20.4% of adults (aged 15-49

years) which represents a large number ofworking age citizens (Avert, 2020)

• Fortunately 62% of HIV carrying adults are on Anti-Retroviral treatment which suppresses the virus in the body and enables affected people to carry on with normal life (Avert, 2020)



Unemployment

• Impact of HIV/AIDS• High HIV rates affect job creation due to decreased investment because of

investor caution, reduced consumer demand (smaller population) and more mechanisation replacing human jobs to avoid staff being absent on sick leave.

• Employment rate is suppressed due to prevalence of HIV/AIDS because of higher medical insurance costs, absenteeism and labour turnover



Employment• Most employment in South Africa is created by the formal sector• It is estimated that 1 in 6 working South Africans work in the informal sector,

amounting to approximately 2.5 million workers and business owners (Fourie, 2018)

Employment breakdown by type of industry in SA 2012-2017 (Statistics South Africa, 2017)



Geographic distribution

This refers to whereabouts in a country the population lives.

• SA population is urbanised and the employment rates of urban areas are higher than those of rural areas.

• For example, on the next slide, the labour force participation rate by province graph in 2017, the rate in Gauteng Province was 72.2% and 68.6% in the Western Cape (both urban areas) compared to 47.8% in Limpopo Province which is a rural area (Statistics SA, 2017).

• Additionally, the labour force absorption rate by province graph in 2017 shows this rate was highest in Western Cape (54.2%) followed by Gauteng Province (50.8%) and the lowest rate was in the Eastern Cape, a rural area, at 33.8% (Statistics SA, 2017).



Unemployment rate by province, 2012 and 2017

Labour force absorptionrate by province, 2012 and 2017

Labour force participationrate by province, 2012 and 2017

Labour Market Rates by Province 2012 and 2017 (Statistics SA, 2017)



References

Avert. (2020). HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Avert. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/south-africa.

Badenhorst, I., Mabaso, G., Maliehe, T., Mbotho, J., Tshabalala, H., & Van Zyl, J. (2011). Via Afrika economics. Via Afrika.

Fourie, F. (2018). The South African Informal Sector: Creating jobs, reducing poverty – The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). Hsrcpress.ac.za. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/books/the-south-african-informal-sector-providing-jobs-reducing-poverty.

Index Mundi. (2019). South Africa Age Structure (2018) [Image]. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.indexmundi.com/south_africa/age_structure.html.

Macro trends. (2020). Population Growth and Population Growth Rate South Africa [Image]. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZAF/south-africa/population-growth-rate.

Macro Trends. (2020). South Africa Fertility Rate 1950-2020. Macrotrends.net. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZAF/south-africa/fertility-rate.



References Continued

Macro Trends. (2020). South Africa Life Expectancy 1950-2020. Macrotrends.net. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZAF/south-africa/life-expectancy.

Statistics South Africa. (2017). Employment breakdown by type of industry in SA 2012-2017[Image]. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://africacheck.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Labour-market-dynamics-in-SA-2017.pdf.

Statistics South Africa. (2017). Labour Market Rates by Province 2012 and 2017. Africacheck.org. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://africacheck.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Labour-market-dynamics-in-SA-2017.pdf.

Statistics South Africa. (2019). Key Labour Market Indicators [Image]. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02112ndQuarter2019.pdf.

Statistics South Africa. (2020). SA population reaches 58,8 million | Statistics South Africa. Statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=12362.



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