Information System and its types with exampleIrsam Nageen 3041Anam Zulfiqar 3040Hira Tahir 3037Adnan Khadim 3038Ateeq 3039

Submitted to Inam ul HaqUniversity of Education, Okara Campus

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ContentsInformation Systems

Components of ISTypes of IS

Transaction processing systemExamplesTPS CycleFeatures of TPSAdvantages of TPSTypes of TPS

Management Information systemManagement

ElementsLevels of MISWhat is MIWhat is MISRole of MISTypes of MISAdvantages of MISOutputs of MIS

Decision Support SystemCategoriesTools for IMExamplesMain ComponentsCharacterizing DSSPassive SystemActive SystemIssuesCriteriaDesign Cycle

INFORMATION SYSTEM A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization. Components of information systemDefinitionsDataInput the system takes to produce informationHardwareA computer and its peripheral equipment: input, output and storage devices; hardware also includes data communication equipmentSoftwareSets of instructions that tell the computer how to take data in, how to process it, how to display information, and how to store data and informationTelecommunicationsHardware and software that facilitates fast transmission and reception of text, pictures, sound, and animation in the form of electronic dataPeopleInformation systems professionals and users who analyze organizational information needs, design and construct information systems,  write computer programs, operate the hardware, and maintain softwareProceduresRules for achieving optimal and secure operations in data processing; procedures include priorities in dispensing software applications and security measures 

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TYPES OF IS

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There are many types of IS , some of these are followings•Transaction Processing System(TPS)•Management information system (MIS)•Decision support system (DSS)•Executive Support System (ESS)•Knowledge management system (KMS)•Learning management system (LMS)•Database management System (DBMS)•Office information system (OIS)

Transaction Processing System(TPS)

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Transaction processing systems are designedto process the day-to-day transactions of anorganization so that many labor-intensive business transactionscan be replaced by automated processes. These transactions have characteristics of large numbers and routine processes.Each process has a very simple data transaction, and TPS isexpected to process each one in a very short period of time.

Examples are super market grocery check out (billing systems) or bank transaction processes, Airline Reservation System, Payroll Processing System,Transport Ticket Reservation System, Purchase Order Entry Systems and Markets Tabulation System.

TPS Cycle

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The process of data collection, data editing, data collection, data manipulation, data storage and document production.Data Manipulation: The process of capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete transactionsData Editing: The process of checking data for validity and completeness.Data Correction: The process of miskeyed or misscanned data that was found during data editing. Data Manipulation: The process of performing calculations and other data transformations related to business transaction.Data Storage: The process of updating one or more databases with new transaction.Data Production: The process of generation output records and reports.

Features of TPS

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Rapid response – fast performance with rapid results• Reliability – well designed backup and recovery with a

low failure rate• Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally. It may be

used many times each day which means it has to be precise and inflexible

• Controlled processing – maintain specific requirements for the roles and responsibilities of different employees.

Advantages of TPSEnsure data and information integrity and accuracyProduce timely documents and reportsIncrease labor efficiencyHelp provide increased and enhanced serviceHelp build and maintain customer loyaltyAchieve competitive advantage

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Types of TPSBatch Processing system :Batch processing is where the information is collected as a batch and then processed later on. An example of batch processing is paying by cheque. Batch processing is useful for enterprises that need to process large amounts of data using limited resources Real Time ProcessingReal time processing is where all details of the transaction are recorded and changed at the time as it occurs. Examples of real time processing are ATM’s.

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References

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MANAGEMENTTO MAKE THE THINGS DONE WITH PROPER RESOURCE AT CORRECT COST, PLACE AND SCHEDULETO DIRECT RESOURCES (HUMAN OR MATERIAL) IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE CERTAIN GOALSELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENTPLANNING ORGANIZING DIRECTING COORDINATING CONTROLLING LEVELS OF MANAGEMENTTOP

STRATEGIC MIDDLE

TACTICS OPERATIONAL

OPERATIONS

Management information System

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Useful information for management decisionsComprises processed data (information), necessary for making management decisions and generally gives output in the form of tables, matrix, reports, dashboards, graphs, trends, etc for logical and analytical comparisons.Viz. Market trend reports, sales report, IT application usage reports, Management dashboards, business information reports, research reports, etc.

Management Information System

What is MIS?MIS is basically a software tool which gives a holistic report of processed information based on which management can take certain crucial decision on which strategy and tactics could be figured outMIS provides information that is needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectivelyMIS is any organized approach for obtaining relevant and timely information on which managerial decisions are basedMIS facilitates the decision making process and enable the organizational planning, control, and operational functions to be carried out effectivelyMIS is a study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including systems termed decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.

MIS must haveRight Information To Right Person At Right Place At Right Time In the Right Form At Right Cost Role of MISEffective decision making based upon:

Quality analysisCost & budget analysisRisk analysisMarket analysisInventory analysisSWOT analysisStakeholder analysisFeedback analysisBehavior analysis

Types of MISManagement information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm’s underlying transaction processing systems to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.Decision support systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making.Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations.Marketing information systems are MIS designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.Office automation systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of management.

Advantages of MISCompanies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations.Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool.The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities.Information is considered to be an important asset for any company in the modern competitive world. The consumer buying trends and behaviors can be predicted by the analysis of sales and revenue reports from each operating region of the company.

Outputs of MISScheduled reports

Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily, weekly, monthly)

Key-indicator reportSummarizes the previous day’s critical activitiesTypically available at the beginning of each day

Demand reportGives certain information at a manager’s request

Exception reportAutomatically produced when a situation is

unusual or requires management action

Decision Support System A DSS is typically built to support the solution of a certain problem or to evaluate an opportunity.AdvantagesTime savingsEnhance effectivenessImprove interpersonal communication.Competitive advantage.Cost reduction.Increase decision maker satisfaction.Promote learning.Increase organizational control.A DSS::= an approach for supporting decision making.

It uses an interactive, flexible, adaptable computer-basedinformation system CBIS especially developed for supporting

the solution to a specific non-structured management problemA clinical decision-support system is any computer program designed to help health professionals make clinical decisions.In a sense, any computer system that deals with clinical data or medical knowledge is intended to provide decision support.Three types of decision-support function, ranging from generalized to patient specific.

categoriesGenerating alerts and remindersDiagnostic assistanceTherapy critiquing and planningImage recognition and interpretation Tools for Information ManagementExamples:

Hospital information systemsBibliographic retrieval systems (PubMed)Specialized knowledge-management workstations (e.g. electronic textbooks, …)

These tools provide the data and knowledge needed, but they do not help to apply that information to a particular decision task (particular patient)

Tools for focusing Intention

Examples:Clinical laboratory systems that flag abnormal values or that provide lists of possible explanations for those abnormalities.Pharmacy systems that alert providers to possible drug interactions or incorrect drug dosages

Are designed to remind the physician of diagnoses or problems that might be overlooked.Tools for Patient-Specific ConsultationProvide customized assessments or advice based on sets of patient-specific data:

Suggest differential diagnosesAdvice about additional tests and examinations Treatment advice (therapy, surgery, …)

Tools for Patient-Specific ConsultationProvide customized assessments or advice based on sets of patient-specific data:

Suggest differential diagnosesAdvice about additional tests and examinations Treatment advice (therapy, surgery, …)

Alternative (more specific) DefinitionClinical decision support systems are active knowledge systems which use two or more items of patient data to generate case-specific advice.Main components:

Medical knowledgePatient dataCase-specific advice

Characterizing Decision-Support SystemsSystem function

Determining what is true about a patient (e.g. correct diagnosis)Determining what to do (what test to order, to treat or not, what therapy plan a…)

The mode for giving advicePassive role (physician uses the system when advice needed)Active role (the system gives advice automatically under certain conditions)

Passive SystemThe user has total control:

Requires adviceAnalyses the adviceAccepts/Rejects the advice

Domain of use:Wide domain like internal medicine

Examples: QMR, DXPLAINNarrow domain

Acute abdominal painAnalysis of ECG

Passive Systems (cont.)Characteristics:

Stand-aloneData entry:

System initiativeUser initiative

Consultation styleConsulting modelCritiquing model

Active SystemThe user has partial control

System gives adviceUser evaluates the adviceThe user accepts/rejects the advice

Domain of useLimited domain

Drug interactionsProtocol conformance controlLaboratory results warningsMedical devices control

Active Systems (cont.)Characteristics

Built-in/integrated with other system (e.g. laboratory information system, or pharmacy system)

Data entryBy the userRelated to the main application

Consultation styleCritiquing model

Examples:HELP (advices and reminders, therapy)CARE (reminders)

Need for CDSSLimited resources - increased demandPhysicians are overwhelmed.

Insufficient time available for diagnosis and treatment.Need for systems that can improve health care processes and their outcomes in this scenarioPossible Disadvantages of CDSSChanging relation between patient and the physicianLimiting professionals’ possibilities for independent problem solvingLegal implications - with whom does the onus of responsibility lie?Issues for success or failureEvaluation of User NeedsTop management supportCommitment of expertIntegration IssuesHuman Computer InterfaceIncorporation of domain knowledgeConsideration of social and organisational context of the CDSS

Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support Systems

Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support SystemsCriteria for success of CDSSAspects for consideration during evaluationCriteria for a clinically useful DSSKnowledge based on best evidenceKnowledge fully covers problemKnowledge can be updatedData actively used drawn from existing sources Performance validated rigorouslyCriteria for a clinically useful DSS (cont.)System improves clinical practiceClinician is in controlThe system is easy to useThe decisions made are transparentAspects for Evaluation of a CDSSThe process used to develop the systemThe systems essential structureEvidence of accuracy, generality and clinical effectivenessThe impact of the resource on patients and other aspects of the health care environment

Design Cycle For development CDSSDesign Cycle for the development of a CDSSPlanning PhaseResearch PhaseSystem Analysis and conceptual phaseDesign Phase Construction phaseFurther Development phaseMaintenance, documentation and adaptation

Referenceshttp://www.paklag.org/InformationSystemsPresentationFinal.ppthttp://www.cs.ui.ac.id/staf/sjarif/eis.htm http://www.cyut.edu.tw/~ypchiu/MIS/2012/2012-2-MIS-Chap2.ppthttp://www.csus.edu/indiv/e/eatonr/mis%20175%20notes/ch01a.ppt