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An Overview of theAn Overview of the Global Positioning Satellite System Global Positioning Satellite System
(GPS)(GPS)Edward J. DelpEdward J. Delp
N9YTEN9YTEOctober 25, 2000October 25, [email protected]@n9yte.net
http://www.n9yte.nethttp://www.n9yte.net
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OverviewOverview
The Navigation ProblemThe Navigation Problem Earlier ApproachesEarlier Approaches GPS DescriptionGPS Description How does GPS Work?How does GPS Work?
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AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
Many of the graphical images used in this Many of the graphical images used in this talk are courtesy of talk are courtesy of Peter H. Dana of the Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin -
http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/gcraft/http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/gcraft/ notes/gps/gps.htmlnotes/gps/gps.htmlThe best web site for GPSThe best web site for GPS
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The Navigation ProblemThe Navigation Problem
The ancient question: The ancient question: Where am I?Where am I?
Earth coordinates: Earth coordinates: latitude and longitudelatitude and longitude
Lafayette: N40/W86Lafayette: N40/W86 Latitude can be Latitude can be
determined by Sun determined by Sun angleangle
What about longitude?What about longitude?
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Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude
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Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude
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Longitude ProblemLongitude Problem
No easy way to determine longitudeNo easy way to determine longitude On July 8, 1714 the Longitude Act was On July 8, 1714 the Longitude Act was
established in England to solve the established in England to solve the “longitude problem”“longitude problem”
Two solutions were proposedTwo solutions were proposed -- use of stars and moons-- use of stars and moons -- the “time” solution-- the “time” solution
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LongitudeLongitude
Longitude : The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time
Dava Sobel
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Longitude Problem: ReferencesLongitude Problem: References
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/
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The “Time” SolutionThe “Time” Solution
Where am I? <=> What time is it in Where am I? <=> What time is it in Greenwich, England?Greenwich, England?
The ability to find one’s position is based on The ability to find one’s position is based on how well one can tell what time is it?how well one can tell what time is it?
The development of the chronometerThe development of the chronometer To find longitude to within 0.5 degree requires To find longitude to within 0.5 degree requires
a clock that loses or gains no more than 3 a clock that loses or gains no more than 3 seconds/dayseconds/day
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LongitudeLongitude
How does this work?How does this work? The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours:The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours: 15 degrees = 1 hour15 degrees = 1 hour If you know the time in Greenwich when it If you know the time in Greenwich when it
is local noon at your location one can find is local noon at your location one can find your longitude relative to Greenwichyour longitude relative to Greenwich
Must know “datum” reference to use mapsMust know “datum” reference to use maps
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Datum ReferenceDatum Reference
Lone Pine Cemetery - N400 13.8’’ E260 17.24”
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Satellite NavigationSatellite Navigation
US Department of Defense has need for US Department of Defense has need for very precise navigationvery precise navigation
In 1973, the US Air Force proposed a new In 1973, the US Air Force proposed a new system for navigation using satellitessystem for navigation using satellites
The system is known as: The system is known as: Navigation System Navigation System with Timing and Ranging: Global with Timing and Ranging: Global Positioning SystemPositioning System or or NAVSTAR GPSNAVSTAR GPS
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NAVSTAR GPS GoalsNAVSTAR GPS Goals
What time is it?What time is it? What is my position (including attitude)?What is my position (including attitude)? What is my velocity?What is my velocity? Other Goals:Other Goals: - What is the local time?- What is the local time? - When is sunrise and sunset?- When is sunrise and sunset? - What is the distance between two points?- What is the distance between two points? - What is my estimated time arrival?- What is my estimated time arrival?
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GSP SystemGSP System
Simply stated: The GPS satellites are nothingSimply stated: The GPS satellites are nothing more than a set of clocks in the skymore than a set of clocks in the sky
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GPS SegmentsGPS Segments
Space Segment: the constellation of Space Segment: the constellation of satellitessatellites
Control Segment: control the satellitesControl Segment: control the satellites
User Segment: users with receiversUser Segment: users with receivers
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Space SegmentSpace Segment
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Space SegmentSpace Segment
System consists of 24 satellites in the System consists of 24 satellites in the operational mode: 21 in use and 3 sparesoperational mode: 21 in use and 3 spares
3 other satellites are used for testing3 other satellites are used for testing Altitude: 20,200 Km with periods of 12 hr.Altitude: 20,200 Km with periods of 12 hr. Current Satellites: Block IIR- $25,000,000Current Satellites: Block IIR- $25,000,000 2000 KG2000 KG Hydrogen Maser Atomic ClocksHydrogen Maser Atomic Clocks
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Hydrogen Maser ClockHydrogen Maser Clock
These clocks lose one second everyThese clocks lose one second every2,739,000 million years2,739,000 million years
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GPS OrbitsGPS Orbits
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GPS OrbitsGPS Orbits
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Control SegmentControl Segment
Master Control Station is located at the Master Control Station is located at the Consolidated Space Operations Center Consolidated Space Operations Center (CSOC) at Flacon Air Force Station near(CSOC) at Flacon Air Force Station nearColorado SpringsColorado Springs
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Control SegmentControl Segment
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CSOCCSOC
Track the satellites for orbit and clock Track the satellites for orbit and clock determinationdetermination
Time synchronizationTime synchronization Upload the Navigation MessageUpload the Navigation Message Manage DOAManage DOA
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Operational CapabilitiesOperational Capabilities
Initial Operational Capability - December 8,Initial Operational Capability - December 8,19931993
Full Operational Capability declared by theFull Operational Capability declared by theSecretary of Defense at 00:01 hours onSecretary of Defense at 00:01 hours onJuly 17, 1995July 17, 1995
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GPS Transmitted SignalGPS Transmitted Signal
Two signals are transmitted on carriers:Two signals are transmitted on carriers: L1 = 1575.42 MHzL1 = 1575.42 MHz L2 = 1227.60 MHzL2 = 1227.60 MHzThese are derived from the system clock of These are derived from the system clock of 10.23 MHz (phase quadrature)10.23 MHz (phase quadrature) Modulation used is Direct Sequence Spread Modulation used is Direct Sequence Spread
SpectrumSpectrum (code division multiple access - CDMA) (code division multiple access - CDMA)
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GPS SignalsGPS Signals
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GPS Clock SignalsGPS Clock Signals
Two types of clock signals are transmittedTwo types of clock signals are transmitted C/A Code - Coarse/Acquisition Code C/A Code - Coarse/Acquisition Code
available for civilian use on L1 provides available for civilian use on L1 provides 300 m resolution300 m resolution
P Code - Precise Code on L1 and L2 used P Code - Precise Code on L1 and L2 used by the military provides 3m resolutionby the military provides 3m resolution
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Spread SpectrumSpread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum is used becauseSpread Spectrum is used because - resistance to jamming- resistance to jamming - masks the transmissions- masks the transmissions - resist multipath effects- resist multipath effects - multiple access- multiple access All 24 GPS satellites transmit on the same two All 24 GPS satellites transmit on the same two
frequencies BUT use a different ID sequencefrequencies BUT use a different ID sequence
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GPS SignalsGPS Signals
The satellites transmit as part of their unique The satellites transmit as part of their unique Spread Spectrum signal a clock or timing signalSpread Spectrum signal a clock or timing signal
The range or distance to the satellite is obtained The range or distance to the satellite is obtained by measuring how long it takes for the by measuring how long it takes for the transmitted signal to reach the receivertransmitted signal to reach the receiver
This is not the “true” range due to clock errors - This is not the “true” range due to clock errors - what is obtained is know as the “pseudo-range”what is obtained is know as the “pseudo-range”
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GPS PositionGPS Position
By knowing how far one is from three By knowing how far one is from three satellites one can ideally find their 3D satellites one can ideally find their 3D coordinatescoordinates
To correct for clock errors one needs to To correct for clock errors one needs to receive four satellitesreceive four satellites
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GPS: How does it work?GPS: How does it work?
Typical receiver: one channel C/A code on L1Typical receiver: one channel C/A code on L1 During the “acquisition” time you are receiving During the “acquisition” time you are receiving
the navigation message also on L1the navigation message also on L1 The receiver then reads the timing information The receiver then reads the timing information
and computes the “pseudo-ranges”and computes the “pseudo-ranges” The pseudo-ranges are then correctedThe pseudo-ranges are then corrected
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GPS: How does it work?GPS: How does it work?
Corrected ranges are used to compute the Corrected ranges are used to compute the positionposition
This is a very complicated iterative This is a very complicated iterative nonlinear equationnonlinear equation
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Navigation MessageNavigation Message
To compute your position one must know To compute your position one must know the position of the satellitethe position of the satellite
Navigation Message - transmitted on both Navigation Message - transmitted on both L1 and L2 at 50 bits/s for 30 sL1 and L2 at 50 bits/s for 30 s
Navigation message consists of two parts:Navigation message consists of two parts: - satellite almanac- satellite almanac - clock bias- clock bias
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Why Do I Need Why Do I Need To See 4 Satellites?To See 4 Satellites?
The problem is that the clock signal from The problem is that the clock signal from the satellite is corrupted by atmospheric the satellite is corrupted by atmospheric refractionrefraction
Another major problem is that the receiver’s Another major problem is that the receiver’s clock is not very accurateclock is not very accurate
For a 2D fix <=> 3 satellitesFor a 2D fix <=> 3 satellites
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Why Do I Need Why Do I Need To See 4 Satellites?To See 4 Satellites?
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Denial of Accuracy (DOA)Denial of Accuracy (DOA)
The US military uses two approaches to The US military uses two approaches to prohibit use of the full resolution of the systemprohibit use of the full resolution of the system
Selective Availability (SA) - noise is added to Selective Availability (SA) - noise is added to the clock signal and the navigation message the clock signal and the navigation message has “lies” in ithas “lies” in it
Anti-Spoofing (AS) - P-code is encryptedAnti-Spoofing (AS) - P-code is encrypted The military sometimes turns off both DOA The military sometimes turns off both DOA
techniquestechniques
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Differential GPSDifferential GPS
Used to improve accuracyUsed to improve accuracy Put a “satellite” on the ground at a precise Put a “satellite” on the ground at a precise
positionposition Differential signal is not “transmitted” on Differential signal is not “transmitted” on
standard satellite frequenciesstandard satellite frequencies
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Uses of GPSUses of GPS
Airplane and Boat NavigationAirplane and Boat Navigation Continental DriftContinental Drift SurveyingSurveying Precise TimingPrecise Timing Iceberg TrackingIceberg Tracking Archaeological ExpeditionsArchaeological Expeditions Mobile MultimediaMobile Multimedia
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GPS Clock RolloverGPS Clock Rollover
GPS System Time rolled over at midnight 21-22 August 1999, 132 days before the Year 2000
On 22 August 1999, unless repaired, many GPS receivers claimed that it is 6 January 1980
http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/gps/geninfo/http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/gps/geninfo/y2k/gpsweek.htmy2k/gpsweek.htm
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ConclusionConclusion
GPS will find more civilian usesGPS will find more civilian uses DOD has promised to eliminate SADOD has promised to eliminate SA Russia has a system known as GLONASSRussia has a system known as GLONASS The EU is discussing deploying its own The EU is discussing deploying its own
systemsystem
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ReferencesReferences
B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collins, GPS: Theory and Practice, Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
T. Logsdon, The Navstar Global Positioning System, Van Nostrand, 1992.
A. Leick, GPS Satellite Surveying, Second edition, Wiley, 1995.
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ReferencesReferences
T. A. Herring, "The Global Positioning System," Scientific American, pp. 44-50, February 1996.
N. J. Hotchkiss, A Comprehensive Guide to Land Navigation with GPS, Alexis, 1994.
Special Edition on the Global Positioning System, Satellite Times, March/April 1996.
D. Sobel, Longitude, Walker, 1995.
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Web SitesWeb Sites
GPS Program Office:GPS Program Office:http://www.laafb.af.mil/SMC/CZ/homepage/http://www.laafb.af.mil/SMC/CZ/homepage/ US Coast Guard Navaigation CenterUS Coast Guard Navaigation Centerhttp://www.navcen.uscg.mil/default.htmhttp://www.navcen.uscg.mil/default.htm GPS Precise OrbitsGPS Precise Orbitshttp://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.htmlhttp://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.html GPS World MagazineGPS World Magazinehttp://www.gpsworld.com/http://www.gpsworld.com/