GPRS
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Transcript of GPRS
GPRS
Presented by
Hrudya
Need for GPRS Speed Immediacy New and better applications User friendly billing
History In 1994, a Special Mobile Group started to
think about a High Speed Data upgrade for GSM.
The first step was HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data). HSCSD is a circuit-switched extension to GSM.
The next step was GPRS. GPRS is a packet-switched extension to GSM.
What is HSCSD?
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data). The simplest high speed data upgrade for GSM. Provides GSM users with a bandwidth up to 57.6
Kbps. Does not require a hardware upgrade within BSS
or core network (NSS), but different MS are needed.
What is GPRS? GPRS is a packet oriented data service for IP
and X.25 over GSM networks. GPRS is a step towards 3G and is often
referred to as 2.5G. The GPRS network acts in parallel with the
GSM network, providing packet switched connections to the external networks.
Functions Traditional mobile communication network +
Traditional packet switched computer network. Capability to separate circuit switched and packet
switched traffic from mobile station (MS) Interfaces to Internet, intranets, Public Data
Networks (PDN) Routing of packets to appropriate destination Allocation of static or dynamic address for packets
originating from MS Protection of the GPRS network from security
threats Translation between logical names and IP
addresses using Domain Name System (DNS)
The GPRS network and it’s new elements.
GPRS Architecture
From GSM to GPRS....
Figure shows the architecture of a GPRS network. The GPRS system brings some new network elements to an existing GSM network. These elements are: Packet Control Unit (PCU) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): the MSC of the GPRS
network Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): gateway to external
networks Border Gateway (BG): a gateway to other PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) Intra-PLMN backbone: an IP based network inter-connecting all
the GPRS elements Charging Gateway (CG) Legal Interception Gateway (LIG) Domain Name System (DNS) Firewalls: used wherever a connection to an external network is
required.Not all of the network elements are compulsory for every GPRS network.
SGSN (Service GPRS Support Node )
The SGSN is the most important element of the GPRS network.
The SGSN of the GPRS network is equivalent to the MSC of the GSM network. There must at least one SGSN in a GPRS network.
There is a coverage area associated with a SGSN. As the network expands and the number of subscribers increases, there may be more than one SGSN in a network.
Handles: PDP contexts for Mobile Stations. Determines Quality of Service assigned to user. Routes packets to Mobile Stations. “Pages” Mobile Stations when data is to be sent. Handover/cell Change
Stores: Subscriber data for all Mobile Stations in the location area. Store not-acknowledged packets in case of a cell change
during an ongoing packet data transfer Security:
Authentication, by means of identity or equipment check. Data compression is used to minimise the size of
transmitted data units Charging
The SGSN collects CDR's (Call Data Records) for the use of the own network resources.
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) The GGSN is the gateway to external
networks. Every connection to a fixed external data
network has to go through a GGSN. The GGSN acts as the anchor point in a GPRS
data connection even when the subscriber moves to another SGSN during roaming.
There are usually two or more GGSNs in a network for redundancy purposes, and they back up each other up in case of failure.
The functions of a GGSN are given below:
Handles: Interconnects a PLMN to the external world (Internet). Routes IP packets to the appropriate SGSN. Routing packets originating from a mobile to the correct external
network Activation and Deactivation of PDP-Contexts / Session
Management. Stores:
Subscriber data for active Mobile Stations. Security:
Interfaces to external IP networks and deals with security issues Firewall. Screening.
Charging The GGSN will, in addition to the SGSN, collect CDRs and forward
them to the charging gateway (CG). GGSN will collect call data records based on the usage of external
network resources .
Charging Gateway
GPRS users have to be charged for the use of the network. In a GSM network, charging is based on the
destination, duration, and time of call. However, GPRS offers connectionless service to
users, so it not possible to charge subscribers on the connection duration.
Charging has to be based on the volume, destination, QoS, and other parameters of a connectionless data transfer.
These GPRS charging data are generated by all the SGSNs and GGSNs in the network. This data is referred to as Charging Data Records or CDRs.
One data session may generate a number of CDRs, so these need to collected and processed.
The Charging Gateway (CG) collects all of these records, sorts them, processes it, and passes it on to the Billing System.
The GPRS subscriber is billed for the data transaction.
All CDRs contain unique subscriber and connection identifiers to distinguish it.
A protocol called GTP‘ (pronounced GTP prime) is used for the transfer of data records between GSNs and the Charging Gateway.
Border Gateway The Border Gateway (BG) is a router that can
provide a direct GPRS tunnel between different operators' GPRS networks. This is referred to as an inter- PLMN data network.
It is more secure to transfer data between two operators‘ PLMN networks through a direct connection rather than via the public Internet.
The Border Gateway will commence operation once the GPRS roaming agreements between various operators have been signed.
It will essentially allow a roaming subscriber to connect to company intranet through the Home GGSN via the visiting PLMN network.
Domain Name Servers These devices convert IP names into IP
addresses for example, server.nokia.com to
133.44.15.5.
Lawful Intercept Gateway This is for monitoring traffic for law-
enforcement agencies that require court order.
When data packets traverse the GPRS network , it may be intercepted and forwarded to the agencies.
Packet Control Unit GPRS cell phone will trasmit data in Packet switched
mode and voice in circuit switched mode . So there needs to be a network to differenciate the
different kinds of calls and send them to respective core networks – voice call to MSC and data calls to SGSN.
PCU does this . PCU is placed at the Base station subsystem (BSS) .
The functions of PCU are Packet segmentation and reassembly Access control Scheduling for all active transmissions including radio
channel management Controlling transmission for checking, buffering and
retransmission
Classes Of GPRS Equipments As GPRS users need to handle both voice and data
services, the following classifications are made in the perspective of GPRS equipment.
Class A. Equipments that handle voice calls and transfer data at
the same time Class B.
Equipments that can handle voice or data traffic separately, and can put a packet transfer on hold to receive a phone call
Class C. Equipments that handle voice calls and transfer data ,
but has to be disconnected from one mode explicitly inorder to enable the other
GPRS Interfaces
Gb: Between a SGSN and a BSS. The Gb interface carries the GPRS traffic and signalling
between the GSM radio network (BSS) and the GPRS network. Frame Relay based network services is used for this interface.
Gr: Between an SGSN and the HLR. The Gr gives the SGSN access to subscriber information in
the HLR. The HLR can be located in a different PLMN than the SGSN
(MAP). Gs:
Between a SGSN and a MSC. The SGSN can send location data to the MSC or receive
paging requests from the MSC via this optional interface.
Gf: Between an SGSN and the EIR. The Gf gives the SGSN access to GPRS user equipment
information. The EIR maintains three different lists of mobile equipment:
black list for stolen mobiles, grey list for mobiles under observation and white list for other mobiles .
Gc Between the GGSN and the HLR. The GGSN may request the location of an MS via this optional
interface. The interface can be used if the GGSN needs to forward
packets to an MS that is not active. Gn
Between two GSNs (GPRS support node) within the same PLMN. (GP interface is used if they are in different PLMN)
It consist of a protocol stack that includes IP and GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP)
GTP has two parts , the GTP-U which is used to carry user data and GTP-C to carry control data.
Gd: Interface connects the SGSN to an SMS gateway , thus
enabling the SGSN to support SMS services. Gi:
Is a references rather than an interface. It refers to the connection between the GGSN and some
external network IPV4, IPV6, and PPP are supported by GGSN
Um: Modified air interface between mobile device and the GPRS
network.
GPRS Logical channel Logical channels in the GPRS network , are
divided into two categories Traffic channels Signalling/Control Channels
Logical channels are defined to perform multiple functions like broadcast , paging , signalling and payload transport.
They are listed in table
Group Channel
Function Direction
Packet Broadcast Control Channel PBCCH Broadcast Control
BSS MS
Packet Data Traffic Channel PDTCH Data traffic flow
MS BSS
Packet Dedicated Control Channel PACCH Associated Control
MS BSS
MS BSSPTCCH Timing
Cntrl
Packet Common Control Channel PRACH Random Access
MS BSS
PAGCH Access Grant
MS BSS
PPCH Paging MS BSS
PNCH Notification
MS BSS
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel Is employed for the transfer of user data, assigned to
one mobile station (MS) during data transfer. Each MS can use several PDTCHs simultaneously
PBCCH: Packet Broadcast Control Channel. Is a uni-directional point to multi point signalling
channel from base station sub system (BSS) to mobile stations.
PTCCH: Packet Timing Advance Control Channel . used for adaptive frame synchronisation.
PCCCH: Packet Common Control Channel. bi-directional point to multi point channel Transport signalling information for network access
management It consist of for sub channels as shown in table
GPRS Service Types A PLMN provider is responsible for the data
transfer between the GPRS Service Access Points
Two kinds of services are presents PTP (Point to Point):
Used for single packet transfer between two subscribers.
Operated in connection oriented (CONS) and connection less mode (CLNS)
CONS for X.25 CLNS for IP
PTM (Point to Multipoint): Supports transmission of data packets between a
service user and a specified group inside a certain geographical region.
It is again divided into PTM- Multicast (PTM-M). PTM- Group (PTM-G)
In PTM-M Data packets are broadcast over a certain geographical area.
A group identifier indicates whether the packets are intended for all users or a group of users
PTM- Group (PTM-G) is meant for only certain group of users
The messages are addressed explicitly to a specified group and are sent to all geographical region where the group members are located .
GPRS States
Idle
Ready
Standby
GPRS Attach
GPRS Detach
Ready Timer expired
Data transfer or reception
Idle Mode. (MS off or not attached yet.). If the MS is on, and is a Class B or Class C MS, the MS
will listen to the network, but not make any updating of where the MS is. It is not possible to page an MS.
Ready Mode. (MS is able to send and receive data). Cell updating is necessary. If no activity within the timer (44s) the MS will fall
back to a stand-by state. NOTE: an MS can be forced back to standby mode
due to lack of recourses. Standby Mode. (MS is listening to the Network).
It is possible to page the MS.