GP-01 - Seismic Dissaster Mitigation in Pakistan

8/13/2019 GP-01 - Seismic Dissaster Mitigation in Pakistan

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CONTENTS

Basic terminology - hazard, risk, vulnerability and disaster

Factors contributing to seismic disaster mitigation

Hazard assessment in context of the Oct 08 earthquake

Vulnerability of structures in context of the Oct 08

earthquake

Recommendations for seismic disaster mitigation in Pakistan

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Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability

and Disaster ?

How these terms are interconnected

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Hazard:Hazard is any substance, phenomenon or situation which hasthe potential to cause disruption or damage to people, theirproperty or their services and their environment.


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Risk:Risk is the probability that negative consequences may arisewhen hazards interact with vulnerable area, people, property,

environment.


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Disaster

Disaster:An event causing widespread human or material losses whichexceed the availability of the affectedcommunity to cope

using its own resources.


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Vulnerability:Vulnerability is a concept which describes the factors or constraints of aneconomic, social, physical or geographically nature, which reduce the

availability to prepare for and cope with impact of hazards


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IMPLICATIONS OF DISASTERS

A single disaster can wipe

out annual GDP of a country.

Losses from the Oct 08earthquake

80,000 dead

200,00 injured

4 million homeless Economic losses more than

USD 5 billion

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Disaster Reduction is a MUST for

Sustainable Development


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SEISMIC HAZARD ZONING OF PAKISTAN ANDTHE OCT 08 EARTHQUAKE

9Geophysical center Quetta, Met deptt. ofPakistan


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REALISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT

Realistic seismic hazard assessment is crucial because placing a

low-seismicity region in a high hazard zone will requireconstruction of costly structures thereby making them

uneconomical. Similarly, placing a high-seismicity region in a low

hazard zone will allow construction of relatively weaker

structures thereby making them vulnerable to collapse during anearthquake.

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SEISMIC VULNERABILITY

Low Seismic capacity of buildings due to low quality

of material, improper design and construction;

buildings constructed on loose soil, or constructed

in areas prone to liquefaction and land slides etc.

will make the structures vulnerable to collapseduring an earthquake.

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Seismic vulnerability with respect tothe Oct 08, earthquake


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STONE MASONRY BUILDINGS CONSTITUTE AROUND 40% OF THE TOTAL

BUILDING STOCK. (20% OF IT IN CITIES AND 80% IN VILLAGES).

APPROX 95 % OF BUILDINGS EITHER COMPLETELY COLLAPSED OR GOT

SEVERELY DAMAGED.

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Undressed stone masonry Dressed stone masonry

Smooth round stones in mud mortar, or low quality cs mortars,no bond beams, no proper connections


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30% OF THE TOTAL BUILDING STOCK (100% OF IT IN CITIES,

NEGLIGIBLE IN VILLAGES) WAS UN-REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

BLOCK MASONRY HAVING RC ROOF SLAB, OUT OF WHICH APPROX 50%

EITHER COLLAPSED OR GOT SEVERELY DAMAGED.

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Low quality concrete blocks laid in mud mortar, or low quality

cs mortars, no bond beams, no proper connections


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TOTAL STOCK OF BRICK MASONRY BUILDING CONSTITUTES AROUND

20%, (100 % IN CITIES, NEGLIGIBLE IN VILLAGES), OUT OF WHICH LESS

THAN 5% COLLAPSED AND AROUND 15% GOT SEVERELY DAMAGED.

BY AND LARGE THE BRICK MASONRY HAS PERFORMED VERY WELL.

15Brick masonry building Muzafarabad


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Strong-beam weak-column


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Incredible


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Improper lateral reinforcement


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Water tanks collapse occurred as far as 200

km from the epicenter


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Original position ofdeck

1 meterdisplacement

Life lines---Bridges


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Pipe lines transmission lines


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Massive land sliding washed out entire villages

ISSUES CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS


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ISSUES CONTRIBUTING TOWARDSSEISMIC VULNERABILITY

None-existence of

seismic design guidelines and building codes.

site specific ground characteristics for seismicdesign.

scientifically determined indigenous materialproperties.

trained professionals for carrying out constructionactivities in seismic prone areas

awareness of general public for realizing theseismic risk.

Implementing/regulating and inspection mechanismfor construction monitoring

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EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND


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EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ANDPLANNING

In the post-earthquake scenario the

quantum of disaster can increaseenormously due to lack of effective

emergency preparedness and planning

strategies.

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MEASURES TO BE TAKENTO AVOID DISASTERS IN

FUTURE ?

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SHORT TERM MEASURES


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SHORT TERM MEASURES

Enactment of a law for strict enforcement of these recommendations

is also required.

Training should be imparted to the contractors, masons, construction

supervisors and local government hierarchy at the local Govt level foreffective reconstruction and rehabilitation activities.

The design and construction of educational institutions, hospitals and

other important government buildings should be given special

attention.

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SHORT TERM MEASURES---

Construction of new buildings in the areas prone to landsliding andliquefaction should be avoided.

Repair, strengthening and /or retrofitting of existing buildings

deficient in seismic capacity is also vital.

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LONG TERM MEASURES

Development of seismic hazard maps , liquefaction andlandslide maps, micro zoning for highly seismic proneregions etc.

Development of seismic code for the country

Seismic risk assessment for various categories of buildings

and engineering structures.

Structural assessment of important buildings such as dams,long span bridges, educational institutions, hospitals,secretariat etc and their strengthening, if required.

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LONG TERM MEASURES (CONTD)

Technology development for low cost base isolation and

damper systems for brittle structures.

Development of repair and strengthening techniques for

seismically distressed local structural systems.

Development of disaster mitigation methodologies.

Seismic risk assessment for sustainability of life lines

including, highways, railways, Gas, Sewerage and Water pipe

lines and electricity transmission lines etc.

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PROVERB BY JAPANESE PHYSICS SCIENTIST DR.TORAHIKO

Natural disasters will hit us by

the time people have forgotten

about it

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Thanks

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GP-01 - Seismic Dissaster Mitigation in Pakistan

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