Government TypesGovernment Types

(Anarchy)

Total lack of government No Rules, No Leader

(Democracy)

Rule by the masses/people No Leader All Decisions made by the

community

Created in ancient Athens

True Democracies only work in small groups

(Theocracy)

Rule by Religion Leader: The Priest or Main Religious

Figure

Example: The Nations of Iran, Vatican City,

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What would be some of the problems with having a government based on a specific religion ?

(Monarchy)

Rule by a single Leader, typically chosen by (Divine Right)

(Absolute Monarchy) – leader with total power.

(Oligarchy)

Rule by a few individuals

(Aristocracy)

Rule by the Wealthy

Example: The countries of Bahrain, United Arab Emirates

(Republic)

Rule by people’s representatives

Created in the ancient Roman empire People’s Representative = (Senator)

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What type of government does the United States have ?

The Enlightenment

The period in the 18th century (1700s) theories about society, politics, science and life in general was explained by reason.

Most (philosphes) were (Deists)- that the world could be explained by reason, not through religion.

It was centered in France– Controlled by an Absolute Monarch

England had some Enlightenment thinkers, but since their Parliament ran the country, they had more freedoms already.

Some rulers tried to adopt Enlightenment ideas (The Enlightened Despots)– Catherine the Great of Russia– Joseph II of Austria– They allowed some freedom of speech and religion for a while,

but when their power was threatened, they returned to their old traditions.

Some rulers tried to adopt Enlightenment ideas (The Enlightened Despots)– Catherine the Great of Russia– Joseph II of Austria– They allowed some freedom of speech and religion

for a while, but when their power was threatened, they returned to their old traditions.

For Enlightenment ideas to grow it had to be a country that did not have a king directly ruling it.

The American The American RevolutionRevolution

Contributing Ideas English Common Law The Magna Carta English Bill of Rights

– Right to petition and bear arms The Enlightenment

– Natural Rights– Equality for all – Freedom of Speech and Religion– Free Trade

Who fought

The Americans

(George Washington) Commander of American forces Experience in 7 Years War Virginian Farmer

(Thomas Jefferson)

Author of Declaration of Independence Member of Continental Congress Virginian farmer, lawyer, Scientist

(Alexander Hamilton)

Officer under Washington

Lawyer First Secretary of the Treasury Co-wrote the Federalist Papers- called for

a strong central government

(Benjamin Franklin)

Assisted with Declaration of Independence Member of Continental Congress Member of Constitutional

Convention Printer, Scientist, Politician Ambassador to France

(James Madison)

Lawyer

Greatly influenced the US Constitution Secretary of State, Congressman, President

(The Continental Congress)

Representative members of the 13 colonies met throughout the Revolution, deciding on policy, raising funds for the military, and continued the propaganda campaign

Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty

(Samuel Adams) was theringleader of the Boston Tea Party

(Sons of Liberty), secret patriotic society organized in the American colonies in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act. Its leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

American Allies

(Marquis de Lafayette)-  French military leader and statesman, who fought on the side of the colonists during the American Revolution

The British

(George III)

king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820), who presided over the loss of Britain's American colonies

(General Charles Cornwallis)

British general and statesman, whose defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, was decisive in ending the American Revolution.

Why did they fight

1. Excessive Taxation 1764 (Sugar Act)- tax on non-British

goods shipped to the colonies. 1765 (Stamp Act)- Parliament's

first direct tax on the American colonies, It taxed all printed materials. It paid for the expenses of fighting the French and Indian War

1767 (Townshend Acts). To help pay for governing the American colonies, Parliament taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.

1773 –(Tea Act) Reduced the tax on imported British tea, gave British merchants an unfair advantage

Political RepresentationFrom 1660 to 1696 Navigation ActsGoods to or from colonies had to be shipped

in English ships, and that certain agricultural products could go only to England.

1765 (Quartering Act). The British required the colonies to provide barracks and supplies to British troops.

Where did they fight

Battles were primarily in the 13 colonies, Some sea battles of the Eastern coast and

in Caribbean.

France fought England in other foreign colonies including India.

How did they fight

Americans Primarily volunteer

forces. Some trained officers

Guerrilla Warfare Some traditional

tactics

British Hired Mercenaries-

(Hessians) Professionally trained

troops Loyalist Troops

Traditional European tactics

When did they fight- Events

1760: King George III ascends to the throne of England.

1763: Treaty signed between England and France ending the French and Indian War.

1765 1765 - In July, the Sons of Liberty, is

formed in a number of colonial towns.

1766

In March, King George III signs a bill repealing the Stamp Act , and the English Parliament passes The Declaratory Act stating that the British government has total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies.

1770

March 5, 1770 - The Boston Massacre

A mob harasses British soldiers who then fire their muskets pointblank into the crowd, killing three instantly, mortally wounding two others and injuring six.

Boston Massacre

1773

1773 - May 10, the Tea Act takes effect. It kept a three penny per pound import tax on tea arriving in the colonies . It also gives the near bankrupt British East India Company a virtual tea monopoly

December 16, 1773 - The Boston Tea Party occurs as colonial activists disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians then board the ships and dump all 342 containers of tea into the harbor to protest the Tea Act.

Boston Tea Party

1774

1774 - September 5 to October 26, the First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia with 56 delegates, representing every colony, except Georgia. Attendants include Patrick Henry, George Washington, Sam Adams and John Hancock.

1775

1775 - March 23, in Virginia, Patrick Henry delivers a speech against British rule, stating, "Give me liberty or give me death!"

1775

April 14, 1775 - Massachusetts Governor Gage is secretly ordered by the British to suppress "open rebellion" among colonists by using all necessary force.

April 18, 1775 - General Gage orders 700 British soldiers to Concord to destroy the colonists' weapons depot, Paul Revere and William Dawes are sent from Boston to warn colonists.

(April 19, 1775)

About 70 armed Massachusetts militiamen stand face to face on Lexington Green with the British advance guard. An unordered 'shot heard around the world' begins the American Revolution.

Minutemen of Concord

Spirit of 1776

May 10, 1775 - The Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia,

June 15, the Congress votes to appoint George Washington general and commander-in-chief of the new Continental Army.

June 17, 1775 - The first major fight between British and American troops occurs at Boston in the Battle of Bunker Hill.

July 3, 1775 - At Cambridge, Massachusetts, George Washington takes command of the Continental Army which now has about 17,000 men.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Washington Takes Command

1776 January 9, 1776 - Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" is published in Philadelphia. June-July, 1776 - On June 7, Richard Henry Lee,

presents a formal resolution calling for America to declare its independence from Britain.

On June 11, Congress appoints a committee to draft a declaration of independence. Committee members are Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston and Roger Sherman.

(July 4 1776)

Signing of Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia.

Independence Hall, Philadelphia

December 25-26, 1776 - On Christmas, George Washington takes 2400 of his men and recrosses the Delaware River. Then he leads a surprise raid on 1500 British-Hessians (German mercenaries) at Trenton, New Jersey.

1777 June 14, 1777 - The flag of the United States consisting

of 13 stars and 13 white and red stripes is mandated by Congress;

July 27, 1777 - Marquis de Lafayette, a 19 year old French aristocrat, volunteers to serve without pay. Congress appoints him as a major general .

October 7, 1777 - The Battle of Saratoga results in the first major American victory of the Revolutionary War

December 17, 1777 - At Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, the Continental Army led by Washington sets up winter quarters.

February 6, 1778 - American and French representatives sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance. France now officially recognizes the United States and will soon become the major supplier of military supplies to Washington's army.

September 23, 1779 - Off the coast of England, John Paul Jones fights a desperate battle with a British frigate. When the British demand his surrender, Jones responds, "I have not yet begun to fight!" Jones then captures the frigate before his own ship sinks.

1779

September 27, 1779 - John Adams is appointed by Congress to negotiate peace with England.

October 17, 1779 - Washington sets up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, where his troops will suffer another harsh winter without desperately needed supplies, resulting in low morale, desertions and attempts at mutiny.

1780

May 12, 1780 - The worst American defeat of the Revolutionary War occurs as the British capture Charleston and its 5400-man garrison (the entire southern American Army) along with four ships and a military arsenal. British losses are only 225.

August 3, 1780 - Benedict Arnold is appointed commander of West Point. Unknown to the Americans, he has been secretly collaborating with British Gen. Clinton since May of 1779 by supplying information on Gen. Washington's tactics.

1781 September 28, 1781- October 17, 1781 -The

Siege of Yorktown- Gen. Washington, with a combined Allied army of 17,000 men, attacked Cornwallis’s troops. Gen. Washington and Gen. Cornwallis work out terms of surrender.

October 19, 1781 - As their band plays the tune, "The world turned upside down," the British army marches out in formation and surrenders at Yorktown.

Surrender at Yorktown

1782

November 10, 1782 - The final battle of the Revolutionary War occurs as Americans retaliate against Loyalist and Indian forces by attacking a Shawnee Indian village in the Ohio territory.

1783 February 4, 1783 - England officially declares an end

to hostilities in America. April 11, 1783 - Congress officially declares an end to

the Revolutionary War. September 3, 1783 - The Treaty of Paris is signed by

the United States and Great Britain. December 23, 1783 - George Washington, victorious

commander in chief of the American Revolutionary Army, appears before Congress and voluntarily resigns his commission, an event unprecedented in history.

What happened After

The United States creates the world’s first Democratic Republic.

The British Empire starts its slow decline The French government has millions of

dollars of debt due to wars with England.

Articles of Confederation, which gave strong state power, and weak national power.

The Articles did not work, in 1787, a Constitutional Convention was called to create a new style of government.

1787: The Constitutional convention finishes writing the Constitution,

1791: The Bill of Rights is passed by the 1st Congress of the US (Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, etc. . .)