Good Morning!!!

1. NVC

2. John Brown: martyr or fanatic?

3. The Civil War

Essential Question #1: Was John Brown a martyr or a “misguided fanatic?”Essential Question #2: What happened during the U.S. Civil War?Test on Tuesday NEXT WEEK

9/11

“All of a sudden there were people screaming. I saw people jumping out of the building. Their arms were flailing. I stopped taking pictures and started crying.” -Michael Walters, a freelance photojournalist in Manhattan

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNw0jOhVJ3A

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lKZqqSI9-s

Was John Brown a martyr or a “misguided fanatic”?– Martyr: Someone who willingly suffers on behalf

of a belief or cause– Fanatic: a person so obsessed with something

they are nearly crazy• Consider: What was going on at the time

and what other actions Brown could have taken

The Civil War

The War Begins• Presidential Election of 1860• Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen

Douglas– Lincoln wins with >40% of popular

vote (all from North)• Abraham Lincoln is a Republican

– Republican Party founded in 1854 as the anti-slavery party!

• Victory leads to Southern calls for SECESSION– “Now that radical Republicans

have the power I suppose they will John Brown us all.”—Mary Boykin Chestnut

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

• ~22 million population• President Lincoln• Resources in North:– Factories– Transportation– Navy = $$$

• Offensive War

North vs. SouthUnion Confederacy

• ~9 million (3 million slaves)

• President Davis• More military

skill/experience• fortified cities• Defensive war

Lincoln’s Strategy• Goal #1: PRESERVE THE

UNION– “My paramount object in this

struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it.”—Abraham Lincoln

• Anaconda Plan– Squeeze the South to death

using naval blockades– Not working: South

WINNING war

Turning Points• Battle of Antietam

– September 1862 Southern general Robert E. Lee INVADES North

– Single bloodiest day in U.S. history = 20,000 dead

• Emancipation Proclamation– Lincoln’s response to Antietam– Return to the Union or I will

free your slaves!– January 1863 slaves are

“forever free”• Or are they…?

– War becomes a moral fight to end slavery

Key Moments• Battle of Gettysburg

– July 1863 General Lee again invades North

– Battle lasts 3 days and is bloodiest in U.S. history• 50,000 killed

– Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: “a new birth of freedom”

• Rise of Total War– Northern generals Grant and

Sherman– Win at any cost = brutal tactics– Sherman’s March to the Sea:

burns Georgia to the ground

War’s End• Surrender at Appomattox

– South running out of people and resources

– General Grant captures Richmond (capital) in April 1965

– Days later, General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox

– Generous terms for the South

• Aftermath– North wins, South in ruins– 620,000 dead in total