Gomart 2014 - Traditions Techniques & Production Céramique Au Néolithice Ancien - eBook

7/21/2019 Gomart 2014 - Traditions Techniques & Production Cramique Au Nolithice Ancien - eBook

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Uahmstojm VrmssI jmw nmjmritaoj ol Vudcasbajn

Qou irm rmihajn i lucc vmrsaoj ol tbas doo`, lor lrmm!

Xbas doo` as pirt ol tbm Uahmstojm m-cadriry wbmrm kost ol our

pudcaeitaojs irm luccy ieemssadcm lor lrmm. Lor ieemss to korm

lrmm doo`s vasat7 www.sahmstojm.eok/cadriry

Howjcoih Lucc VHL\asat tbm Uahmstojm m-cadriry to drowsm our m-doo`s. Lor i kajakic

lmm you eij purebism i luccy lujetaojic VHL ijh dy hoajn so, you

bmcp to `mmp our cadriry rujjajn.

www.sahmstojm.eok/cadriry


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Uahmstojm Vrmss

iu jocatbaqum ijeamj

trihataojs tmebjaqums prohuetaoj

erikaqum


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tuhm hm buat satms rudijs hu jorh mst hm ci Lrijem mt hm Dmcnaqum

Couasm Nokirt

iu jocatbaqum ijeamj

trihataojs tmebjaqums prohuetaoj

erikaqum


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4698 C. Nokirt

Vudca pir Uahmstojm Vrmss, Cmahmjwww.sahmstojm.eok

AUDJ 1>2-16-2216-48


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Virtam AA - Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj ajtri-satm 7 tuhm tmebjoconaqum hm ci

erikaqum hu satm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms 8>

9 Ci prsmjtitaoj hu satm 81

9.9 Ci coeicasitaoj mt cms strueturms ireboconaqums 819.4 Ci squmjem ebrojoconaqum rmcitavm =6

9.5 Cms vmstanms ireboconaqums mt cmur hastradutaoj spitaicm =69.5.9 Ci liujm =69.5.4 Cajhustram catbaqum =49.5.5 Cajhustram ossmusm =49.5.8 Coutaccinm mj nrs =59.5.= Ci pirurm =59.5.< Eojecusaoj =8

4 Ci prsmjtitaoj hm cissmkdcinm erikaqum ==

4.9 Ci erikaqum lajm ==4.4 Ci erikaqum nrossarm ==.4.4 Cm kitraiu irnacmux 22=.4.5 Cms hnriassijts 21=.4.8 Cms lajataojs 19=.4.= Ci korpboconam hms reapamjts 19

=.5 Ctipm remjtm 14=.5.9 Cms ktbohms hm liojjinm 14=.5.4 Cm kitraiu irnacmux 18=.5.5 Cms hnriassijts ahmjtalas hijs cms visms nrossamrs 18=.5.8 Cms lajataojs 1


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< Cijicysm spitaicm 11


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5.4 Cms ipports hm ci tmebjoconam erikaqum ci eokprbmjsaoj hmshyjikaqums hakpcijtitaoj Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms 9=65.4.9 Ctipm ijeamjjm 9=65.4.4 Ctipm koymjjm 9=65.4.5 Ctipm remjtm 9=95.4.8 Illajmkmjt hm ci squmjem mt eojlrojtitaojs iux iutrms hojjms mt

kitraiux 9=4

8 Ci pciem hm ci erikaqum hm stycm Cakdourn iu smaj hm ci prohuetaoj

erikaqum Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms 9==

8.9 Hms kijarms hm liarm virams 9==8.4 ]j stitut pirtaeucamr 9=>

Virtam A\ - Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm 7

tuhm tmebjoconaqum hm ci erikaqum hm smpt satms coeicass hijs cms kirnms

oeeahmjticms hu rudij 9=1

9 Cm kohm hm prsmjtitaoj hms rsuctits 92

4.= Ci rpirtataoj spitaicm hms ktbohms hm liojjinm pir tipm hoeeupitaoj 9264.=.9 Ci prmkarm oeeupitaoj 9264.=.4 Ci smeojhm oeeupitaoj 926

4.< Cm eojtmxtm hm prohuetaoj 925.. Ktbohms hm liojjinm mt trihataojs 9254.

5.9 Ci prsmjtitaoj hu satm 92>5.4 Ci prsmjtitaoj hm cissmkdcinm erikaqum 9225.5 Ci eoccmetm hms hojjms 9215.8 Cms rsuctits hm ctuhm tmebjoconaqum 919

5.8.9 Cms ktbohms hm liojjinm 9195.8.4 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt ci eitnoram hms

reapamjts 91=5.8.5 Cms issoeaitaojs hm lajataoj 91=5.8.8 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt cms hnriassijts 91

=.9 Ci prsmjtitaoj hu satm 49>=.4 Ci prsmjtitaoj hm cissmkdcinm erikaqum 492

=.5 Ci eoccmetm hms hojjms 446=.8 Cms rsuctits hm ctuhm tmebjoconaqum 446

=.8.9 Cms ktbohms hm liojjinm ahmjtalams 446=.8.4 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt ci eitnoram hms

reapamjts 44=.8.8 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt cms hnriassijts 442

=.= Ci hastradutaoj spitaicm hms ktbohms hm liojjinm pir tipm hoeeupitaoj 442=.=.9 Ci prmkarm tipm hoeeupitaoj 456=.=.4 Ci smeojhm tipm hoeeupitaoj 456=.=.5 Ci troasakm tipm hoeeupitaoj 456

=.< Cm eojtmxtm hm prohuetaoj 454=.


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> Mjjmry Cm Drmuac - Vrogmt Iccoaj 4==

>.9 Ci prsmjtitaoj hu satm 4==>.4 Ci prsmjtitaoj hm cissmkdcinm erikaqum 4==>.5 Ci eoccmetm hms hojjms 4=>>.8 Cms rsuctits tmebjoconaqums 4=>

>.8.9 Cms ktbohms hm liojjinm ahmjtalams 4=>>.8.4 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt ci eitnoram hms

reapamjts 4.8.5 Cms issoeaitaojs hm lajataoj 4.8.8 Cms camjs mjtrm cms ktbohms hm liojjinm mt cms hnriassijts 4.= Ci hastradutaoj spitaicm hms ktbohms hm liojjinm pir tipm hoeeupitaoj 4.< Ci strueturm hm ci prohuetaoj erikaqum Mjjmry Cm Drmuac-Vrogmt

Iccoaj 48

2.= Ci hastradutaoj hms ktbohms hm liojjinm pir strueturm 4>1

1.9 Ktbohms hm liojjinm mt trihataojs 4>11.9.9 Kasm mj eorrmspojhijem hms ktbohms hm liojjinm ahmjtalams

cebmccm ajtrisatm 4291.9.4 Ci rpirtataoj spitaicm hms trihataojs kasms mj uvrm pour cm liojjinmhms visms hm lorkm rudijm 424

1.9.5 Ci rpirtataoj spitaicm hms trihataojs kasms mj uvrm pour cm liojjinmhms visms hm lorkm Cakdourn 416

1.4 Cms camjs mjtrm cm liojjinm mt ci korpboconam hms reapamjts 4141.5 Cms issoeaitaojs hm lajataoj 415

1.5.9 Ci erikaqum rudijm 4151.5.4 Ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn 411.8 Cms camjs mjtrm cm liojjinm mt cms hnriassijts 41>

1.8.9 Ci erikaqum rudijm 41>1.8.4 Ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn 411


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Virtam \ - Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm 7 syjtbsm hms rsuctits 569

9 Ci erikaqum rudijm 565

9.9 Hms trihataojs hm liojjinm ahmjtalams cebmccm coeicm 5659.9.9 Hms ktbohms hm liojjinm iux nroupms soeaiux 5659.9.4 Ci strueturm hm ci prohuetaoj erikaqum rudijm 565

9.9.5 Vastms hm rlcmxaoj sur cms hyjikaqums hakpcijtitaoj vaccinmoasm 56=9.4 Hms trihataojs hm liojjinm eokkujms 56>

9.4.9 ]jm hastradutaoj prlrmjtamccm hms trihataojs hm liojjinm ? 56>9.4.4 Eokpiriasoj ivme ci hastradutaoj hms hallrmjts typms hm hnriassijts 5619.4.5 Eokpiriasoj ivme ci hastradutaoj hms issoeaitaojs hm lajataoj 5619.4.8 Hms pastms hm rmebmrebm suavrm 7 ci eokpiriasoj ivme cms nroupms

heoritals mt cms ajhustrams catbaqums 5969.4.= Vastms hm rlcmxaojs sur cms hyjikaqums hakpcijtitaoj hms eokku-

jiuts rudijms hijs cms kirnms oeeahmjticms hu kojhm rudij 595

4 Ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn 59>

4.9 Hms kijarms hm liarms virams 59>

4.4 Hallrmjts nroupms hm prohuetmurs 5914.5 Cms visms cakdourn 7 uj stitut pirtaeucamr 5464.8 Hms prohuetmurs mxtramurs ci spbrm rudijm ? 546

Eojecusaoj mt pmrspmetavms 54=

Dadcaonripbam 541


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Tmkmreamkmjts

Emttm pudcaeitaoj mst assum hujm tbsm hm Hoetorit soutmjum c]javmrsat Viras9-Vijtboj Uordojjm mj guaj 4694, sous ci harmetaoj hm Gmij-Viuc Hmkoucm mt cmtutorit hm Kaebimc Acmtt.

Gm tamjs mxprakmr kms rmkmreamkmjts toutms cms pmrsojjms qua kojt iahmiu eours hm ems quitrm ijjms hm triviac, qua ojt t mxtrkmkmjt mjraebassijtmstijt sur cm pcij seamjtalaqum qum bukiaj.

Gihrmssm kms rmkmreamkmjts iux ebmrebmurs qua ojt ieempt hm gunmr em triviac ,Hahamr Dajhmr, Ciurmjem Durjmz-Cijottm, Ocavamr Nossmciaj mt Lrijoas Nacanjy.

Gm tamjs rmkmreamr Gmij-Viuc Hmkoucm hivoar ieempt hm haranmr em triviac mtpour ci eojlaijem quac ki ieeorhm hurijt ems quitrm ijjms. Ui haspojadacat,kicnr uj mkpcoa hu tmkps pcus qum ebirn, mt soj bukour (qua hsikorem mj

uj tmkps rmeorh toutms cms pijaqums !) ojt t mssmjtamcs ci dojjm eojhuatm hmem triviac.Gm soubiatm mxprakmr kms ebicmurmux rmkmreamkmjts Kaebimc Acmtt, qua ki

mjeihrm tout iu cojn hm em triviac mt qua ki liat heouvrar ci hsorkias kytbaqumviccm hm cIasjm. Hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Erieovam, si prsmjem, si haspojadacat,si euraosat mt si eojjiassijem hu Tudij ojt t hm ci pcus biutm akportijem pourci eojhuatm hm kms rmebmrebms.

Gmxprakm ki nritatuhm Lrijoas Nacanjy, qua ki ajatam mt lorkm citmebjoconam erikaqum. Uoj iahm, tijt pour ci cmeturm hms kierotriems qum pour cmsijicysms stitastaqums, i t hms pcus preamusms. Gm nirhm uj trs doj souvmjar hmsstinms hmxprakmjtitaoj erikaqum iu Vicoseopm mt huj emrtiaj voyinm htuhmerikaqum mj Tussam pir -56 !

Ki rmjeojtrm ivme Ciurmjem Durjmz-Cijottm mj Dmcnaqum lut trs akportijtmpour ci ricasitaoj hm em kkoarm. Uoj ieeumac ebicmurmux i rmjhu kms sgours Jikur pirtaeucarmkmjt inridcms mt jos sijems hm triviac eokkujms sur cierikaqum rudijm hm Toskmmr ojt t hms pcus mjraebassijtms. Gm ci rmkmream poursoj soutamj mt pour soj ikata.

Gm vouhrias mxprakmr toutm ki nritatuhm iux kmkdrms hm cquapm Xrigmetoarms (]KT249= hu EJTU), haranm pir Ciurmjem Kijociìàs, Lrijoas Nacanjy mtAvij Vriuh, pour soj soutamj seamjtalaqum, bukiaj mt conastaqum. Cajtnritaoj hmshoetorijts hijs emttm quapm ollrm uj eihrm hm triviac ahic, hojt pmu hm hoetorijtsdjlaeamjt. ]j nrijh kmrea Eciuhm Eojstijtaj, Eirocajm Bikoj, CikysBiebmk, Grkm Hudoucoz, Ciurmjem Kijociìàs mt Qociajm Kianrot pour cmurs

eojsmacs, cmur mjtbousaiskm mt pour jos jokdrmusms haseussaojs sur cm Tudij.Kmrea hivoar suava ivme iutijt hm dojjm bukmur civijem hm em triviac !

Em triviac jiuriat pis pu trm kmj sijs ci eojlaijem hm jokdrmux ireboconums,qua kojt ieeumaccam hijs cms kmaccmurms eojhataojs hijs cmur cidoritoarm, ujavmrsat,kusm ou hpt.


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Kaccms kmreas Gucam pour ci ricasitaoj hu lojh hm eirtm, pour cms (jokdrmusms !)haseussaojs ktbohoconaqums mt pour cms rmcmeturms mt eorrmetaojs cors hm ci hmrjarmcanjm hroatm. ]j nrijh kmrea Kijumc mt Uirib pour cmur iahm hijs cms illrms hmcajlorkitaqum

Mt, cist dut jot cmist, gm rmkmream ki likaccm pour soj soutamj eotm qum eotm.Kmrea Lrijeajm, Gmss, Utpbijam, Bmetor, Kiuh, Gieod mt Cueamj !


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Ajtrohuetaoj

Cm prmkamr Jocatbaqum hMuropm tmkprm mst eirietras pir ci eucturm hatm huTudij ou Erikaqum Cajiarm , trihataojjmccmkmjt hlajam pir si erikaqumorjmkmjtm hajeasaojs cajiarms mj lorkm hm rudijs. Emttm eucturm, qua kmrnmmj Xrijshijudam (Bojnram) vmrs =>66 iv. G.-E., stmjh vmrs cm Dissaj pirasamj piruj proemssus hm eocojasitaoj hmst mj oumst, qua mj prs hm eajq saecms, idoutat ci hallusaoj hms kohms hm vam jocatbaqums hijs toutm cMuropm emjtricm mt jorh-oeeahmjticm. Emttm akportijtm mxpijsaoj, qua hdutm vmrs ==66 mt siebvm vmrs8166 iv. G.-E., i ciass hm kuctapcms triems ireboconaqums, hojt ci quijtat mt ciquicat sojt mxemptaojjmccms pour cms praohms prbastoraqums 7 tous cms satms rudijssojt mj mllmt eirietrass pir ci prsmjem hm vratidcms ujats hbidatitaoj ,eojstatums hujm kiasoj rmetijnuciarm mt hm lossms htrataqums iccojnms. Cm

kitramc assu hm ems lossms rmlctm cms ietavats pritaqums hijs ci kiasojjm(Uouhs` 916 0 Eojstijtaj 912= 0Utmbca 9121 0 Vivcu 4666 0 Cmlrije 466> 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4662 0 Kmujamr 4661).

Damj qum cms eirietrms lorkmcs hm ci erikaqum rudijm soamjt pirtaeucarmkmjtstidcms, hmux eitnorams hm visms, qua sm hastajnumjt pir cmur lorkm mt cmurs heors,ippiriassmjt iu smaj hm emrtiajs issmkdcinms. Ac sinat hm ci erikaqum hatm hm ciBonumttm (kigoratiarmkmjt heouvmrtm mj Iccmkinjm mt pcus rirmkmjt hijs cmsthm ci Lrijem) mt emccm hatm hu Cakdourn (hojt ciarm hmxtmjsaoj mst satum hijscm quirt jorh-mst hm ci Lrijem, ci Dmcnaqum mt cms Viys-Dis). Cajtmrprtitaoj hmci prsmjem hm ems pots sur cms satms hm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm liat codgmt huj valhdit hmpuas ujm vajntiajm hijjms. Um lojhijt sur cmur lorkm mt cmurs heorsajbidatumcs, emrtiajs iutmurs proposmjt quacs soamjt cuvrm hm Ksocatbaqumscoeiux, pirtamccmkmjt ieeucturms pir cms eokkujiuts jocatbaqums (Gmujmssm4664, Kijmj mt Kizura hm @mrouicaj 4665). Vour hiutrms, ems reapamjts,

eirietrass pir ujm lorkm mt hms heors spealaqums, kias prmsqum tougoursrmtrouvs mj eojtmxtm rudij, eorrmspojhriamjt ujm eitnoram lojetaojjmccmhm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm mt iuriamjt t prohuats pir cms Tudijs mux-kkms(Eojstijtaj, Acmtt mt ic. 4696). Ems hmux eitnorams hm visms, qua rmkmttmjt mjqumstaoj ci pmremptaoj bokonjm hm ci eucturm kitramccm rudijm, ajtmrronmjt surci strueturm hm ci prohuetaoj erikaqum hms Tudijs, kias iussa sur hvmjtumcscamjs iyijt mxast mjtrm cms eokkujiuts kanrijtms rudijms mt cms popucitaojsiutoebtojms ksocatbaqums.


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Icors kkm qum ci ebrojoconam hm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm mst damj hlajam mtqum coj hasposm hm praohasitaojs lajms pour ci pcupirt hms satms kas iu gour,hm kuctapcms qumstaojs rmstmjt mj suspmjs. Cujat korpbo-hakmjsaojjmccm hmci erikaqum rudijm sm houdcm-t-mccm hujm bokonjat hms eokportmkmjtstmebjaqums ? Cms hallrmjtms rnaojs hm pmupcmkmjt rudij pirtinmjt-mccms cmskkms liojs hm liarm ? Iu eojtriarm, mxastm-t-ac hms spealaeats rnaojicms oucoeicms ? Eokkmjt sornijasiat ci prohuetaoj erikaqum hijs cms vaccinms rudijs ?Vmut-oj kmttrm mj vahmjem hms rmssmkdcijems tmebjaqums mjtrm ci erikaqumrudijm mt cms erikaqums hu Cakdourn mt hm ci Bonumttm ? Ci erikaqum huCakdourn hujm pirt mt emccm hm ci Bonumttm hiutrm pirt eorrmspojhmjt-mccmsebieujm uj kkm kacamu tmebjaqum ou iu eojtriarm ujm kosiqum hmjtatstmebjaqums ?

]jm ipproebm tmebjoconaqum ncodicm hms eorpus erikaqums rudijs, pmrkmttijthm rpojhrm ems ajtmrronitaojs, ji mjeorm t qum trop rirmkmjt kmjm (Dosqumtmt ic. 466= 0 Nokirt 466


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Virtam A

Cm eihrm nonripbaqum, ebrojoconaqum

mt ktbohoconaqum hm ctuhm


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Ebipatrm 9

Vrsmjtitaoj njricm hu Tudij

9.9 Ci ebrojoconam mt ci nonripbam

Cm prmkamr Jocatbaqum hMuropm tmkprm mst eirietras pir ci eucturm hatm huTudij, iutrmkmjt ippmcm Erikaqum Cajiarm ou Cajmirdijh`mrika` (CD@).Uoj hokiajm hm rpirtataoj stmjh hm ci Xrijshijudam, cmst, iu Dissaj pirasamj, coumst. Cms eokkujiuts rudijms eorrmspojhmjt iux prmkamrs nroupms hinro-pistmurs shmjtiarms qua pmupcrmjt cMuropm emjtricm mt jorh oeeahmjticm mjtrm==66 mt 8166 iv. G.E. (Caebirhus mt Caebirhus-Attmj 912=).

Cms tuhms typoconaqums hm ci erikaqum sunnrmjt ujm oranajm hm ci ErikaqumCajiarm hijs ci zojm dic`ijo-eirpitaqum, hijs ctipm tirhavm hu eokpcmxmUtirmvo, hojt ciarm hm rpirtataoj stmjhiat hm ci Eroitam ci Xrijshijudam(@ozows`a 4669 0 Vivu` 466=). ci laj hu Utirmvo, vmrs =>66 iv. G.E., kmrnmci Erikaqum Cajiarm, qua stmjhri vmrs coumst (Caebirhus mt Caebirhus-Attmj912=).

Uur ci dism hms heors erikaqums, cm Tudij pmut trm havas mj eajq tipmssueemssavms (Kmamr-Irmjht 91


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vmrs =566 iv. G.E. (Utmbca 9121 0 Gihaj 4665 0 Kizura hm @mrouicaj 4665). cilaj hm emttm tipm ijeamjjm, cmxpijsaoj sm poursuat coumst hu Tbaj mt cms nroupmsrudijs sajsticcmjt jotikkmjt hijs cmst hm ci Lrijem, mj Icsiem (Cmlrije 466>)mt mj Corriajm hu jorh (Dcoumt mt ic.4662), iajsa qumj Dmcnaqum, mj Cakdourn(Gihaj 4665). Iu eours hms tipms koymjjms mt remjtms, hs =466 iv. G.E., emsnroupms ittmanjmjt mj Lrijem, ci Kirjm (Ebmrtamr mt Xipprt 9124) mt mj Dmcnaqum,ci Bmsdiym canmoasm puas cm Biajiut oeeahmjtic. Cors hm ctipm lajicm, vmrs =966-=6=6 iv. G.E., cms Tudijs stidcassmjt hijs cms viccms hm cIasjm mt hm cQojjm(Acmtt mt Vcitmiux911= 0 Hudoucoz 4665 0 Kmujamr 4661 0 Acmtt 4696). ci lajhm emttm tipm, hms oeeupitaojs sojt rmeojjums gusqu cOasm mt ci Jorkijham(Daccirh 4665). Hijs si zojm hm rpirtataoj oeeahmjticm, ci hitm hm ci laj hm ciErikaqum Cajiarm mst mstakm 81=6-8146 iv. G.E (Utmbca 9121 0 Gihaj 4665).Hijs cm Dissaj pirasamj, cm Tudij siebvmriat iux icmjtours hm 8166 iv. G.E(Irdonist mt ic.9112 0 Hudoucoz 4665).

Cms hallrmjtms tipms stycast aqums jm smkdcmjt pis eorrmspojhrm hms ajtmrviccmshm tmkps ahmjtaqums. Mj outrm, cms hallrmjtms praohasitaojs tidcams pour ebiqumrnaoj rmstmjt hallaeacms syjebrojasmr (Lirrunnai 4664). Mj ctit ietumc hms

rmebmrebms, cms rytbkms hm pmupcmkmjt hm cMuropm jorh-oeeahmjticm pir cmsnroupms rudijs hmkmurmjt mjeorm hallaeacms ipprbmjhmr.

DissmIcsiem

Corriajmhu jorh

Dissajpirasamj

Bmsdiymcanmoasm

Biajiutoeeahmjtic

Tudij tmrkajicNroupms

post-rudijs? ? 8166 iv. G.E.

Tudijjic

Tudijremjt

Tudijkoymj

Tudijijeamj

Tudij cm pcusijeamj

=5 0 Eouhirt 9112). Coramjtitaoj hms kiasojs, jorh-suh mj Muropmemjtricm mt mst-oumst mj Lrijem, iuriat t eboasam mj lojetaoj hms vmjts hokajijts


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(Eouhirt 9112) ou smcoj hms lietmurs sykdocaqums (Biuzmur 4666 0 Eouhirh 9112 0 Biebmk 4699). Hijs em kkoarm, jousutacasmrojs ci ecissalaeitaoj lojhm sur cm jokdrm hujats irrarms proposm pir C.Biebmk ci suatm hu triviac hI. Eouhirt. Xroas typms hm kiasojs pmuvmjt trmhastajnus 7 pmtatms, koymjjms mt nrijhms. Cms pmtatms kiasojs jm eokprmjjmjtquujm smucm ujat irrarm, cms kiasojs koymjjms eokptmjt hmux ujats irrarms mtcms nrijhms kiasojs prsmjtmjt pcus hm hmux ujats irrarms (Biebmk 4699).

Uur cms satms rudijs, crosaoj mt cms cidours ajtmjsals ojt diciy cms vmstanms iuxsocs, sa damj qum cm picosoc mst prmsqum tougours idsmjt, siul hijs hm trs rirms eis(^oclrik 4662 0 Dostyj mt ic.9119 0 Cijeboj mt ic.911>). Vir eojsqumjt, smucmscms strueturms mj ermux (lossms mt trous hm potmiux) rmjsmanjmjt sur ci prsmjem hmsTudijs mt cmurs ietavats (Eouhirt mt Dourmux 91>2 0 Acmtt mt Biebmk 4669).

Cms kiasojs sojt prmsqum systkitaqumkmjt dorhms hm lossms iccojnms oumj ebipmcmt, vriasmkdcidcmkmjt hmstajms cmxtrietaoj hirnacm jemssiarm cieojstruetaoj hms dtakmjts. Hijs uj hmuxakm tmkps, ems lossms ojt t rmkpcams

pir cms hebmts hm cbidatitaoj (Caebirhus mt Caebirhus Attmj 912= 0 Eouhirt9112). Cm kitramc assu hms lossms citricms rmlctmriat hoje harmetmkmjt cms ietavatspritaqums hijs ci kiasoj (Uouhs` 91).Emst iajsa ci erikaqum heorm assum hm ems strueturms qua mst utacasm pour hitmrcm dtakmjt iuqumc mccms sojt ieeocms (Acmtt mt Biebmk 4669).

Cmjsmkdcm rmnroupijt ci kiasoj mt cms lossms citricms eojstatum cujathokmstaqum rudijm, rmeojjum sur tout cm hokiajm hm rpirtataoj hm ci ErikaqumCajiarm (Lanurm 9). Emt mjsmkdcm ajecut pirloas qumcqums lossms asocms, rittiebms cujat hbidatitaoj sur ci dism hms rmkojtinms erikaqums (Dcoumt mt ic.4695).

Lanurm 9 7 Cujat hokmstaqumrudijm (pcij hm ci kiasoj8= hu satm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms. Vcij 7 ]KT249= Xrigmetoarms )


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Uac tiat husinm hm eojsahrmr qum cms lossms citricms iviamjt t ouvmrtms mtutacasms hurijt toutm ci praohm hoeeupitaoj hm ci kiasoj (Uouhs` 91, 9111, 4666, 4699) mt hijs ci pciajmhIcsiem (Irdonist 4669, 466=). Ci prsmjem hm shakmjts lort tmjmur mj eiceiarmy i pmrkas ujm dojjm eojsmrvitaoj hms ossmkmjts. Virka cms issmkdcinms, ccmvinm

mst jmttmkmjt kigoratiarm 7 si pirt scvm 26% mjvaroj. Cm ebmptmc hokmstaqum,oramjt vmrs ci prohuetaoj hm vaijhm, tiat hokaj pir cm dul, cm koutoj mt cmpore (Biebmk 4699). Ci ebissm (emrls, sijncamrs, iuroebs) rmprsmjtm mj koymjjm9=% hms issmkdcinms hu Tudij lajic. Uur ci kigorat hms satms rudijs iyijtcavr iu koajs 966 os, ci proportaoj hijakiux ebisss hakajum pronrmssavmkmjthu hdut ci laj hm squmjem. Cakportijem hms ijakiux siuvinms iux hduts hmcoeeupitaoj hms vaccinms sunnrm qum ci ebissm i t pritaqum mj eokpckmjt,

gusqu ci eojstatutaoj hu ebmptmc hokmstaqum (Biebmk 9111).

9.8 Ci eucturm kitramccm

Jous ivojs vu qum cms jorkms irebatmeturicms rudijms tiamjt stidcms sur toutcm hokiajm hm rpirtataoj hm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm. Mj outrm, cms Tudijs ojtpmupc cMuropm emjtricm mt jorh-oeeahmjticm ieeokpinjs hm pcijtms mt hijakiuxhoranajm proebm-oramjticm. Ems eokkujiuts sojt pir iaccmurs portmusms hujmeucturm kitramccm trihataojjmccmkmjt hlajam eokkm bokonjm 7 cms hallrmjtmseitnorams hirtmliets sojt mj mllmt eirietrasms pir hms eirietrms lorkmcsrmcitavmkmjt stidcms hijs toutm ciarm hm hallusaoj hm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm(Kizura hm @mrouicaj 4665). Empmjhijt, cms tuhms tmebjoconaqums kmjms surpcusamurs eitnorams hm kitraiux provmjijt hms satms rudijs hMuropm jorh-oeeahmjticm rvcmjt pirloas hms triats coeiux ou rnaojiux pirtaeucamrs.


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Cajhustram catbaqum

Cms Tudijs rmebmrebiamjt, joj pis ci proxakat hms nasmkmjts, kias hms kitarmsprmkarms sacaemusms hm dojjm quicat 7 cipprovasaojjmkmjt mj kitraiux tiatpir eojsqumjt souvmjt rnaojic, voarm mxtri-rnaojic (Iccirh 466=). Cijicysmhms kohicats hmxpcoatitaoj mt hm hallusaoj hms kitarms prmkarms eojhuat

hastajnumr hms satms surprohuetmurs, o ujm prohuetaoj speaicasm mst supposm(eokkm cm satm hm \mrciajm mj Bmsdiym 7 Iccirh mt Durjmz-Cijottm 4662), hms satmseojsokkitmurs mt rmhastradutmurs hm kitraiux cebmccm rnaojicm (Iccirh 466=).Uoucanjojs pir mxmkpcm ci prsmjem hm cikms mj sacmx hm Bmsdiym mj proportaojsakportijtms sur pcusamurs satms hu Biajiut (Eibmj mt vij Dmrn 91>1 0 Eojstijtaj912= 0 Iccirh 466=), kias iussa mj pmtatm quijtat mj Ebikpinjm, sur cm satm hmUiajt-Hazamr, mt mj Corriajm, Kiriajvaccm (Dcoumt mt Hme`mr 9115, Iccirh 466=).

Cm hdatinm cikajiarm, odtmju ci pmreussaoj cijem ajharmetm, mst cirnmkmjtkigoratiarm, siul ci eojlcumjem Umajm-Qojjm o coutaccinm sur ecits hokajm(Iccirh 466=). Cms outacs ittmsts sojt hms nrittoars, hms irkiturms, hms pmroars,hms cikms mt hms ecits rmtouebs (Iccirh 466=). Ci lrqumjem hm ems hallrmjts typmshoutacs viram hujm rnaoj ciutrm (Iccirh 466=, p. 48=). Ctuhm hms ajhustramscatbaqums pir zojm hm pmupcmkmjt sunnrm ujm vocutaoj hms rmcitaojs mjtrm rnaojstout iu cojn hu Tudij 7 cors hu Tudij remjt, cms ajhustrams catbaqums hu Dissajpirasamj pmuvmjt mj mllmt trm ripproebms hm ci Ebikpinjm mt hu Biut Tbaj,tijhas quiu eours hu Tudij lajic, emttm pirmjt sm htourjm vmrs cm Biajiut mtci Bmsdiym (Iccirh 466=).

Coutaccinm mj nrs

Coutaccinm mj nrs, jotikkmjt eokpos hm kmucms, kocmttms eourtms mthdorhijtms, mst quijt cua ricas pirtar hm kitraiux prlrmjtamccmkmjt coeiux(Bikoj 466


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Eojecusaoj

cebmccm hu Tudij jorh-oeeahmjtic, uj lojhs tmebjoconaqum eokkuj i sijseojtmstm pu trm kas mj vahmjem pour ebieujm hms eitnorams hirtmliets voqums.Jijkoajs, hms pirtaeuciraskms coeiux ou rnaojiux, qua pmuvmjt eojemrjmr cilrqumjem hm emrtiajs typms houtacs (ajhustram catbaqum mt ossmusm), cms tmebjaqums

hm hdatinm (ajhustram catbaqum) ou ci pritaqum hietavats spealaqums (ajhustramcatbaqum, outaccinm mj nrs), ippiriassmjt pirloas, sunnrijt hms vocutaojs ouihiptitaojs coeicms. Mj outrm, cms kohicats hipprovasaojjmkmjt mt hm eareucitaojhms kitarms prmkarms sacaemusms tkoanjmjt hm eojtiets pravacnas mjtrm vaccinms,kias iussa mjtrm rnaojs. Ems rmcitaojs jm sojt toutmloas pis lanms. Mccms smkdcmjtiu eojtriarm vocumr tout iu cojn hu Tudij mt tkoanjmr hajtmrietaojs eokpcmxmsmjtrm eokkujiuts.


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Cm Tudij hijs cm jorh mst hm ci

Lrijem mt mj Dmcnaqum

Hijs cm eihrm hu prsmjt triviac, jous ivojs eboasa hm jous eojemjtrmr sur ciarmhm rpirtataoj oeeahmjticm hm ci Erikaqum Cajiarm, sivoar cm quirt jorh msthm ci Lrijem mt ci Dmcnaqum. Cm eboax hm emttm zojm htuhm sm gustalam pour hmuxriasojs.

Hujm pirt, emttm zojm liat codgmt, hmpuas pcus hm quirijtm ijs, hm jokdrmusms

opritaojs hm tmrriaj, qua nirijtassmjt ujm dojjm eojjiassijem hms akpcijtitaojsrudijms mt hms zojms hm pmupcmkmjt (Dosqumt mt ic. 4668 0 Hmkoucm 4668 0Cmlrije 466> 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4662). Ci pcupirt hms satms eojjus em gour sojt mjoutrm damj eics ebrojoconaqumkmjt nrem iux jokdrmusms tuhms typoconaqums hmci erikaqum (Eojstijtaj mt Acmtt 911> 0 Gihaj 4665 0 Cmlrije 466> 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4662 0 Eojstijtaj, Iccirh mt ic.4696).

Hiutrm pirt, cm hvmcoppmkmjt hms ipproebms tmebjoconaqums mj Lrijem mtmj Dmcnaqum hurijt ems vajnt hmrjarms ijjms i eojhuat ujm eirietrasitaojlajm hu eojtmxtm tmebjaqum rudij (Uahri 9121, 4666 0 Kianrot 911> 0 Iccirh466=, Bikoj 466


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mt smptmjtraojicms (Xipprt mt \accms 911


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soucanjmjt hallrmjtms pirmjts mjtrm emrtiajms hm ems rnaojs 7 jous iurojscoeeisaoj hm eojlrojtmr cms illajats kasms mj vahmjem iux rsuctits odtmjus hijscm eihrm hm ctuhm tmebjoconaqum hm ci erikaqum.

4.4 Hms ajtmrietaojs ivme hiutrms mjtats eucturmccms ?

Cmxastmjem potmjtamccm hm rmcitaojs mjtrm cms popucitaojs rudijms kanrijtms mtcms popucitaojs ksocatbaqums iutoebtojms liat, mjeorm iugourhbua, codgmt hujhdit mjtrm ebmrebmurs. Hijs ci zojm hm rpirtataoj oeeahmjticm hm ci ErikaqumCajiarm, pcusamurs triats hm ci eucturm kitramccm, eojsahrs pir emrtiajs iutmurseokkm mxonjms ci trihataoj eucturmccm rudijm, sojt coranajm hm em hdit 7

Ci prsmjem pojetumccm, iu smaj hms issmkdcinms rudijs bokonjms (el.smetaoj 5.5 hijs emttm pirtam), hm visms Bonumttm (kigoratiarmkmjt rpirtasmj Iccmkinjm oeeahmjticm mt trs rirmkmjt hijs ci zojm tuham) ou hm vismsCakdourn (hastradus hijs ci zojm tuham, sivoar cm quirt jorh-mst hm ciLrijem, ci Dmcnaqum, kias iussa iux Viys-Dis). Um lojhijt sur ci lorkm mtcms heors spealaqums hm ems reapamjts, emrtiajs iutmurs proposmjt qum cms

visms Bonumttm soamjt cuvrm hm ksocatbaqums iutoebtojms, pirtamccmkmjtieeucturs pir cms eokkujiuts hu Jocatbaqum ijeamj krahaojic (Eirhaic)ivijt cirravm hms eokkujiuts rudijms (Gmujmssm 912>, 911=, 4664 0 vijDmrn 9116 0 Kijmj 911> 0 Kijmj mt Kizura hm @mrouicaj 4665 0 Vmtrmquajmt ic.4661). Ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn prmjhriat cm rmcias hm ci erikaqumhm ci Bonumttm 7 sms prohuetmurs, ksocatbaqums, eojtajumriamjt prohuarmhm ci erikaqum sous cajlcumjem eojtajum hu Jocatbaqum khatmrrijmj(Mpaeirhaic) (Kijmj mt Kizura hm @mrouicaj 4665, p. 951). Ci laj hms stycmsBonumttm mt Cakdourn kirqumriat cajtnritaoj hlajatavm hms popucitaojsksocatbaqums iu smaj hms eokkujiuts rudijms mt ajatamriat cm Jocatbaqumkoymj ivme ujm soeat rmeokposm (Kijmj mt Kizura hm @mrouicaj

4665, p. 986). Vour hiutrms iutmurs, ems reapamjts, eirietrass pir ujm lorkmmt hms heors spealaqums eorrmspojhriamjt ujm eitnoram lojetaojjmccm hmci Erikaqum Cajiarm mt iuriamjt t prohuats pir cms Tudijs mux-kkms(Eojstijtaj, Acmtt mt ic.4696). Ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn eojstatumriat ujmvocutaoj stycastaqum hm ci erikaqum hm ci Bonumttm (Eojstijtaj, Acmtt mtic. 4696). Cbypotbsm lojetaojjmccm proposm pir ems iutmurs sm lojhm surhmux irnukmjts prajeapiux. Hidorh, iueuj eojtmxtm ireboconaqum laidcmji pmrkas hm rmcamr hm kijarm harmetm cms erikaqums hm ci Bonumttm mt huCakdourn ivme cms popucitaojs hu Ksocatbaqum remjt mt lajic (Eojstijtaj,Acmtt mt ic.4696). Mjsuatm, cbokonjat hms erikaqums hu Cakdourn mt hmci Bonumttm, hojt cms eirietrastaqums lorkmccms mt heoritavms sm kiajtamjjmjtpmjhijt mjvaroj =66 ijs hijs ujm trs vistm rnaoj, sopposm ci havmrsat

odsmrvm hijs cms trihataojs tmebjaqums catbaqums hms popucitaojs huKsocatbaqum remjt mt lajic (Eojstijtaj, Acmtt mt ic.4696).

Cms sakacatuhms korpboconaqums mjtrm cms irkiturms hm lcebms isyktraqumsrudijms mt ksocatbaqums (irkiturms trihmjoasamjjms) (Gmujmssm 4664). Emttmpirmjt mst toutmloas ajlarkm pir ctuhm tmebjoconaqum (Iccirh 466=).

Mj Dmcnaqum, ci prsmjem hm kaerocatbms ksocatbaqums sur cm tmrratoarm oeeuppir cms eokkujiuts rudijms (\ijkojtlort 4662).


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Cms rmebmrebms sur ci erikaqum

rudijm mj Lrijem mt mj Dmcnaqum

5.9 Ci erikaqum rudijm, uj outac hm ebrojoconam rmcitavm

Hijs ci zojm hm rpirtataoj oeeahmjticm hu Tudij, ci erikaqum i liat codgmthm jokdrmusms tuhms, hijs cm eihrm hmsqumccms mccm i prmsqum mxecusavmkmjtt mkpcoym eokkm outac hm ebrojoconam rmcitavm. Cijicysm hm cvocutaojquicatitavm mt quijtatitavm hms tbkms mt kotals heoritals i pmrkas ci kasm iu

poajt hm squmjems ebrojoconaqums qua eojstatumjt em gour cms squmjems cms pcuslajms hu Jocatbaqum muropmj (Kohhmrkij 91>6 0 Eojstijtaj 912= 0 Cmlrije466> 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4662 0 Kmujamr 4661 0 Eojstijtaj, Iccirh mt ic.4696). Emshallrmjtms praohasitaojs ollrmjt uj eihrm tmkpormc trs preas, qua pmrkmt hmriasojjmr, cebmccm hm ci rnaoj, pir tipms ebrojoconaqums mt, cebmccm husatm, pir pbisms hbidatit. Eokkm jous civojs voqu, cms hallrmjtms squmjemstidcams cebmccm hujm rnaoj rmstmjt toutmloas hallaeacmkmjt syjebrojasms hujmrnaoj ciutrm (Lirrunnai 4664).

5.4 Ci eirietrasitaoj hms issmkdcinms rudijs 7 ctit hmshojjms

Xoutms cms rmebmrebms sur ci erikaqum rudijm sm rmgoanjmjt pour hastajnumr, iusmaj hm tous cms issmkdcinms, hmux eitnorams hm reapamjts 7 hms visms lrietaojlajm (visms lajs) mt hms visms lrietaoj nrossarm (visms nrossamrs). Cms visms lajssojt eirietrass pir ujm ptm purm, qua jm eojtamjt pis hajecusaojs vasadcms cac ju. Iu eojtriarm, cms visms nrossamrs eokportmjt hms ckmjts joj pcistaqumsvasadcms cac ju, hojt ac mst souvmjt hallaeacm hm htmrkajmr sa mccms sojt ajbrmjtms ci kitraem ou sa mccms ojt t vocojtiarmkmjt igoutms cirnacm (Hu Vuyht9221 0 Eojstijtaj 912= 0 Gihaj 4665). Jous ivojs vu qum emrtiajs issmkdcinmstiamjt eirietrass pir ci prsmjem hujm troasakm eitnoram hm reapamjts 7 cmsvisms Cakdourn, qua, jous cm vmrrojs, sm hastajnumjt hms visms rudijs pir cmurhnriassijt, cmur lorkm mt cmurs heors (Kohhmrkij 9129, 9124 0 Gmujmssm 912> 0

vij Dmrn 9116 0 Eojstijtaj 912= 0 Eojstijtaj, Acmtt mt ic. 4696 0 Eojstijtaj,Iccirh mt ic.4696).

5.4.9 Cms kitarms prmkarms mt cms hnrias sijts

Cms ijicysms hms kitarms prmkarms mkpcoyms pour ci lidraeitaoj hms vismsrudijs ciahm hm ktbohms ptronripbaqums (Bikic-Jijhraj mt ic. 915< 0

Gijsmjs 91>8) ou ebakaqums (Nocat`o 4696) kojtrmjt ujm virat hm souremshipprovasaojjmkmjt, quac rmstm hallaeacm hm coeicasmr preaskmjt. Ems tuhms

Ebipatrm 5


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sunnrmjt iussa quac mxastm hms eratrms mj em qua eojemrjm ci scmetaoj hu kitraiuirnacmux (Cavajnstojm Ukatb mt Gihaj 9115 0 Gihaj 4665 0 Dosqumt mt ic.466= 0Eojstijtaj, piritrm).

Cms hnriassijts ojt t ijicyss hs cms ijjms 9126 mt ihkas, hs cors, eokkmkirqumur eucturmc (Eojstijtaj mt Eourtoas 912=). ]jm virat hm kitraiuxkajriux mt vntiux i t ahmjtalam hijs cms ptms. Virka cms kitarms kajricms,eatojs ci ebikottm, cm sidcm, cm quirtz, cm eiceiarm, ci eoquaccm mt cos. Vcusamurs typmshm kitraiux vntiux ojt nicmkmjt t rmeojjus, tmcs qum cm pivot ou ci koussm(Eojstijtaj mt Eourtoas 9126, 912= 0 Eojstijtaj 912< 0 Di`mcs mt ic.9114 0Eojstijtaj mt @uagpmr 4664 0 Dosqumt mt ic.466=). Jotojs qum cos mst prmsqummxecusavmkmjt ahmjtala hijs cms visms Cakdourn (Kohhmrkij 9129 0 Eojstijtaj912=).

5.4.4 Cm liojjinm mt cms lajataojs

Cms tmebjaqums mkpcoyms pour cm liojjinm hms potmrams rudijms ojt t pourci prmkarm loas voqums iu 91km saecm pir K. Hm Vuyht, qua proposm qum cmkojtinm iat t ricas iu tour (Hu Vuyht 9221). Emttm bypotbsm mst mjsuatmajlarkm, cms iutmurs sunnrijt uj liojjinm hms reapamjts ciahm hm eocokdajs(Bikic-Jijhraj mt ic.915< 0 Hijtbajm 91=5, vij Dmrn 911< 0 Eojstijtaj 9118).

G. Hmstmxbm-Gikottm proposm quijt cua troas tmebjaqums 7 kojtinm pir cikdmiuxhirnacms , eocokdajinm, kohmcinm hijs ci kissm (Hmstmxbm-Gikottm 91


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]jm prmkarm eirietrasitaoj hms tmebjaqums hm liojjinm sur uj pmtat jokdrmhm visms rudijs hm ci viccm hm cIasjm i mjsuatm t mjtrmprasm (Nokirt 466d 0 Cmlrije 466> 0 Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696). Emst hiaccmurs pourquoa pmuhtuhms ojt t kmjms sur cms eirietrastaqums korpbo-hakmjsaojjmccms hms vismsrudijs.

E. Eojstijtaj i proeh ujm ecissalaeitaoj hms lorkms, kias ac kmt mj nirhm cmcmetmur eojtrm cm nrijh jokdrm hm lorkms rmeojjums 7 ci hallrmjem mjtrm emrtiajstypms pourriat smcoj cua trm ca cidsmjem hm rncm straetms mj em qua eojemrjm cilorkm hms reapamjts ricass (Eojstijtaj 912=, 466>).

Cms visms lajs sojt cm pcus souvmjt mj lorkm hm troas quirts hm spbrm, pijsmmccaptaqum (Lanurm 5). Ci kigorat hms lorkms rmjeojtrms prsmjtm uj poajthajlcmxaoj satu mjtrm ci pijsm mt cm dorh hms visms. Cms disms sojt tougoursirrojhams. Cms lorkms ojt tmjhijems trm pcutt dissms. Mccms eojsastmjt mj hms docsivme ou sijs poajt hajlcmxaoj, hms visms eoc (ou doutmaccms) iajsa qum hms lorkms

Lanurm 5 7 Ci korpboconam hmsvisms js (hiprs cms hojjms

sur ci viccm hm cIasjm 7 Acm

mt Eojstijtaj 4696)

96 ek


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ouvmrtms (ivme ou sijs poajt hajlcmxaoj). Vour ci nrijhm kigorat hms visms lajs, cmsystkm hm prbmjsaoj eojsastm mj troas doutojs ovicms pmrloritaoj borazojticm

ippcaqus ka-pijsm. Cm haiktrm kixakuk hms visms lajs mst eokpras mjtrm 96mt 42 ek mt cpiassmur hm cmurs piroas oseaccm mjtrm 5 mt > kk (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj4696). Cms rirms visms eoc (ou doutmaccms ) sojt kigoratiarmkmjt rmtrouvs mjeojtmxtm lujriarm.

Cms visms nrossamrs sojt cm pcus souvmjt mj lorkm hm troas quirts hm spbrm,ivme hms disms systkitaqumkmjt irrojhams. Cms poajts hajlcmxaojs sojt koajslrqumjts qum pour cms visms lajs mt cms visms eoc sojt idsmjts (Lanurm 8). Hmuxsystkms hm prbmjsaoj sojt odsmrvs. Cm prmkamr systkm mst ahmjtaqum emcuahm ci kigorat hms visms lajs 7 troas doutojs ovicms pmrloritaoj borazojticm sojt

Lanurm 8 7 Ci korpboconamhms visms nrossamrs (hiprscms hojjms sur ci viccm hmcIasjm 7 Acm mt Eojstijtaj

4696)

Lanurm = 7 Ci korpboconamhms visms Cakdourn (hiprscms hojjms sur ci viccm hmcIasjm 7 Acm mt Eojstijtaj

4696)

96 ek

96 ek


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eoccs ka-pijsm. Cm smeojh systkm eojsastm mj ujm rijnm hm doutojs sakpcmssous cm dorh ieeokpinjs hm 5 doutojs ovicms pmrloritaoj borazojticm ippcaqussur ci pijsm (iu javmiu hu haiktrm kixakuk). Cm haiktrm kixakuk hms vismsnrossamrs mst eokpras mjtrm 99 mt 8= ek mt cpiassmur hm cmurs piroas sm satum mjtrm= mt 94 kk (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696).

Cms visms Cakdourn sm hastajnumjt trs jmttmkmjt hms visms rudijs hu poajthm vum hms lorkms. Hmux typms korpboconaqums, rmtrouvs tout iu cojn hm cisqumjem, sojt hastajnus (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696). Xout hidorh, hms lorkmsdissms mt trs ouvmrtms dorh piassas. Emccms-ea sojt jmttmkmjt kigoratiarms,puasqumccms eirietrasmjt pcus hm 16% hu eorpus Cakdourn. Mjsuatm, hms visms eoc, qua rmprsmjtmjt koajs hm =% hu eorpus Cakdourn (Lanurm =). Cms vismsjm prsmjtmjt pis hm koymj hm prbmjsaoj. Cm haiktrm kixakuk hms visms mstsouvmjt pcus akportijt qum emcua hms visms rudijs 7 ac mst eokpras mjtrm 46 mt 56ek. Cmur piassmur sm satum mjtrm = mt 96 kk.

5.4.8 Ci heoritaoj

Eokkm jous civojs voqu, em sojt cms kotals mt tbkms heoritals qua ojt liatcodgmt hu pcus nrijh jokdrm htuhms sur ci erikaqum rudijm. Vcusamurs iutmurssm sojt nicmkmjt eojemjtrs sur cms tmebjaqums heoritavms (Eojstijtaj 912= 0Eojstijtaj mt Acmtt 911> 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4662 0 Kmujamr 4661).

Cms visms lajs eokportmjt souvmjt hms heors ajeass ou akpraks. Cmsakprmssaojs pmuvmjt trm ricasms iu poajoj ou ciahm huj pmanjm hojt cmjokdrm hm hmjts viram hm hmux sax (Lanurm < i). Cms visms nrossamrs sojt rirmkmjtheors. Corsquacs cm sojt, ac sinat hm heors pcistaqums, ricass pir pajemkmjts oupir igout hm kitarm (Eojstijtaj 912=) (Lanurm < d). Ci quisa-toticat hms vismsCakdourn mst heorm. Ci pcupirt hms visms portmjt uj heor prajeapic eouvrijttout cm pourtour hu vism, eokpos huj kotal vmrtaeic rnucarmkmjt ajtmrrokpupir hms pijjmiux vmrtaeiux joj heors. Ems heors lorkmjt njricmkmjt hms

saccojs cirnms mt pmu prolojhs (Lanurm < e). Ticass sur ptm koccm, acs ojt tricass ciahm hm poajojs poajtm koussm, pcus rirmkmjt mxtrkat mj \(Eojstijtaj 912=, p. 965).

Ua cornijasitaoj njricm hms heors hu Tudij lajic hijs cm Dissaj pirasamjrpojh hms rncms straetms (heor hu dorh, heor prajeapic, ieeokpinj hujheor smeojhiarm), ujm emrtiajm soupcmssm eirietrasmriat ci ricasitaoj hms kotals.Vour uj kkm tbkm heorital, oj odsmrvm hallrmjtms eokdajiasojs hm canjmsakprakms mt hm canjms ajeasms, sa damj qum prmsqum iueuj vism jm prsmjtm ujheor mj tous poajts ahmjtaqum uj iutrm (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696).

5.5 Cm eojtmxtm hm prohuetaoj hm ci erikaqum rudijm

Ci qumstaoj hu eojtmxtm hm prohuetaoj hms visms rudijs i t posm pir pcusamursebmrebmurs. Umcoj V.-C. vij Dmrn cms visms rudijs sojt cm rsuctit hujm prohuetaojspeaicasm. Vour irravmr emttm eojecusaoj, emt iutmur i tuha quitrm srams hmvisms rudijs hm Bmsdiym canmoasm qua cua ojt pmrkas hahmjtalamr hms srams hmerikaqums vriasmkdcidcmkmjt mxeutms pir uj smuc potamr iu smaj huj vaccinm,voarm hijs pcusamurs vaccinms. Emst ctuhm hms heors qua rmjh possadcm casocitaojhm pmtatms srams hm visms orjs, hojt ci rmssmkdcijem ipproebm pirloas cahmjtat (vij Dmrn 912>, p. 91>). Emt ispmet smriat ci prmuvm hm cmxastmjem, hs cm Jocatbaqumijeamj, hm vratidcms irtasijs speaicass atajrijts ou liasijt eareucmr cms visms mjtrm


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cms satms. Mj outrm, ci liadcm lrqumjem hm erikaqums kicihroatmkmjt mxeutms iusmaj hms eorpus rudijs sunnrmriat qum ci pritaqum hm ci erikaqum jm pouviateojemrjmr quuj jokdrm rmstrmajt hajhavahus. Hiprs cua, uj pcus nrijh jokdrmhm visms hm kiuviasm lieturm iuriamjt t kas iu gour sa ci prohuetaoj jtiat pisspeaicasm, hijs ci kmsurm o cm sivoar erikaqum iuriat t tmjhu tous cms

Lanurm < 7 Mxmkpcms hm heorsricass sur (i) cms visms js,

heor hm canjms ajeasms iupoajoj mt hakprmssaojs iupmanjm i hmux hmjts, (d) cms visms

nrossamrs, heor hm pajemkmjts,

(e) cms visms Cakdourn, heors

hm saccojs cirnms mt pmu prolojhs.Cms visms provamjjmjt tous husatm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmms (Ecaebs 7 U.

Odou`bo aj Acm mt Eojstijtaj4696)

i

e

d


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ajhavahus. Umcoj cua, ci heoritaoj huj vism ajhavahumc Prudij[ rmquamrt (...) ujkajakuk rmcitavmkmjt cmv hm eokptmjem kijumccm mt ajtmccmetumccm pmrkmttijthm sitasliarm emttm mxanmjem soeaicm (vij Dmrn 911


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Cms prodckitaqums mt cm eorpus

htuhm

Em triviac sornijasm smcoj hmux ebmccms hodsmrvitaoj 7 cebmccm hodsmrvitaojajtrisatm mt cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm.

8.9 Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj ajtrisatm

Hijs cm eihrm hm cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj ajtrisatm, pcusamurs qumstaojs smrojt posms.Mccms eojemrjmjt 7

Cms ebijnmkmjts hijs cms kijarms hm liarm iu eours hm coeeupitaoj huvaccinm 7 odsmrvm-t-oj hms rupturms iu eours hm coeeupitaoj ?

Ci eokposataoj hm cissmkdcinm erikaqum hm ebiqum ujat hbidatitaoj 7 mst-mccm bokonjm hu poajt hm vum hms liojs hm liarm ?

Cms camjs mjtrm prohuetmurs cors hm ebieujm hms tipms hoeeupitaoj 7 cmsprohuetmurs eojtmkporiajs pirtinmiamjt-acs cms kkms kijarms hm liarm ?

Ci lidraeitaoj hms visms Cakdourn 7 cms kkms tmebjaqums mt ktbohms ojt-mccms t kasms mj uvrm pour ccidoritaoj hms visms rudijs mt hms vismsCakdourn ?

Vour rpojhrm ems qumstaojs, jous ivojs scmetaojj cm satm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms , coeicas hijs ci viccm hm cIasjm. Emt bidatit,qua eojstatum cm satm hm rlrmjem hu Tudij mj Dissaj pirasamj, rujat pcusamursivijtinms pour proehmr ujm ijicysm ajtrisatm ipprolojham. Vrmkarmkmjt, cm satmi t oeeup sur ujm cojnum hurm 7 cijicysm hms heors erikaqums i pmrkas K.ccmtt hm kmttrm mj vahmjem troas tipms hoeeupitaojs, qua pmrkmttmjt hm riasojjmrhuj poajt hm vum haiebrojaqum. Hmuxakmkmjt, ci louaccm i t mxbiustavm mttmjhum 0 cms cakatms hu vaccinm, qua eokprmjh 55 kiasojs, sojt eojjums. Cmskiasojs sojt dorhms hm lossms iyijt cavr uj kitramc erikaqum idojhijt. Iueujrmeoupmkmjt ji t eojstit mjtrm cms dtakmjts cors hm ci louaccm, sa damj qum cmkitramc assu hms lossms citricms mst iaskmjt rittieb iux hallrmjts dtakmjts. Ems

ispmets rmjhmjt possadcm ujm ijicysm spitaicm htiaccm. Xroasakmkmjt, pcusamursajvmstanitaojs tmebjoconaqums ojt hg t mjtrmprasms sur cm kitramc erikaqumhu satm 7 E. Eojstijtaj i iajsa proeh ci eirietrasitaoj hms kitraiux irnacmuxmkpcoys mt hms hnriassijts ajeorpors iux visms nrossamrs mt jous i hojjcopportujat hm eokpirmr jos rsuctits sms hojjms (el.pirtam AA).

8.4 Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm

Hijs cm eihrm hm cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm, pcusamurs qumstaojssmrojt nicmkmjt posms. Mccms eojemrjmjt 7

Ebipatrm 8


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Cornijasitaoj hm ci prohuetaoj potarm 7 ci strueturm hm ci prohuetaoj Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms mst-mccm sakaciarm emccm hiutrms vaccinms rudijs ?

Cms hallrmjtms rnaojs hm pmupcmkmjt rudij 7 eojstatumjt-t-mccms ebieujmujm mjtat tmebjaqum hastajetm ? Mxastm-t-ac hms pirmjts tmebjaqums mjtrm cmshallrmjtms zojms hm pmupcmkmjt ?

Ci zojm hm rpirtataoj hu stycm Cakdourn 7 eorrmspojh-t-mccm uj kacamutmebjaqum pirt mjtarm, bokonjm, ou, iu eojtriarm, i-t-oj illiarm ujmkosiqum hm kacamux tmebjaqums hastajets ?

Uatm Jokdrm hm vismsmxikajs

Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms CmsLojtajmttms

4616

Lmxbm-cm-Biut-Ecoebmr Vohr CEortra 8


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Vour rpojhrm ems qumstaojs, smpt satms ojt t scmetaojjs hijs ci zojm hmrpirtataoj oeeahmjticm hu Tudij, mj pcus hu satm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms(Lanurm >). Emttm scmetaoj rpojh ujm trapcm eojtriajtm.

Vrmkarmkmjt, cms satms hmviamjt ivoar cavr hms eorpus erikaqumsjukraqumkmjt eojsqumjts 7 tous eorpus rujas, 86>= visms ojt t mxikajs(eorrmspojhijt 48 54> tmssojs) (Xidcmiu 4).

Hmuxakmkmjt, cms nasmkmjts hmviamjt trm satus hijs hallrmjtms rnaojs, ilajhm kmjmr hms eokpiriasojs mjtrm zojms hm pmupcmkmjt 7 cms smpt satms sojt coeicasshijs eajq rnaojs hastajetms, sivoar ci Dissm Icsiem (Tosbmak Uiajtm-Ohacm ),ci Corriajm hu jorh (Kmtz Dij-hm-Hmvijt-cms-Vojts 0 Mjjmry Cm Drmuac-Vrogmt

Iccoaj ), ci Bmsdiym c anmoasm (Toskmmr 0 \mrciajm Cm Vmtat Virihas 0 Lmxbm-cm-Biut-Ecoebmr Vohr CEortra) mt cm Biajiut (Iudmebams Eoroj Kitoj ) (Lanurm>).

Xroasakmkmjt, jous soubiataojs eokpirmr hms eojtmxtms quavicmjts 7 tous cmssatms pras mj eokptm sojt eirietrass pir ci prsmjem hujats hbidatitaojs. Acs ojttous liat codgmt hm praohasitaojs ajtmrjms (hlajatavms ou mj eours hcidoritaoj)qua pmrkmttrojt hm hvmcoppmr hms ipproebms haiebrojaqums. Cittradutaoj

ebrojoconaqum hms hallrmjts nasmkmjts sebmcojjm hu Tudij ijeamj/koymj iuTudij lajic/tmrkajic (Xidcmiu 5).

Mj hlajatavm, ci kigorat hms satms tuhas eokprmjh pcusamurs tipmshoeeupitaoj, pmrkmttijt hm supposmr qum pcusamurs njritaojs sy sojt sueehmsmt iutorasijt ujm rlcmxaoj haiebrojaqum cebmccm ajtrisatm. Ci pcupirt hms satmssojt ittradus iu Tudij remjt mt iu Tudij lajic/tmrkajic 7 uj riasojjmkmjthaiebrojaqum smri nicmkmjt possadcm cebmccm hm ci kiero-rnaoj.


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Cms ktbohms htuhm

=.9 Ci nraccm hm cmeturm eboasam

Emttm tuhm sajserat hijs ci vocojt hm proehmr ujm cmeturm ijtbropoconaqumhms issmkdcinms erikaqums (Toux 4696). Emttm nraccm hm cmeturm hms eorpus smlojhm sur pcusamurs postucits, qum jous iccojs dravmkmjt mxposmr.

Ebiqum tipm hm ci ebijm opritoarm, hlajam eokkm ujm sram hopritaojsqua trijslorkm ujm kitarm prmkarm mj prohuat laja (Ermsswmcc 91>


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Ac smkdcmriat qum cms tmebjaqums hdiuebinm hms reapamjts, pcus qum tout iutrmpiriktrm tmebjaqum ou lorkmc, soamjt rmcitavmkmjt rsastijtms iu ebijnmkmjt(Kiyor 4699). Emttm stidacat smriat cam iu proemssus h ajeorporitaoj hmsbidacmts cassum hm cipprmjtassinm qua akpcaqum hms iutokitaskms hallaeacmkmjtkohalaidcms (Nossmciaj 4664, p. 4


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hms pirtaeucms mt porosats hm cirnacm mj pcij rihaic (Cavajnstojm-Ukatb 4669). Cmsstankitms ojt t mjrmnastrs smcoj uj eohinm eokkuj, ilaj qum jous puassaojskmjmr hms eokpiriasojs mjtrm reapamjts. Ci hasposataoj hms kierotriems pmrkmthahmjtalamr uj emrtiaj jokdrm hm eojlanuritaojs (Cavajnstojm-Ukatb 4669 0Dosqumt mt ic.466=).

Vour ebiqum vism, jous ivojs nicmkmjt past cms triems cams iux opritaojshm lajataoj, herat cms ajecusaojs joj pcistaqums prsmjtms hijs ci ptm hms vismsnrossamrs mt mjrmnastr ci lorkm hu reapamjt corsqumccm tiat rmstatuidcm. Cms hojjmssur cms kitarms prmkarms mt cms hnriassijts tiamjt haspojadcms pour cissmkdcinmhm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms (Eojstijtaj, piritrm), kias pispour cms smpt iutrms scmetaojjs. Uur ems satms, jous jivojs pis tmju eokptm hukitraiu irnacmux (hojt ci htmrkajitaoj jemssatm hms eokptmjems pirtaeucarmsmj kajriconam), kias jous ivojs herat cms ckmjts joj pcistaqums eirietrasijtcms visms nrossamrs. Emttm hkirebm ji pis t kmjm pour cissmkdcinm hm \mrciajm Cm Vmtat Virihas eir, iu kokmjt hm cmxikmj hm em eorpus, jous jtaojs pismjeorm lorkm sur ci rmeojjiassijem hms ckmjts joj pcistaqums prsmjts hijscms ptms. Cms eorpus tuhas sojt soat pudcas, soat mj eours hm pudcaeitaoj. Jous

jivojs hoje pis proeh iux hmssajs hms visms mxikajs mt ivojs eojemjtr jotrmtriviac sur ci rmeojjiassijem mt ci hoeukmjtitaoj pbotonripbaqum hms kierotriemstmebjaqums ahmjtalams.

Uoucanjojs qum pour tous cms satms tuhas, jous ivojs mjrmnastr cms hojjms pirlossm. Uur cms hallrmjts satms scmetaojjs, eokkm sur ci kigorat hms satms rudijs,ci lrqumjem hms rmkojtinms erikaqums mjtrm cms lossms dorhijt ujm kkm ujathbidatitaoj ajhaqum qumccms ojt lojetaojj hm lioj syjebrojm (Gmujmssm mtCmlrije 9111 0 Dcoumt mt ic.4695 0 Iccirh mt ic. 4695). Hijs cm eihrm hm em triviac,jous prsmjtmrojs hoje cms rsuctits tmebjoconaqums odtmjus sur ebiqum satm pirujat hbidatitaoj. Umucms cms lossms qua jojt pis pu trm rittiebms ujm kiasojsmrojt triatms ajhavahumccmkmjt.

=.5 Cm triatmkmjt hms hojjms

Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj ajtrisatm

Cajtmrprtitaoj hms nmstms tmebjaqums coranajm hms kierotriems odsmrvmssippuam sur pcusamurs triviux mtbjoireboconaqums mt mxprakmjtiux (jotikkmjtTym 9129 0 Taem 912> 0 Cavajnstojm Ukatb 4669 0 Nossmciaj 4664 0 Nmcdmrt4665). Emttm tipm ijicytaqum, qua eojstatum cm poajt hm hpirt hms buat tuhmsmjtrmprasms, pmrkmt hm rmstatumr pir bypotbsm cms hallrmjtms ktbohms mkpcoymspour cm liojjinm hms reapamjts.

Hijs uj smeojh tmkps, jous ijicysojs ci viraidacat hms iutrms piriktrms

erikoconaqums mjrmnastrs (hnriassijts, lajataojs, korpboconam mt vmjtumccmkmjtkitraiu irnacmux), mj lojetaoj hms hallrmjtms ktbohms hm liojjinmahmjtalams.

Hijs uj troasakm tmkps, jous odsmrvojs cvocutaoj ebrojoconaqum mt cihastradutaoj spitaicm hms hallrmjtms ktbohms hm liojjinm. Hm emttm kijarm,jous ebmrebojs siasar cms eojtajuats mt cms vmjtumccms rupturms tmebjaqumssurvmjums iu eours hm coeeupitaoj hms hallrmjts vaccinms, kias iussa cms camjsmjtrm kiasojs eojtmkporiajms. Emttm kasm mj pmrspmetavm hijs cm tmkps mt hijs


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cmspiem hms hojjms sur cm liojjinm pmrkmt hittradumr cms ktbohms, rmeojjumssur uj jokdrm akportijt hm reapamjts mt ahmjtalams iu eours hm pcusamurs tipmshoeeupitaoj, hms trihataojs hm liojjinm coeicms.

Vour lajar, jous proehojs ci syjtbsm hms rsuctits odtmjus sur cms trihataojshm liojjinm, cms rmemttms hm ptm mt ci korpboconam hms reapamjts, ilaj hm proposmrhms bypotbsms sur cornijasitaoj hm ci prohuetaoj potarm cebmccm hu vaccinm.

Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm

Hijs cm eihrm hm cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj kiero-rnaojicm, jous eokpirojs cmsktbohms hm liojjinm ahmjtalams iu smaj hms buat issmkdcinms tuhas, hijscm dut hahmjtalamr hvmjtumccms trihataojs hm liojjinm eokkujms pcusamursvaccinms. Cms trihataojs iajsa rmeojjums sojt mjsuatm progmtms sur ujm eirtm hm cizojm htuhm, pour ebiqum tipm hu Tudij (emst--harm cm Tudij ijeamj/koymj,cm Tudij remjt mt cm Tudij lajic/tmrkajic). Emttm hkirebm mst kmjm pour cmsvisms rudijs hujm pirt mt cms visms Cakdourn hiutrm pirt. Jous eokpirojsmjsuatm ci rpirtataoj spitaicm hms trihataojs hm liojjinm emccm hms hallrmjtstypms hm hnriassijts mt hms tmebjaqums hm lajataoj iu smaj hm ci zojm tuham, tijtpour cms visms rudijs qum pour cms visms Cakdourn.


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Virtam AA

Cebmccm hodsmrvitaoj ajtri-satm 7 tuhm

tmebjoconaqum hm ci erikaqum hu satm hmEuary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms


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Ebipatrm 9

Ci prsmjtitaoj hu satm

9.9 Ci coeicasitaoj mt cms strueturms ireboconaqums

Cm nasmkmjt hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms mst coeicas sur ci ravmhroatm hm cIasjm, mj dorhurm hm tmrrissm. proxakat hu eours hmiu, ac mstnicmkmjt proebm hujm nrijhm tmjhum hm pciajm ajojhidcm eokkm cm sojt iussahm jokdrmux iutrms satms rudijs. Heouvmrt pir K. Dourmux mj 91>9, ac i tlouacc mxtmjsavmkmjt nrem iux jokdrmusms eikpinjms hm louaccm qua sm sojt tmjumsmjtrm 91>4 mt 9118, cajataitavm hm G.-V. Hmkoucm mt D. Uouhs`. Cm satm i cavr

cms tkoajs hujm vistm oeeupitaoj rudijm (Lanurm 2), iajsa qum hm jokdrmusmsstrueturms hitms hu Kaebmcsdmrn mt hm cnm hu Lmr (Acmtt mt ic. 912


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Vour cmjsmkdcm hm ci squmjem, cijicysm hms eourdms hidittinm hms ijakiuxajhaqum ujm eojokam ijakicm tourjm vmrs ci prohuetaoj hm vaijhm. Ebiqumujat hbidatitaoj mst iutojokm mj em qua eojemrjm cm rnakm icakmjtiarm. Ua cojprmjh cissmkdcinm hijs soj mjsmkdcm, cms ijakiux hokmstaqums rmprsmjtmjt26% hu jokdrm totic hm rmstms (kigorat hm duls, suavas hms eiprajs mt hmssuahs), tijhas qum ci ebissm rmprsmjtm 46% hm cissmkdcinm (prhokajijemhms sijncamrs, suavas hms emrls, hms eiprajs mt hms pmtats nadamrs) (Biebmk 911= 0Biebmk 911>). ci laj hm ci squmjem, uj houdcm pbjokjm mst odsmrv 7 ujmhakajutaoj sanjalaeitavm hm ci proportaoj hijakiux ebisss (4=% iu hdut hm cisqumjem, >% ci laj hm ci squmjem), iajsa quujm oramjtitaoj hm ccmvinm vmrs cmdul mt cm koutoj.

Ctuhm i iussa pmrkas hm hninmr pcusamurs tmjhijems horhrm spitaic, mt empour ebiqum pbism hoeeupitaoj hu satm.

Vrmkarmkmjt, ac ippirit qum cms mspems eojsokkms iajsa qum cms proportaojsmjtrm cmvinm mt ebissm sojt hallrmjtms hujm kiasojjm ciutrm. Xroas typms hmkiasoj sojt iajsa hastajnus 7

hms kiasojs, njricmkmjt hm pmtatm tiaccm (ivme ujm smucm ujat irrarm), oci ebissm eirietrasm ujm pirt akportijtm hms issmkdcinms liujaqum (emccm-earmprsmjtm icors 46% 8=% hms rmstms),

hms kiasojs, mj kigorat hm nrijhm tiaccm (ivme pcus hm 5 ujats irrarms), occmvinm mst prhokajijt, voarm mxecusal (16% 12% hms rmstms),

hms kiasojs pour cmsqumccms iueujm spealaeat jm pmut trm hninm. Ccmvinmeirietrasm mjvaroj 2=% hu jokdrm totic hm rmstms.

Hmuxakmkmjt, sa coj triem hmux ixms eirhajiux pirtinmijt cm vaccinm mj quitrmsmetmurs, oj odsmrvm hms spealaeats mj em qua eojemrjm cms proportaojs mjtrmebissm mt cmvinm. Iajsa, ci kigorat hms kiasojs o cm tiux hijakiux hokmstaqumsmst cmv mst satum hijs cms hmux smetmurs eojstatuijt ci pirtam oramjticm hu satm

(Biebmk 911>, lan. 98). Mj rmvijebm, cms kiasojs o ci proportaoj hijakiuxebisss mst cmvm sojt prlrmjtamccmkmjt coeicasms hijs cm smetmur jorh-oumst huvaccinm (Biebmk 911>, lan. 9=). Emttm pirtataoj mst nicmkmjt odsmrvm mj em quaeojemrjm cms mspems eojsokkms, qumcqum soat ci pbism hoeeupitaoj prasm mjeokptm 7

hijs ci pirtam oramjticm hu satm, cm dul hokajm jukraqumkmjt (cmvinm), hijs cm smetmur jorh-oumst, emst cm sijncamr qua mst kigoratiarm (ebissm), hijs cm smetmur suh-oumst, emst cm koutoj qua prhokajm (cmvinm).

Cms hallrmjems hijs cms eboax icakmjtiarms, pmremptadcms iu smaj hm cmspiembidat mt stidcms hijs cm tmkps, pourriamjt rsuctmr hm pcusamurs lietmurs ci loas.

Vrmkarmkmjt hm lietmurs eojokaqums, puasqum coj supposm qum coramjtitaojprlrmjtamccm vmrs tmccm ou tmccm mspem smriat gustalam pir uj systkm hmeokpckmjtirat ou hebijnms mjtrm kiasojjms. Hmuxakmkmjt hm lietmursahoconaqums mt soeaiux, eir ci rpirtataoj spitaicm hms hallrmjtms mspems voqumujm smnkmjtitaoj hm ci eokkujiut vaccinmoasm mjtrm cmvmurs hm dovajs,cmvmurs hm koutoj mt ebissmurs (Biebmk 4699, p. 56>). Ciutmur proposm iajsacbypotbsm hujm eomxastmjem sur cm satm hm troas nroupms canjinmrs, ornijass mj ujsystkm ecijaqum stidcm hijs cm tmkps mt hijs cmspiem.


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9.5.4 Cajhustram catbaqum

Cijicysm hm cajhustram catbaqum mst lojhm sur cijicysm tmebjoconaqum hm =8,8% hm cissmkdcinm,eokprmjh mj kigorat hms nrittoars, hms paems msquaccms, hms poajtms hm lcebms mt

hms pmroars. ci laj hm ci squmjem, oj issastm ujm iunkmjtitaoj hu jokdrm hmliueaccms mt hm durajs.Ci prohuetaoj mst ricasm iu smaj kkm hm cujat hokmstaqum. Mj mllmt,

kkm sa hms hallrmjems quijtatitavms sojt eojstitms hujm ujat hbidatitaoj ciutrm, ac ippirit qum ebiqum kiasoj mst iutojokm pour cm hdatinm 7 toutms cmsujats hokmstaqums lourjassmjt mj mllmt hms odgmts eirietrastaqums hms hallrmjtmstipms hm ci ebijm opritoarm. Vir iaccmurs, cijicysm hms eitnorams houtacs, iajsaqum ctuhm trieoconaqum hm cissmkdcinm kojtrmjt qum cms ietavats pritaqums(cm triviac hms pmiux, hms vntiux, hu doas vntic ou hm cos) sojt quisakmjtahmjtaqums hujm kiasoj ciutrm. (Iccirh mt ic. 4668 0 Iccirh mt Eiyoc 4699 0Eiyoc, tbsm mj eours).

9.5.5 Cajhustram ossmusm

Cijicysm hm cajhustram ossmusm mst lojhm sur cijicysm hm 92= odgmts. Hmuxnrijhms eitnorams lojetaojjmccms, rmprsmjtms mj quijtat pmu prs quavicmjtms,mjncodmjt ci kigmurm pirtam hms outacs 7 cms outacs utacass pir lrottmkmjt mt cms outacspoajtus. Ci sram eokprmjh hiutrms typms houtacs, rmprsmjts mj pmtatm quijtat 7ac sinat jotikkmjt hm biebms, hm bmrkajmttms, houtacs koussms, hckmjts hmlaxitaoj, hm pacojs, hckmjts hm pirurm mt hm kijebms (Uahri 9121).

Vour ujm kkm eitnoram houtacs, hallrmjtms ktbohms hm lidraeitaoj sojtahmjtalams. Ems hmrjarms viramjt hujm ujat hbidatitaoj ciutrm. Vir mxmkpcm,emrtiajms kiasojs jm prsmjtmjt qum hms outacs poajtus hdats pir seainm (kiasojs886, 526, 546, 48= mt 26). Hiutrms kiasojs posshmjt, mj pcus hms outacs poajtus

Lanurm 1 7 Outac mj os kas iugour Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms,

ajtmrprt eokkm ujm mstqumutacasm sur ujm ptm koccm(hiprs Uahri 9121 0 Kianrot

911>)


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hdats pir seainm, hms outacs liojjs pir idrisaoj (Kiasojs 44=, 5) kojtrm qu Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms,cms outacs mj os korpboconaqumkmjt trijebijts sojt mj kigorat utacass pour cmtriviac hms pmiux. Cm triviac hms vntiux mt hms kitarms kajricms eirietrasmuj trs pmtat jokdrm houtacs (ah., lan. 96). Uax outacs assus hm etms hm dul ouhos cojns hdats pir lrieturitaoj prsmjtmjt hms kaerotriems eirietrastaqums hutriviac hm cirnacm (Lanurm 1). Emux-ea sojt ajtmrprts eokkm hms mstqums iyijtlojetaojj sur ptm koccm (ah., p. 495).

9.5.8 Coutaccinm mj nrs

Ctuhm hm coutaccinm mj nrs portm sur cmxikmj hm 9=>5 paems, qua mjncodmjt ujmnrijhm virat houtacs (kmucms, kocmttms, pmreutmurs, outacs hidrisaoj, kocmttms kiaj), iajsa qum hms ecits hm kasm mj lorkm, hm liojjinm mt hm rivavinm hmsoutacs (Bikoj 466


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smucmkmjt, hms odgmts mj roebm. ]jm iunkmjtitaoj hu jokdrm hm paems mj kitarmossmusm iu eours hms tipms tirhavms mst nicmkmjt eojstitm ( ah., p. 29).

Ci sram mst rpirtam hijs 48 ujats hbidatitaoj (ah.,p. 6) ( ah., p.29). Cms kiasojs =>6 (tipm koymjjm) mt 44= (tipm remjtm) rmnroupmjt ebieujmuj akportijt jokdrm houtacs mj eours hm lidraeitaoj, qua pmrkmt ciutmur hmproposmr cbypotbsm smcoj ciqumccm ujm kiasoj pir tipm sm smriat hastajnum hmsiutrms pir ujm prohuetaoj hodgmt hm pirurm pcus akportijtm (ah., p. 24).

9.5.< Eojecusaoj

Cms kiasojs hu vaccinm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms smkdcmjt hoje iutojokms mjem qua eojemrjm cm rnakm icakmjtiarm, coutaccinm mj nrs mt hms ietavats cams cajhustram catbaqum. Jijkoajs, tout iu cojn hm ci squmjem, qumcqums hallrmjemsmjtrm ujats hbidatitaoj mt kkm mjtrm smetmurs hu satm sojt odsmrvms hijs cmsproportaojs hm liujm hokmstaqum mt ebissm, iajsa qum cms outacs akpcaqums hijs cmsietavats hm kouturm mt hidrisaoj. Ems hallrmjems pourriamjt sunnrmr cmxastmjemhuj systkm hm eokpckmjtirat mjtrm kiasojjms pour emrtiajms ietavats.

Uoucanjojs pir iaccmurs qum cijicysm hm cajhustram ossmusm cavrm cms smucs tkoajsharmets hujm prohuetaoj hm erikaqums sur pciem. Mj mllmt, pour cbmurm, iueujiutrm outac utacas hijs cm eihrm hm ci lidraeitaoj hm erikaqum ji t ahmjtala.Mj outrm, iueujm strueturm hm eokdustaoj ji t kasm iu gour, eokkm emst pirmxmkpcm cm eis hijs qumcqums lossms hu satm tebqum hm Dycijy (Vivcu 4666). Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms, eokkm sur ci kigorat hms satms rudijs, cm picosoc jmstpis eojsmrv 7 em kijqum hm tkoaj harmet jm eojstatum damj mjtmjhu pis ci prmuvmhm cidsmjem hujm prohuetaoj hm reapamjts sur pciem.


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Ci prsmjtitaoj hm cissmkdcinm

erikaqum

]j cojn triviac hm tra mt hm rmkojtinm, pras mj ebirnm pir K. Acmtt mt E. Eojstijtaj,i pmrkas hajhavahuicasmr 4619 ajhavahus-visms. Iu totic, 5=1 lorkms ojt pu trmrmstatums. Ci eitnoram hms visms lajs eokptm 985> ajhavahus heors mt jojheors (294 visms heors mt ). Ua coj tamjt eokptm ujaqumkmjt hms ckmjtstypoconaqums (dism, prbmjsaoj ou dorh), cm JKA (jokdrm kajakuk hajhavahus)hm visms lajs heors mst hm =49 (Eojstijtaj 466>d).

Xoutms cms ujats hbidatitaoj hu satm eojtamjjmjt hms proportaojs pmu prsquavicmjtms hm erikaqum nrossarm (mjtrm 41 mt 55%). Cms tiux hm erikaqum lajmheorm mt joj heor sojt pcus viraidcms 7 cm tiux hm erikaqum lajm joj heormmst eokpras mjtrm 45 mt 5> % mt ci proportaoj hm erikaqum lajm heorm oseaccmmjtrm 54 mt 8=% (Eojstijtaj 466>d).

4.9 Ci erikaqum lajm

Hmux rmssourems irnacmusms hastajetms ojt t mkpcoyms pour cm liojjinm hmsvisms lajs (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696) 7

uj kitraiu lortm eokposijtm eiceiarm assu hu cakoj hm hdorhmkmjt hmcIasjm (kitraiu 9),

uj kitraiu eojtmjijt hm jokdrmux quirtz provmjijt hujm eouebm mjeormprsmjtm ctit hm cikdmiux sur cm satm hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms mt smsicmjtours (kitraiu 4).

Ems hmux kitraiux sojt mkpcoys mj proportaoj quisakmjt quavicmjtm 7 cm

kitraiux 9 mst utacas pour mjvaroj =4% hms visms lajs mt cm kitraiu 4 pour prshm 82% (ah. 0 Eojstijtaj, piritrm).Cms lorkms erikaqums sojt typaqums pour cm Tudij. Cms visms sojt cm pcus

souvmjt mj lorkm hm troas quirts hm spbrm, pijsm mccaptaqum. Ci kigorat hmslorkms rmjeojtrms prsmjtm uj poajt hajlcmxaoj satu mjtrm ci pijsm mt cm dorhhms visms. Cms disms sojt tougours irrojhams. Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms, 96 typmskorpboconaqums sojt hastajnus (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696) (Lanurm 96).

Ebipatrm 4


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Vcusamurs tmebjaqums heoritavms sojt ittmstms 7 ajeasaoj ciahm hm poajoj,akprmssaoj spirm ou pavotijtm (Lanurm


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Lanurm 96 7 Cms typmskorpboconaqums hm cierikaqum Euary-cs-

Ebiuhirhms, pour ci erikaqum

jm, ci erikaqum nrossarm

mt ci erikaqum hu Cakdourn(Eojstijtaj 466=)


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hojt ci tiaccm mst eokprasm mjtrm 9 mt 8 kk (Eojstijtaj 912= 0 Eojstijtaj 466>i 0Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696) (Lanurm 99). Hu poajt hm vum hu liojjinm, pcusamursodsmrvitaojs ojt t liatms pir E. Eojstijtaj 7 cms visms sojt diuebs ciahm hm ci

tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj. Cms eocokdajs, souvmjt vasadcms mj trijebms, sojt poss mjebmviuebmkmjt odcaqum mxtmrjm. Vir iaccmurs, cms tmssojs sojt souvmjt eirietrasspir hms eissurms mj dasmiu (Eojstijtaj 912=).

Cms visms Cakdourn sm hastajnumjt trs jmttmkmjt hms visms rudijs hu poajthm vum hms lorkms. Hmux typms korpboconaqums, rmtrouvs tout iu cojn hm cisqumjem, sojt hastajnus (Acmtt mt Eojstijtaj 4696) (Lanurm 96) 7

hms lorkms dissms mt trs ouvmrtms dorh piassas, cirnmkmjt kigoratiarms 7 mccmseirietrasmjt prs hm 18% hm ci sram hm visms Cakdourn,

hms visms eoc qua rmprsmjtmjt 5,=% hm ci sram.

Ems visms jm prsmjtmjt pis hm koymj hm prbmjsaoj. Cmur haiktrm kixakuk mst

eokpras mjtrm 46 mt 56 ek. Cmur eojtmjijem mst hoje damj supramurm ci kigorathms visms rudijs lajs ou nrossamrs.Ci quisa-toticat hms visms Cakdourn mst heorm (18%). Ci nrijhm kigorat

hmjtrm mux (15%) portm uj heor prajeapic eouvrijt tout cm pourtour hu vism 7emcua-ea mst eokpos huj kotal vmrtaeic rnucarmkmjt ajtmrrokpu pir hms pijjmiuxvmrtaeiux joj heors. Ems heors lorkmjt njricmkmjt hms saccojs cirnms mt pmuprolojhs (Lanurm d, p. =8). Cm heor prajeapic mst souvmjtieeokpinj huj heor sous cm dorh 7 ac pmut sinar soat hujm canjm borazojticmhakprmssaojs cojncm ou pir pajemkmjts, soat hujm canjm hm eoups hm poajojs(Eojstijtaj 912=, p. 965).

Lanurm 99 7 Cms troas typmshm hnriassijts ahmjtas

Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms pir E.Eojstijtaj (912=, 466=)


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Ci eoccmetm hms hojjms

Cijicysm hm ci sram erikaqum hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms i pmrkas K. Acmtt mt E.Eojstijtaj hajhavahuicasmr 4619 visms. Hijs cm eihrm hm cmur tuhm, ujm dism hmhojjms Mxemc i t eojstruatm iu smaj hm ciqumccm ebiqum vism liat codgmt hujmcanjm eokportijt cms ajlorkitaojs suavijtms 7 cm jukro hajhavahu, cm eojtmxtmhm heouvmrtm (lossm, kiasoj), ci eitnoram (vism laj, nrossamr ou Cakdourn), cmkitraiu irnacmux, cm typm hm hnriassijt, cms hojjms korpboktraqums (haiktrms,biutmur, lorkm, mte.) mt cms eirietrastaqums heoritavms (tmebjaqum, kotal, tbkm).

Hijs cm eihrm hm ci prsmjtm tuhm, 9> ajhavahus ojt liat codgmt hujm laebm

hmjrmnastrmkmjt eir acs prsmjtiamjt hms kierotriems tmebjaqums casadcms. Umucs cmsvisms assus hms lossms ieeocms iux kiasojs ojt t mxikajs. Cms visms kas iu gourhijs cms lossms asocms hu satm jojt pis t ijicyss. Iprs triatmkmjt hms hojjms,998= visms ojt pu trm issoeas ujm ktbohm hm liojjinm.

Cors hm cmjrmnastrmkmjt tmebjoconaqum, jous ivojs eboasa hm eojsmrvmr cijukrotitaoj ajataicm hms ajhavahus, ilaj htrm mj kmsurm hm eroasmr cms hojjmsrmcitavms iux hallrmjts piriktrms erikoconaqums. Cms hojjms sur cm liojjinmojt iajsa pu trm eojlrojtms iux hojjms sur cms kitraiux irnacmux, cms hnriassijts,cms lajataojs mt ci korpboconam hms reapamjts. Cms rsuctits hm ctuhm hms heorstijt mj eours hillajmkmjt pir K. Acmtt, jous ivojs eboasa hm jm pis proehmr cieokpiriasoj mjtrm cm liojjinm hms visms mt cmurs eirietrastaqums heoritavms hijscm eihrm hm emttm tbsm. Emttm ijicysm eroasm eojstatum uj progmt pirt mjtarm quasmri mllmetu proebiajmkmjt, mj eoccidoritaoj ivme K. Acmtt.

Ac mst akportijt hm soucanjmr qum cms hallrmjts piriktrms erikoconaqums qumjous ivojs eboasa hm eojlrojtmr iux hojjms sur cm liojjinm mt cms lajataojs jmeojemrjmjt pis ci toticat hms ajhavahus hm cissmkdcinm (Xidcmiu 8).

Xout hidorh, cijicysm hms typms hm hnriassijt jm eojemrjm qum cms vismsnrossamrs, puasqum cms visms lajs jm eokportmjt pis hajecusaojs joj pcistaqumsvocojtiarmkmjt igoutms cirnacm. Mjsuatm, ci jiturm hu kitraiu irnacmux i thtmrkajm prmsqum mxecusavmkmjt sur cms visms lajs (99=8 visms htmrkajs) mttrs rirmkmjt sur cms visms nrossamrs (< visms htmrkajs). Ac mst pir eojsqumjtakpossadcm hm liarm cm camj mjtrm cms kitraiux irnacmux mt cms hnriassijts 7 ems hmuxpiriktrms lmrojt hoje ajhpmjhikkmjt codgmt hujm ijicysm eroasm ivme cms

hojjms sur cm liojjinm.

tuhm K. Acmtt mt E. Eojstijtaj tuhm C. Nokirt

Eitnoram Jokdrm totichajhavahus

Kitraiu irnacmuxhtmrkaj

Hnriassijthtmrkaj

Lorkmhtmrkajm

Ktbohm hm lioj-jinm htmrkajm

Lajm 985< 99=8 - 498 =5>

Nrossarm =5= < 81> 995 ===

Cakdourn 991 mj eours hmpudcaeitaoj

998 54 =5

Xotic 4616 99


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Cms rsuctits hm ctuhm tmebjoconaqum

8.9 Cms ktbohms hm liojjinm

Iu smaj hm cissmkdcinm, 94 ktbohms hm liojjinm ojt t ahmjtalams. Cm sancm husatm (EEL pour Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmttms ) iajsa quuj jukro (hm9 94) sojt ittradus ebiqum ktbohm . Emttm jukrotitaoj, hm EEL9 EEL94,suat corhrm hijs cmqumc cms hallrmjtms ktbohms hm liojjinm ojt t ahmjtalamsiu smaj hu eorpus.

Ci ktbohm EEL9

Ci ktbohm EEL9 eirietrasm 5== ajhavahus, hojt 982 visms lajs, 468 vismsnrossamrs mt 5 visms Cakdourn.

Ci dism hms visms prsmjtm ujm strueturm ajtmrjm btronjm, eirietrastaqumhm cissmkdcinm hckmjts. Mj trijebm, hms vahms rnucarmkmjt mspies sojthastajnus. Mjtrm ems vahms, coramjtitaoj hms pirtaeucms mt porosats hm cirnacm mst sud-eaeuciarm (Lanurm 94 e). Ci surliem ajtmrjm prsmjtm hms hprmssaojs cojnatuhajicms,eirietrasms pir ci prsmjem hm lajms strams piricccms, prodidcmkmjt cams iupissinm hms hoants (Lanurm 94 h). Ems hprmssaojs, tkoajs hm prmssaojs hanaticmspickiarms, sojt systkitaqumkmjt idsmjtms hm ci surliem mxtmrjm. Cissoeaitaoj hmems kierotriems voqum uj diuebinm nrem ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj laj mj

sparicm, tmc quac mst odsmrv pir mxmkpcm mj Jouvmccm Nuajm ebmz hms potamrseojtmkporiajs (Vmtrmquaj mt Vmtrmquaj 9111, p. 15). Cms hprmssaojs ajtmrjms hmci dism sunnrmjt qum, cors hu prlorkinm, cdiuebm i t ippcaqum eojtrm ujsupport. Ebmz cms potamrs eojtmkporiajs, cms supports sojt hm jiturms havmrsms 7iu Eikmrouj, emux-ea pmuvmjt trm mj doas, kias ac pmut iussa sinar hm tmssojs hmnrijhm tiaccm (Nossmciaj 4664, p. 2=, lan. 52).

Ci pijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm prsmjtmjt, mj pcij rihaic, ujm strueturm ajtmrjmbtronjm eirietrastaqum hm cissmkdcinm hckmjts 7 ci trijebm mst eirietrasmpir ci prsmjem hm vahms odcaqums rnucarmkmjt mspiems hojt coramjtitaoj mstictmrjm (ajtmrjm-mxtmrjm) (Lanurm 94 i). Mjtrm ebiqum vahm, cms porosats hm cirnacmprsmjtmjt ujm oramjtitaoj odcaqum vmrtaeicm. Em typm hm eojlanuritaoj, hatm

mj U ou mj W (Cavajnstojm Ukatb 4669, p.949) i pir mxmkpcm t odsmrv surhms potmrams ilraeiajms eojtmkporiajms (Cavajnstojm Ukatb 4669, p.949), sur hmspotmrams hu Tudij hm Dmcnaqum (Dosqumt mt ic. 466=, p. 996, lan. > h) mt surhms visms hu nroupm hm Eciarviux (Kirtajmiu 4666, p.9=2, lan. 21). Uur cms vismsnrossamrs issoeas ci ktbohm EEL9, cms surliems ajtmrjm mt mxtmrjm hm ci pijsm mthu eoc prsmjtmjt souvmjt hms rsmiux hm hprmssaojs sud-eareuciarms mt eojeivms,iyijt pirloas eojsmrv hms rmstms hmkprmajtms hanaticms (Lanurm 94 d).

Ebipatrm 8


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Cmjsmkdcm hm ems kierotriems voqum cmkpcoa hm ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj.Ac mst hallaeacm hm proposmr ujm bypotbsm hlajatavm quijt iu proeh hm posmmxiet hm ems eocokdajs eir, pour ci eojlanuritaoj mj U, hms ajtmrprtitaojshallrmjtms sojt proposms hijs ci cattriturm. Umcoj I. Cavajnstojm Ukatb, cms

goajts mj U smriamjt eirietrastaqums hm ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj laj paje 7 hijsuj prmkamr tmkps, iu eours hm cdiuebinm, cms eocokdajs sojt supmrposs sijstrm hlorks 0 hijs uj hmuxakm tmkps, cors hu prlorkinm, cikajeassmkmjt hmspiroas provoqum ctarmkmjt hms eocokdajs mt hms pcijs hm goajts mt ci lorkitaojhm eojlanuritaojs mj U (Cavajnstojm Ukatb 4669, p. 949). Vour T. Kirtajmiu,cictmrjijem hms eocokdajs smriat odtmjum hs cdiuebinm 7 ems hmrjamrs smriamjteriss ictmrjitavmkmjt mj ebmviuebmkmjt ajtmrjm puas mxtmrjm. Ci kasm mj lorkmhms piroas cors hu prlorkinm ciahm hujm mstqum jm lmriat qutarmr cms eocokdajsmt iunkmjtmr ci biutmur hms eojlanuritaojs mj U . Umcoj ciutmur, corsquac mstkitras, em proeh hm posm hms eocokdajs pmrkmt hodtmjar hms prolacs rnucamrs,hvatmr cilliassmkmjt hu vism iu eours hu liojjinm mt cakatm cm dossmcinm hmspiroas (Kirtajmiu 4666, p. 9=2-9=1). Yumcqum soat cbypotbsm qum coj rmtamjjm,ac mst akportijt hm jotmr qum hijs cm eihrm hm ci ktbohm EEL9, cms eocokdajs

sojt tougours lortmkmjt tars 7 hidorh cms porosats sojt oramjtms vmrtaeicmkmjtiu smaj hm ebiqum smetaoj hm eocokdaj (Lanurm 94 i) 0 mjsuatm ci biutmur hmseocokdajs mst tougours akportijtm puasqumccm mst eokprasm mjtrm 2 kk (pour ujmpijsm hm 5 kk hpiassmur) mt 55 kk (pour ujm pijsm hm 96 kk hpiassmur).

Lanurm 94 7 Kierotriemsodsmrvms hijs cm eihrm hm ciktbohm hm liojjinm EEL9(Hmssaj 7 ]KT249=, K. Acm)


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Ci ktbohm EEL4

Iu totic, 8=4 visms ojt pu trm issoeas ci ktbohm EEL4, hojt 451 visms lajs,46> visms nrossamrs mt < visms Cakdourn.

Ci dism prsmjtm ujm strueturm ajtmrjm btronjm, qua voqum cissmkdcinmhckmjts. Mj pcij rihaic, hms vahms rnucarmkmjt mspies sojt hastajnus. Mjtrm

ems vahms, coramjtitaoj hms pirtaeucms mt porosats mst sud-eareuciarm (Lanurm 95e). Ems odsmrvitaojs sunnrmjt uj diuebinm hm ci dism nrem ci tmebjaqumhu eocokdaj laj mj sparicm pir prmssaojs hanaticms haseojtajums, tmccm qumccmmst rmjeojtrm ebmz emrtiajs potamrs eojtmkporiajs, pir mxmkpcm iu Eikmrouj(Nossmciaj 4664, p. 962-961).

Ci pijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm prsmjtmjt iussa ujm strueturm ajtmrjm btronjm 7 mjpcij rihaic, hms vahms sud-borazojtiux sojt hastajnus. Mjtrm ems vahms, coramjtitaojhms pirtaeucms mt porosats mst sud-eareuciarm (Lanurm 95 i). Em typm hm eojlanuritaoj,hatm mj O oumj E,i hg t odsmrv ebmz hms potamrs eojtmkporiajs (CavajnstojmUkatb 4669, p. 944 mt lan.\-=5), kias iussa mj eojtmxtm rudij (Dosqumt mt ic.466=, p. 996). Cms surliems kojtrmjt lrqumkkmjt hms ojhucitaojs rnucarms mtpiricccms (Lanurm 95 d).

Ems kierotriems sunnrmjt uj diuebinm hm ci pijsm, hu eoc mt hm ci cvrmnrem ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj laj supmrpos (Vmtrmquaj mt Vmtrmquaj 9111).Ci eojlanuritaoj mj O ou mj E ajhaqum qum cms eocokdajs jojt t qumsupmrlaeamccmkmjt hlorks cors hm cdiuebinm mt hu prlorkinm. Cm haiktrm hmseocokdajs mst eokpras 8 kk (pour ujm pijsm hm 8 kk) mt 95 kk (pour ujmpijsm hm 94 kk hpiassmur).



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Ci ktbohm EEL5

Ci ktbohm EEL5 rujat 98 ajhavahus, hojt 95 visms lajs mt 9 vism nrossamr. Iueujvism Cakdourn jy i t issoea.

Iueujm dism ji pu trm rittiebm iux visms ittradus emttm ktbohm. Cmsajhavahus sojt hoje eirietrass pir cms kierotriems ahmjtalams sur ci pijsm, cm eoc

mt ci cvrm.Ci pijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm prsmjtmjt ujm strueturm ajtmrjm btronjm,eirietrastaqum hm cissmkdcinm hckmjts. Mj pcij rihaic, hms vahms odcaqums sojthastajnus 7 coramjtitaoj hms vahms mst ajtmrjm corsqum ci pijsm souvrm (Lanurm 98i) mt mxtmrjm corsqum ci pijsm sm lmrkm (Lanurm 98 d). Mjtrm ebiqum vahm odcaqum,coramjtitaoj hms porosats mst sud-piricccm iux piroas. Emttm eojlanuritaoj sunnrmvoqum uj diuebinm hm ci pijsm nrem ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj eris. Cm smjsherismkmjt hms eocokdajs smkdcm ivoar t opr mj lojetaoj hm coramjtitaoj hmci pijsm (Kirtajmiu 4666). Cms eocokdajs pmuvmjt trm pcus ou koajs tars iukokmjt hm cdiuebinm mt/ou hu prlorkinm 7 cmur biutmur mst eokprasm mjtrm >kk (pour ujm pijsm hm = kk hpiassmur) mt 9< kk (pour ujm pijsm hm 8 kkhpiassmur).

Ci ktbohm EEL8

Iu totic, 92 visms ojt t ittradus ci ktbohm EEL8, hojt 1 visms lajs mt 1 vismsnrossamrs. Iueuj vism Cakdourn jmst issoea.

Iueujm dism ji pu trm rittiebm iux visms ittradus emttm ktbohm. Cms vismssojt eirietrass pir cms kierotriems ahmjtalams iu javmiu hm ci pijsm, hu eoc mt hmci cvrm.

Mj pcij rihaic, ci pijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm huj kkm vism prsmjtmjt hmseojlanuritaojs mj E, mj Omt mj U (Lanurm 9= i). Cms surliems ajtmrjms mt mxtmrjms hmci quisa-toticat hms reapamjts prsmjtmjt hms hprmssaojs sud-eareuciarms eojeivmsiyijt souvmjt eojsmrvs cms rmstms hmkprmajtms hanaticms (Lanurm 9= d).

Ems kierotriems voqumjt uj diuebinm hm ci pijsm mt hu eoc nrem citmebjaqum hu eocokdaj pir prmssaojs hanaticms haseojtajums. Ci prsmjem sur ujkkm vism hm eojlanuritaojs hm hallrmjtms biutmurs mt hm hallrmjts typms (O,E, U) sunnrm uj ikajeassmkmjt hms piroas cors hu prlorkinm, qua ji pis tmllmetu hm kijarm bokonjm. Iu eours hm cdiuebinm, cms eocokdajs smkdcmjtivoar t igouts sijs trm hlorks 0 emst iu eours hu prlorkinm quacs iuriamjtt tars. Ci biutmur kajakuk hms eocokdajs mst hm = kk, pour ujm pijsm hm 8kk hpiassmur. Cmur biutmur kixakuk mst hm 92 kk pour ujm pijsm hm 1 kkhpiassmur.


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Ci ktbohm EEL=

Ci ktbohm EEL= eirietrasm =1 visms, hojt 96 visms lajs, 94 visms nrossamrs mt 5>visms Cakdourn.

Uur ci surliem ajtmrjm hm ci dism, ujm surpiassmur eareuciarm hmjvaroj = ek hmhaiktrm mst vasadcm mj cukarm risijtm mt smjsadcm iu touebmr. Mj prapbram hm emrmcaml, hms eissurms mt lassuritaojs mj ire hm emrecm sm sojt souvmjt lorkms (Lanurm

9< e). Mj vum tijnmjtamccm, sur rihaonripbam (ci smucm qum jous iyojs ricasm pourcm eorpus hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms), oj hastajnum ujm pcinm eareuciarm iu emjtrmhm ci dism, iu smaj hm ciqumccm cms porosats hm cirnacm jojt pis horamjtitaojprlrmjtamccm. Iutour hm emttm pcinm, cms porosats soramjtmjt mj sparicm (Lanurm 9 7 Kierotriems

odsmrvms hijs cm eihrm hm ciktbohm hm liojjinm EEL

Ci ktbohm EEL> eokprmjh 99> ajhavahus, hojt 84 visms lajs, >5 visms nrossamrsmt 4 visms Cakdourn.

Hijs cm eihrm hm emttm ktbohm, iueujm dism ji t ahmjtalam. Cms visms sojthoje eirietrass pir cms kierotriems ahmjtalams sur ci pijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm.

Ci pijsm prsmjtm mj pcij rihaic ujm eojlanuritaoj mj Oou mj E(Lanurm 92d) (eokkm hijs cm eihrm hm ci ktbohm EEL4). Emttm eojlanuritaoj rvcm ujdiuebinm nrem ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj laj supmrpos. Ci biutmur kajakukhms eocokdajs mst hm 8 kk, pour ujm pijsm hm 8 kk hpiassmur. Cmur biutmurkixakuk mst hm 94 kk, tijhas qum ci pijsm prsmjtm ujm piassmur hm 94 kk.

Mj pcij rihaic, cm dorh mt ci cvrm prsmjtmjt hijs tous cms eis ujm eivat odcojnumpiricccm iux piroas. Hm pirt mt hiutrm hm emttm eivat vmrtaeicm, iueujm smetaojhm eocokdaj ji pu trm ahmjtalam 0 iu eojtriarm, coramjtitaoj hms pirtaeucms hmcirnacm mst piricccm iux piroas mt hms porosats hm lorkm iccojnm sojt hastajnums

Lanurm 92 7 Kierotriemsodsmrvms hijs cm eihrm hm ciktbohm hm liojjinm EEL>(Hmssaj 7 ]KT249=, K. Acm)


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(Lanurm 92 i mt e). Ac smkdcm qum ci cvrm iat hidorh t diuebm ciahm hujeocokdaj tar hs si posm ilaj hodtmjar ujm dijhm hirnacm. Ci prlorkm hm cicvrm mst mjsuatm odtmjum pir rmpca hm emttm dijhm. Cm dorh hms visms smj trouvmsouvmjt cnrmkmjt piassa. Em typm hm eojlanuritaoj i hg t odsmrv sur hmspotmrams hu Tudij hm Dmcnaqum (Dosqumt mt ic.466=, p. 999, lan. 1m).

Ci ktbohm EEL2

Ci ktbohm EEL2 mjncodm 9< ajhavahus, hojt 96 visms lajs, = visms nrossamrs mt 9vism Cakdourn.

Hijs cm eihrm hm emttm ktbohm iueujm dism ji pu trm ahmjtalam. Vireojsqumjt, cms ajhavahus sojt hlajas pir cms kierotriems kasms mj vahmjem sur cipijsm, cm eoc mt ci cvrm.

Mj pcij rihaic, ci pijsm mt cm eoc sojt eirietrass pir hms eojlanuritaojs mj U(Lanurm 91 d) qua sunnrmjt, eokkm hijs cm eihrm hm ci ktbohm EEL9, cmkpcoahm eocokdajs ebmviuebmkmjt odcaqum ictmrj (ajtmrjm-mxtmrjm), qua ojt t tarssoat hs cdiuebinm, soat iu eours hu prlorkinm. Yuoa quac mj soat, cms eocokdajssojt lortmkmjt tars puasqum cmur biutmur mst eokprasm mjtrm 95 kk (pour ujm hm= kk hpiassmur) mt 46 kk (pour ujm pijsm hm 96 kk hpiassmur).

Mj trijebm, iu javmiu hm ci cvrm, ujm eivat odcojnum piricccm iux piroas msthastajnum. Eokkm pour cms visms ittradus ci ktbohm EEL>, iueujm smetaojhm eocokdajs jmst ahmjtalam hm pirt mt hiutrm hm emttm eivat. Ems odsmrvitaojsvoqumjt uj diuebinm hm ci cvrm ciahm huj eocokdaj tar hm kijarm odtmjar ujm dijhm hirnacm 0 cm prlorkinm hm ci cvrm mst mjsuatm ricas pir rmpcahm emttm dijhm hirnacm (Lanurm 91 i).



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Ci ktbohm EEL96

Hijs cm eihrm hm ci ktbohm EEL96, 59 ajhavahus ojt t hjokdrs, hojt 44visms lajs, = visms nrossamrs mt 8 visms Cakdourn.

Iueujm dism ji t ahmjtalam. Cms ajhavahus ojt t htmrkajs nrem iuxkierotriems ahmjtalams iu javmiu hm ci pijsm, hu eoc mt hm ci cvrm.

Ci pijsm prsmjtm, mj pcij rihaic, hms vahms odcaqums hojt coramjtitaoj mstictmrjm (ajtmrjm-mxtmrjm) (Lanurm 49 d). Mjtrm ebiqum vahm, cms porosats hm cirnacmsojt iccojnms. Emttm eojlanuritaoj mj U ou mj W, i t hg odsmrvm hijs cmeihrm hm ci ktbohm EEL9, sunnrm uj diuebinm ciahm hm eocokdaj eris hscdiuebinm ou tars cors hu prlorkinm. Ci biutmur kajakicm hms eocokdajs hmci pijsm mst hm 2 kk, pour ujm piassmur hm 8 kk. Cmur biutmur kixakicm mst hm49 kk, pour ujm piassmur hm 96 kk.



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Cm eoc mt ci cvrm prsmjtm hms kierotriems eciarmkmjt hastajetms hm emccms hm cipijsm. Mj pcij rihaic, coramjtitaoj hms pirtaeucms mt porosat mst sud-eareuciarm.Emttm eojlanuritaoj mj Oou mj E,tkoanjm huj diuebinm ciahm hm eocokdajslajs supmrposs (Lanurm 49 i). Ci biutmur kajakicm hms eocokdajs hu eoc mst hm8 kk, pour ujm piassmur hm 8 kk. Cmur biutmur kixakicm mst hm 96 kk, pourujm piassmur hm 1 kk.

Ci ktbohm EEL99

Iu totic, 96 ajhavahus ojt t issoeas ci ktbohm EEL99, hojt 8 visms lajs mt , p. 49>). Hm kkm, cms potamrshm ci etm Kacjm Diy hijs ci pirtam oramjticm hm ci Jouvmccm-Nuajm diuebmjt cidism mt ci pijsm hms reapamjts ciahm hm ci tmebjaqum hu eocokdaj mj sparicm, puasproehmjt uj prlorkinm pir dittinm, sijs utacasmr hm eojtrm-dittm (Vmtrmquaj mtVmtrmquaj 9111, p. 14). Emttm tmebjaqum hm prlorkinm i nicmkmjt t ahmjtalamiu smaj hissmkdcinms ireboconaqums (Irh 4696, p. 86 0 Kijmk 4662, p. 86 0Kijmk 4696, p. 55 0 Kirtajmiu 4666, p. 952 0 Kirtajmiu 466=, p. 4=8). Mjeojtmxtm rudij, mccm i hg t kasm mj vahmjem sur pcusamurs satms coeicass hijsci viccm hm cIasjm (Nokirt 4696i, p. =84).


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8.4 Teipatucital hms ktbohms hm liojjinm ahmjtalams

]j totic hm 94 ktbohms hm liojjinm i t rmeojju iu smaj hm cissmkdcinmerikaqum hm Euary-cs-Ebiuhirhms (Xidcmiu =). Cms tmebjaqums qum joussupposojs ivoar t mkpcoyms pour cm liojjinm hm ci dism, hm ci pijsm, hu eoc mthm ci cvrm hms reapamjts sojt prsmjtms pour ebiqum ktbohm ahmjtalam.

Ktbohm hmliojjinm

Jokdrmhm vismsissoeas

Liojjinm dism Liojjinm pijsm Liojjinm eoc Liojjinm cvrm

EEL9 5== diuebinm pir ermusmkmjtmt tarmkmjt (ou kohm-cinm?) puas ippcaeitaojeojtrm uj support

Eocokdajs tars cors hm cdiu-ebinm mt/ou hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj U ou mj W)

Eocokdajs tars cors hmcdiuebinm mt/ou hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj U ou mj W)

Eocokdaj pcus j qum cmsprehmjts. Vroeh hm posmviraidcm (supmrposataoj hujeocokdaj j, erismkmjtajtmrjm ou mxtmrjm)

EEL4 8=4 diuebinm iu eocokdaj jmj sparicm.

Eocokdajs supmrposs, pmuou pis hlorks cors hmcdiuebinm mt hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj O)

Eocokdajs js, pmu ou pishlorks cors hm cdiuebinm mt huprlorkinm (eojnuritaoj mj O)


EEL5 98 - Eocokdajs eriss(Eojnuritaoj odcaqum.Coramjtitaoj hms pcijs hm goajtsuat coramjtitaoj hm ci pijsm)

Eocokdajs eriss (Eojnuritaojodcaqum. Coramjtitaoj hms pcijs hmgoajt suat coramjtitaoj hm ci pijsm)

Eocokdaj pcus j qum cms pr-ehmjts. Vosm pir erismkmjtajtmrjm ou mxtmrjm

EEL8 92 - Eocokdajs supmrposs cors hmcdiuebinm, puas tars corshu prlorkinm pir prmssaojshanaticms haseojtajums jojbokonjms (eojnuritaojs mjO, E mt U)

Eocokdajs supmrposs cors hmcdiuebinm, puas tars cors huprlorkinm pir prmssaojs hanaticmshaseojtajums joj bokonjms(eojnuritaojs mj O, E mt U)


EEL= =1 Lorkitaoj hujm pistaccmhirnacm (pir kohmcinm?),puas ihgojetaoj hm eocok-dajs mj ijjmiux

Eocokdajs poss pir erism-kmjt mxtmrjm (eojnuritaojodcaqum mxtmrjm)

Eocokdajs poss pir erismkmjtmxtmrjm (eojnuritaoj odcaqummxtmrjm)

Eocokdaj pos pir erismkmjtmxtmrjm. Virloas, eoccinm hujeocokdaj sur cm dorh ajtmrjm(dorh piassa)

EEL< > - Eocokdajs eriss lortmkmjttars cors hm cdiuebinm mt/ouhu prlorkinm (eojnuritaojvmrtaeicm)

Eocokdajs eriss lortmkmjttars cors hm cdiuebinm mt/ouhu prlorkinm (eojnuritaojvmrtaeicm)

Eocokdaj pcus j qum cmsprehmjts. Uupmrposataoj ouerismkmjt ajtmrjm.

EEL> 99> - Eocokdajs js supmrposs,pmu ou pis hlorks cors hmcdiuebinm mt hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj O)

Eocokdajs js supmrposs, pmu oupis hlorks cors hm cdiuebinmmt hu prlorkinm (eojnuritaojmj O)

Dijhmiu hirnacm rmpca

EEL2 9< - Eocokdajs tars cors hm cdiu-ebinm mt/ou hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj U ou mj W)


Dijhmiu hirnacm rmpca

EEL1 91 - Eocokdajs poss pir erism-kmjt ajtmrjm (eojnuritaojodcaqum ajtmrjm)

Eocokdajs poss pir erismkmjtajtmrjm (eojnuritaoj odcaqumajtmrjm)

Eocokdaj pos pir erismkmjtajtmrjm

EEL96 59 - Eocokdajs tars cors hm cdiu-ebinm mt/ou hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj U ou mj W)

Eocokdajs js supmrposs, pmu oupis hlorks cors hm cdiuebinmmt hu prlorkinm (eojnuritaojmj O)

Eocokdaj j supmrpos

EEL99 96 - Eocokdajs js supmrposs,pmu ou pis hlorks cors hmcdiuebinm mt hu prlorkinm(eojnuritaoj mj O)


Eocokdaj pos pir erismkmjtajtmrjm ou mxtmrjm

EEL94 84 - diuebinm iu eocokdaj (proehhm posm ajhtmrkaj) puas prlor-kinm pir dittinm (eojnuritaojodcaqum vmrtaeicm)

Xidcmiu = 7 Teipatucital hmstmebjaqums kasms mj uvrm hijscm eihrm hms 94 ktbohms hmliojjinm ahmjtams Euary-cs-

Ebiuhirhms Cms Lojtajmms


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Ems troas opritaojs hm lajataoj sissoeamjt hallrmkkmjt smcoj cms visms. Jmulissoeaitaojs hm lajataoj ojt t odsmrvms. Vour riasojjmr sur cms lajataojs, ujeohinm i t tidca pour cmjsmkdcm hu eorpus tuha. Ilaj hiaskmjt eroasmr ciktbohm hm liojjinm mt cm typm hm lajataoj, uj jokdrm mst issoea ebiqumissoeaitaoj hm lajataojs (surliem ajtmrjm/surliem mxtmrjm) (Xidcmiu 1 visms, hojt =1 ojt pu trm issoeas ujm ktbohm hmliojjinm, ujm lajm pmccaeucm hirnacm hm koajs huj kaccaktrm hpiassmur i todsmrvm. Emttm pmccaeucm, hm eoucmur nrasm, mst ajerustm hijs cms heors akpraksmt lortmkmjt hmsquikm (Lanurm 4=). Ci ricasitaoj hm cikms kajems, mj eourshtuhm pir E. Eojstijtaj, pmrkmt hm supposmr qum emttm pmccaeucm eorr

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