GOES-R Support to U.S. Army Weather Applications Donald Hoock, Civ, US Army
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Transcript of GOES-R Support to U.S. Army Weather Applications Donald Hoock, Civ, US Army
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
GOES-R Support to U.S. Army Weather Applications
Donald Hoock, Civ, US Army
U.S. Army Research LaboratoryComputational & Information Sciences Directorate
AMSRD-ARL-CI-EEWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88002-5501
(505) 678-5430; Fax: (505) [email protected]
3rd GOES-R Users Conference, 12 May 2004, Broomfield, COFor Session 6A: Serve society’s needs for weather & water information
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Outline
1st GOES User Conference Revisited – Weather requirements across 11 Battlefield Functional Areas
Latest METSAT parameter requirements matrix
Army Transformation
- Changing Army weather information requirements for the GOES-R era
- Key weather information providers to the Army
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
• Special Operations Forces – infiltration/exfiltration, situation awareness • Infantry – visibility, paradrop, human exposure, urban smoke and canopy MET• INTEL – weather analysis for Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB):
inputs for mission planning forecasts and near real time mission execution nowcasts, command and control decision aids, and impacts on intelligence collection - surveillance - air/ground reconnaissance systems
• Aviation - air assault, attack, and reconnaissance; unmanned aerial vehicles• Logistics - littoral & land weather effects on road & rail resupply, rear operations, • Air Defense – locating weapons sites, target acquisition range and tracking• NBC Officer – Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosives
hazard prediction• Engineers - terrain analysis, hydrology, mobility, river crossing, smoke ops • Field Artillery – ballistics; target area weather for Precision Guided Munitions• Armor – terrain & weather effects on trafficability, visibility, target acquisition• Signal – Atmospheric and space weather limitations on terminals and signal
transmission
Timely, accurate weather including METSAT information supports 11 Battlefield Functional Areas
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
AD
ARM
AVN
ENG
FA
INF
INT
SIG
LOG
SOF
NBC
Cloud Base Height X X X X X X X X X
Cloud Cover/ Layers X X X X X X X X
Cloud Effective Particle Size X X X X X X X X
Cloud Ice Water Path X X X X
Cloud Liquid Water X X X X X X
Cloud Optical Thickness X X X X X X X X
Cloud Top Height , Press, Temp X X
Land Surface Temperature X X X X X X X X
Normalized Diff Vegetation Index X
Snow Cover/ Depth X X X X X X X
Vegetation/ Surface Type X X X X X X X
BFA Legend:AD = air defenseARM = armorAVN = aviationENG = engineersFA = field artilleryINF = infantryINT = intelligenceSIG = signalLOG = logisticsSOF = special operationsNBC = chem/bio
Cloud and surface state parameter information identified in Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) requirements
Data requirements identified through Army schools and centers
From 1st GOES User Conference
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
AD
ARM
AVN
ENG
FA
INF
INT
SIG
LOG
SOF
NBC
Aerosol Optical Thickness X X X X X X X X X
Aerosol Particle Size X X X X X X X X X
Precipitable Water X X X X X X X X X
Precipitation Type / Rate X X X X X X X X X
Pressure (surface & profile) X X X X X
Suspended matter (atmospheric dust, smoke,..) X X X X X X X X X X X
Total Water Content X X X X X X X X X
Surface Albedo X X X X X X X X
Solar Irradiance X X X X X X X X
Downward short and longwave solar radiation, Absorbed Solar radiation (TOA), Outgoing longwave radiation (TOA)
X X X X X X X X
BFA Legend:AD = air defenseARM = armorAVN = aviationENG = engineersFA = field artilleryINF = infantryINT = intelligenceSIG = signalLOG = logisticsSOF = special operationsNBC = chem/bio
Data requirements identified through Army schools and centers
Aerosols, precipitation and solar radiation data identified in Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) requirements
From 1st GOES User Conference
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
AD
ARM
AVN
ENG
FA
INF
INT
SIG
LOG
SOF
NBC
Currents X X X X
Fresh Water Ice X X X X X X X
Ice Surface Temperature X X X X X X X
Littoral Sediment Transport (incl. water jump visibility) X X X
Mass Loading(incl. water jump visibility)
X X
Ocean Wave Characteristics X X X
Sea Ice Age and Sea Ice Motion X X
Sea Surface Height/ Topography X X X
Surface Wind Stress (stability) X
Net Heat Flux (atmos stability) X
BFA Legend:AD = air defenseARM = armorAVN = aviationENG = engineersFA = field artilleryINF = infantryINT = intelligenceSIG = signalLOG = logisticsSOF = special operationsNBC = chem/bio
Sea state and atmospheric stability data identified in Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) requirements
Data requirements identified through Army schools and centers
From 1st GOES User Conference
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Specific quantitative requirements for these parameters are still being staffed through the Army
The following two slides show some examples.
These are still draft.
Many additional quantitative Army requirements for the atmosphere, ocean, land surface state and space weather categories will be available soon.
(G = Global; H = Hemispheric; C = Continental; M = Mesoscale)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
H = theater or smaller area of operation G = synoptic or hemispheric area.
DRAFTGeo-
graphic Cover
age
Vertical Cover
age (km)
Vertical Resolution
Horizontal
Resolution (km)
Mapping Accuracy (km)
Measurement
Range
Measurement
Accuracy
Re-fresh Rate (min)
Data Laten
cy (min)
ImageryObjective:
Threshold:
H, G, C, M
N/A N/A 0.1
(0.65 night)
0.25 - 0.75 km
15 10
N/A N/A0.4(2.6
night)
1- 3 km 60 15
Cloud Cover
Objective:
Threshold:
H, G, C, M Sfc-20
50 m (Sfc - 2 km)
150 m (2 - 6 km)
300 m ( > 6 km)
0.25 0.5 0-100% ± 5% 15 10
Sfc-15 5 1 0-100% ± 10% 60 15
Cloud Type
(Obj / Thres)
H, G, C, M Sfc-20 N/A 5 1 ID: water,
ice or mix by type 15 10
Sfc-15 15 60 15
Cloud Layers
(Obj / Thres)
H, G, C, M Sfc-20
30 m (Sfc - 1 km)
150 m (1 - 3 km) 300
m ( > 3 km)
0.25 0.5 0-20 km
± 30 m (Sfc-2 km) ± 150 m (2-
20 km)
15 10
Sfc-15 5 1 60 15
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
DRAFTGeo-
graphic Cover
age
Vertical Cover
age (km)
Vertical Resolution
Horizontal Reso
lution (km)
Mapping Accuracy (km)
Measurement
Range
Measurement
Accuracy
Re-fresh Rate (min)
Data Laten
cy (min)
Atmospheric Vertical
Temperature Profile
Objective:
H, G,C, M Sfc-30
30 m (0- 3 km)
300 m
(3-10 km)
600 m (> 10 km)
1 0.5 180-325°K
± 1°K(0-15 km)
± 2°K
(15-20 km)
15 10
Threshold: Sfc-20 10 1 60 15
Absolute Vertical Moisture Profile
H, G,C, M Sfc-20
30 m (0 - 3 km)
300 m (3-10 km)
600 m (> 10 km)
5 1 0-70 gm/m³
± 10%,
15 10
Wind (Horizontal
Component)
Objective:
C, M Sfc-30
250 m (Sfc-2 km)
500 m
(2-6 km)
1 km (6-20 km)
1 0.1 0-325 kph
1 kph, 3° (0-2 km)
3 kph, 3° (2-20 km)
15 10
Threshold: Sfc-20 20 25
Relative Humidity(Surface)
(Obj / Thresh)
C, M Sfc 0.5 km 1 ± 5% 60 15
10 ± 10% 60 15
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Weather Parameters in Tri-service IWEDA by Class (“3,500 impacts” rule set) Navy critical weather impact
parameters are similar but focus more on ocean state and visibility
Army
Navy
Critical Weather Parameters most frequently appearing in Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aids
Army
(Visibility restrictions include obscuring clouds and low ceilings, as well as reduced visual range
due to dust, fog, precipitation, etc. )
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Today’s Army Tactical Weather Battle Command System – Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Today’s IMETS supports the “Division and Above” Tactical Operations Centers (TOC), Special Operations
Forces and Aviation Brigades
Key Point: The Air Force broadcasts 3-D gridded MM5 forecasts, global surface and upper air observations, 2-D forecast products and METSAT by commercial communications satellite – Products are primarily isolated in the local TOC
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
GOES Data on Army Battle Command Digital Map Overlays
GOES - Water Vapor Band with Forecast Wind Barbs and Temperature
GOES - IR Band and Forecast Wind Flow
METSAT digital overlays displayed on Army Battle Command System
(ABCS) Common Operational Picture (COP)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
LA
Army IMETS GOES Receivers are replacing the Air Force Small Tactical Terminal (STT) (in Phase-out)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Value-Added – Updating the forecast and enhancing data resolution refines the Impact Decision Aid
Comparing forecast, nowcast and objective analysis of impacts on UAV operations – This illustrates the value of timely data such as METSAT inputs to support mission execution
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Overlaid METSAT helps confirm the red-green-amber impact decision aid map overlay (here a forecast for “red” weather impacts on helicopter operations to the northeast)
Storm clearing out to NE early
The timing of storm passage – Exit of a storm out of the region more quickly than forecast means that “red” impact warnings to the south (here forecast against UAV operations) can be removed early
The timing and extent of fog - Display of METSAT observed fog (gray processed areas in NE quadrant) with forecast fog (wide spread yellow areas) from the IMETS 24-hr old forecast - showing differences in clearing rates
METSAT can provide critical information to confirm or update the numerical forecasts and decision aids
(prototype products)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Mission Area Most Recent
(Last 6 HRs) 0-6 HRs 6-12 HRs 12-18 HRs 18-24 HRs 24-48 HRs 48-72 HRsHF Comm Red Red Red Green Red Amber GreenUHF SATCOM Red Red Red Green Red Amber GreenSHF SATCOM Red Red Red Green Red Amber GreenMissile Warning Red Red Red Green Red Amber GreenGPS Green Green Green Green Green Green GreenCOMINT Red Red Red Green Red Amber Green
24-Hour Forecast 2-3 Day Outlook
Space Weather: Mission Impact Decision Aids Matrix 24-72 hour forecast of space weather impacts to warfighter missions
Satellites provide space weather forecasts that are critical to Army communications
• The Army receives its space weather products from the Air Force• GOES-R future Space Environment Sensors (SEISS / SIS,..) can help satisfy this requirement
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
FOC-03-03: “Advanced Collection, Processing, Analysis, Management and Sharing of Information”
– Army Capstone Requirement – (TRADOC PAM 525-66, 30 Jan 2003)
Based On; “A layered network of advanced sensors that sense multiple domains”
“Soldiers and leaders will be empowered with timely, accurate information about terrain and weather, and will receive accurate, timely, up-to-date digital map information of the battlefield.”
“Units will be able to receive and disseminate terrain and weather information immediately throughout the Area of Operation, even while en route, to gain the advantage at all times…”
New Army Requirements Documents clearly identify the value and need for accurate weather information
Note: This requirement was also adopted in the Operational Requirements Document for the Army Future Combat System (FCS ORD – 30 Aug 2002)
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
FOC-10-01: “Understand the Battlespace Environment” – Army Capstone Requirement –
(TRADOC PAM 525-66, 30 Jan 2003)
“Understanding the Battlespace Environment is real-time understanding of the environment (space, air, water, land, subterranean), including terrain, weather, infrastructure, hazards, populations…”
“Terrain and weather form the foundation of the Common Operating Picture - the summation of critical combat information within the battlespace.”
“Accurate terrain and weather products, with great spatial and temporal detail, will be a necessity for supporting network sensing, mission analysis, and the military decision making process.”
New Army Requirements Documents clearly identify the value and need for accurate weather information
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
INSCOM / OWS
2-way Net
Centric Comms
IMETS will be absorbed into an INTEL System: Distributed Common Ground Station – Army (DCGS-A)
DCGS-AWeather Software Modules
for INTEL AnalystWx impact analysis,
running estimate, realtime data, UAV ISR,
CROP updates, and mission
executionTDAs
UEx/UA UA
Soldier Weather Client
Subscription Push / Pull
SOF
Significant Changes Under Army Transformation
Higher Echelon Command in Units of Employment (UE) and Highly Mobile Lower Echelon Units of Action (UA)
INTEL- MET analysis at lower UA echelons
2-way Net
Centric Comms
MET SupportJET (IMETS WEW)
AF Combat Wx Team WS
- Weather Services
UEx /
UA
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Air Force/Army Joint Environmental Toolkit (JET) Workstation will absorb the IMETS Weather Effects
Workstation (WEW)
Common Toolkit
Air Force Strategic Center
Operational Weather Squadron (OWS’s) at Hubs & Combined
Air Ops Centers
Combat Weather Teams (CWT’s) Deploy with the Army
JETNTFSIMETS
Com
mon H
MI
JWIS OPS II
Increment 1 Focus
WDAC JET Interface
+
Air Force Software is undergoing a major
consolidation with IMETS Weather Effects Workstation
Software and IWEDAConsolidation of workstations will reduce maintenance and training
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
AF/Army Combat Weather Teams will continue to provide forecast and IMETS/JET products on the DCGS-A at UEx much as they do now
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
The INTEL Analyst at UEx / UA will have direct access to weather and impact Decision Aid products as “actionable intelligence” updated by
METSAT and real time “Current Weather Forward” data
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
DCGS-A – integrated, responsive weather support from Air Force Weather Agency & Operational Weather Hubs thru “current weather forward”
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Battlespace Environment Visualization
4.1.6. Visualization. DCGS-A shall provide relevant information and intelligence on the red, grey, terrain, and weather to all Objective Force elements [DCGS-A ORD]
Distributed Common Ground Station – Army (DCGS-A) will be the Army INTEL & Natural Environment Workstation
4.1.6.4 DCGS-A in all configurations shall have the capability to create, display, and dynamically update 4-D (width, depth, height, and time) red, grey, terrain and weather visualization products. (Threshold = Objective) [DCGS-A ORD 0059]
Weather is an INTEL function
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
In the NPOESS and GOES-R eras High Rate Data (HRD) will be down linked from the Air Force. Low Rate Data (LRD) may be available in the field for direct downlink at middle echelons (Unit of Employment).
DCGS-A Requirements for METSAT Data are Explicit
DMSP, NOAA and GOES satellite imagery are currently registered over the Joint Mapping Toolkit
and animated for displays
Access to Hi-rate data – NPOESS, GOES-R and Foreign METSAT
4.1.14.3 DCGS-A in all configurations shall have the capability to access to high-resolution secure and low-resolution METSAT information within 30 minutes (T) 15 minutes from sensing on orbit (O). [DCGS-A ORD 0196]
Mexico Forest Fires, Summer 1998
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Space Weather Data Collection and Dissemination
4.1.14.8 DCGS-A shall have the capability to receive and disseminate space weather impact products (in near-real-time) from Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) (T). The capability to receive future space weather impact products and real-time measurements from ground-based (passive and/or active) space weather sensors from forward-deployed locations (O) [DCGS-A ORD 0201]
Direct receive METSAT Requirement
4.1.14.2 DCGS-A in a unit of assignment must have direct reception capability of high resolution secure military polar-orbiting and low-resolution unsecure civil geo-stationary meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery and special sensor data within 10 minutes of sensing by the METSAT. (T) Shall receive high-resolution secure and low-resolution METSAT information within 5 minutes from sensing on orbit. (O) [DCGS-A ORD 0195]
West Texas Dust Storms, 4 May 1999
High Rate Data will likely not be collected by the Army but disseminated from Air Force Ground Terminals
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Army Corps of Engineers Analysis and Decision AidsTerrain analysis and operational support Hydrological analysis and flood forecasts Mobility and trafficability Digital Topographic Support Services Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
NATO Reference Mobility Model(Maximum speeds and “No-go” areas)
Soil Moisture and Snow Depth – whether measured or derived
remain key maneuver parameters for the Army
Combat Engineer Analysis in Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)
TIMELY APOGEE MET DATA
TIMELY TARGET MET DATA
TIMELY LOCALMET DATA
Weather SatelliteTUAV
UAV
• Wind Profiling Radar or LIDAR
• Radiometer
FCS Profiler
Army Artillery Weather - MMS Profiler [Block II (FCS UA) Configuration ]
Required MET Parameters: - wind speed / direction- Temperature, pressure, humidity
Key Performance Parameters: - MET message every 30 minutes- Target Area MET (60 km threshold, 500 km objective)
Artillery Meterology – Meteorological Measurement Set (MMS) -Profiler
Data
Atmospheric Model
Fire Control and
C4ISR Systems
Process Model Data & Received Messages
Surface MET SensorBalloon-Borne RadiosondeWeather Satellite Receiver
NOGAPSGlobal Positioning SystemBattlefield DomainDigital MapsDigital Topographic Data
MM5 Forecastalong the Trajectory
and in the Target Area
Targeting Requests and
MET Message RequestsProfile and MET
Message Generation
Common Hardware/Software- JTA-A/DII COE Compliant
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Research Example:Sensor Fusion Application
Exploit High resolution vertical temperature and moisture profiles from GOES-R HES (~ 1 deg K rmse) with a passive ground-based radiometer to improve profile accuracy at all levels Profiler SBIR
A passive radiometer observing in the 20-35 GHz and 50-60 GHz bands has been delivered under an Army SBIR with Radiometrics
Corp., Boulder, CO, providing vertical profiles of temperature and profiles of liquid water and water vapor at 18 levels, cloud ceilings, and cloud thickness
information
Temperature and moisture profiles affect artillery, radar ducting, smoke and NBC transport
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Future GOES Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) sounder and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) resolutions suggest excellent potential for supporting Army Artillery Meteorology:
• Accurate, high resolution temperature and moisture profiles down to the surface• Improved resolution for wind retrieval including cloud and moisture-drift • Frequent temporal updates• Issues:
- coverage in the Army’s tactical area of interest may be limited- access to hi-res data in the field (radiances are desirable over derived temperature, but require higher data bandwidths)- cloud cover limits visible and infrared sensor profiles- actual error of individual ABS profile retrievals near the surface and
tropopause will be worse than theoretical mean error
Artillery Meteorology - Potential for GOES exploitation
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
METSAT Support to Testing and Evaluation Range Operations
Developmental Test Command (DTC) Operates Nine Army Test Centers
U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground's Meteorology and Obscurants Division is the Program Manager for the ATEC Four-Dimensional Weather (4DWX) System
developed for use at U.S. Army test ranges performed in collaboration with the NCAR prototype 4DWX system provides:
Integrated archival, retrieval and display of all range meteorological data Displays of regional model output, global model output, and real time satellite updates Four-dimensional data assimilation (physics-based interpolation in time and space of both internal and external meteorological data) High-resolution mesoscale model forecasts for the scheduling and conducting of tests.
Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Battlefield Environment Division
Conclusions
The Army is well into the process of transformation
Army weather systems may look different in the GOES-R era than they do now, but METSAT requirements will remain solid
Current Army Operational Requirements Documents and Force Operation Concepts cite requirements in detail for real time weather updates that support METSAT and forward deployed sensors
GOES-R will better support INTEL, Artillery-MET, space weather and Army range operations requirements
The Air Force will continue to support the Army with Combat Weather Teams, gridded forecast products and high resolution METSAT data