1. Presented by: Gods PropertyIan Morris Leonard Northe Derrick Thompson Keisha Shantel WilliamsWeb Link

2. The Purpose of all writing is toelicit a response 3. Literature Review Peer ReviewedEmpirical Studies JournalWhite Paper Journal AnnotatedBibliographyNews Paper 4. Empirical StudiesAn empirical study, is the use of statisticsobtained from observation, experiment andexperience to make an indisputable point[emphasis added] , rather than quoteexperts (n.d.)." make men thinkers of their own thoughts and not mere reflectors ofother mens thoughts". (White, 1973 ,p. 18)Table of Content 5. Empirical StudiesIt looks at expected relationshipsthrough systematic study ofrelationships between scores obtainedfrom cases on measures (Schwab,1999, p. 4). 6. Empirical StudiesThree key elements are used todefine empirical research. They are:cases, measures and sores. 7. Empirical Research ComponentsCases are entitiesMeasures are instruments Scores (or data) represent investigated in research.used to obtain scores on theinformation obtained fromFor example, individuals cases studied.cases on the measures For example, items or employed. interacting in organizationsquestionnaires thatResearchers use theseindividuals completescores to identify whetherrelationships exist asexpected.CasesMeasuresScores 8. Empirical StudiesEmpirical studies also use threeactivities which are necessary toconduct empirical research. Theseactivities are: measurement, designand analysis (Schwab, 1994, pp. 4-8). 9. Research Activities Measurement Obtains scores on measures that correspond to the concepts studied. AnalysisDesign Describe scores on single Establishes procedures to measures to identify obtain cases for study and to relationships that may exist determine how scores will be between scores across differentobtained from those cases. measures. 10. Literature ReviewA literature review Surveys scholarlyarticles, books and other sourcesrelevant to a particular issue, area ofresearch, or theory, providing adescription, summary, and criticalevaluation of each work (n.d.). 11. Literature Review Although it can be written in theform of an annotated bibliography itIs more than an AnnotatedBibliography (2011). 12. Literature Review According to Dena Taylor (n.d), Moreoften it is part of the introduction toan essay, research report, or thesis.Literature review helps one developInformation seeking and Criticalappraisal skills (n.d.). 13. A Good LiteratureReview must:Be organized around and related directly to the thesis or researchquestion you are developing Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known Identify areas of controversy in the literatureFormulate questions that need further research (Taylor n.d.).Ask how does this literature promote the principles of true education? 14. Journals Journals are regular periodicpublications, usually dedicated to aspecific profession or discipline. 15. Peer-reviewed JournalsAccording to : Peer-reviewed journals (alsocalled refereed journals) are scholarly journalsthat only publish articles that have passedthrough this review process. These reviewers(scholars, experts, or academics), must agreethat the article represents properly conductedoriginal research or writing before it can bepublished. (Cornell University Library) 16. Peer Review Journal Peer-reviewed is a process that journalsuse to ensure the articles they publishrepresent the best scholarship currentlyavailable. The review process helpsensure that the published articles reflectsolid scholarship in their fields RobertE. Kennedy Library (2011). 17. Peer Review Journal When an article is submitted to a peerreviewed journal, the editors send it out toother scholars in the same field (the authorspeers) to get their opinion on the quality of thescholarship, its relevance to the field, itsappropriateness for the journal, etc 18. The Peer-reviewed ProcessIf standards aremet, the articleComment and is thensuggestions are published. The scholars made and are review the article sent back for for scholarlyadaptation ifArticles are writing, originalneeded.submitted to research, properseveral otherrepresentation ofscholars,the content in the field, ethicalexperts, orissues, biases,academicsrelevance, validity,(peers) in the etc.field for reviewand comment. 19. Peer-reviewed JournalFor example Harvard Law Review has a 7 daywindow to receives submissions from that starts inApril, where scholarly legal arguments arereviewed and published (Harvard 2011). thesejournals must be no more than 25, 000 words(articles more than 30, 000 are not reviewed) manysubmissions are received but after rigorousexamination only a few are published. 20. Elements of a Peer- reviewed Journal 1 Scholarly journal articles often have an abstract, a descriptivesummary of the article contents, before the main text of thearticle. 2 Scholarly journals generally have a sober, serious look. They oftencontain many graphs and charts but few glossy pages or excitingpictures. 21. Elements 3Scholarly journals always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or bibliographies. These bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings. 4Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done research in the field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at the bottom of the first page or at the end of the article--universities, research institutions, think tanks, and the like. 5The language of scholarly journals is that of the discipline covered. It assumes some technical background on the part of the reader. 22. Elements 6 The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on originalresearch or experimentation in order to make such informationavailable to the rest of the scholarly world. 7 Many scholarly journals, though by no means all, are publishedby a specific professional organization. 23. White Paper Description and PurposeA white paper is a certain type of report that is distinctive in terms of purpose, audience,and organization. Sakamuro & Stolley 2010Use of White PaperOriginally, the term white paper was used as shorthand to refer to an officialgovernment report, indicating that the document is authoritative and informative in nature.Writers typically use this genre when they argue a specific position or propose a solution to aproblem, addressing the audience outside of their organization. Sakamuro & Stolley 2010History and Synthesis of White Paper This term has historically been used to describe a report that states the social orpolitical position of an organization. In recent years, however, the IT industry has adoptedthe term to describe articles that explain a certain technology or product. For example, acompany may release a white paper to the public in order to educate consumers about one oftheir products. 24. Types of White Paper Solutions White Paper: The solution-oriented White Paper is aimedmostly at higher management and business leaders. It describes theadvantages ofimplementing certain solutions. Technical White Paper: The technical White Paper is aimed mainly atengineers and technicians. It describes products, technologies orprocesses down to the last detail. Strategic White Paper: The strategic White Paper serves the purposeof introducing new technologies, processes or research fields todecision makers so that they are well-informed about the respectiveadvantages and disadvantages. 25. White Paper Government White Paper This is an example of awhite paper for Europe, apolicy on thetransportation system (YouTube, 2011) 26. News Paper What is it? It is a scheduled publication containing newsof current events, informative articles, diverse featuresand advertising. It Purpose: The newspaper has played an important rolein keeping the public informed on current events. Itgleans information from many sources, some public, suchas police records, and others private, such as agovernment and reports it to the public. 27. NewspaperEditorial Pages: Editorials pages are found withinthe news paper. They do not contain news, butrather reasoned opinion based on facts.Newspapers Should be Judged not by the amount of sensational articles they produce,but by how strict they are in the promotion of truth. 28. Annotated Bibliography An annotated bibliography is a list ofcitations to books, articles, anddocuments. Each citation is followed by abrief (usually about 150 words)descriptive and evaluative paragraph, theannotation. 29. It PurposeThe purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader ofthe relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sourcescited (Cornell University Library, 2011). 30. Books and Peer- reviewed JournalWhy Books and Peer Review Journals Books and Peer review Journals are great sources ofscholarship. One can find a list of extremely useful books onresearch, scientific ethics, writing, dissertations, andscientific careers (Honavar, 201). In Journals, one can find an incredible source ofvaluable information for scholarly research. 31. Roles and Responsibilities ofGroup Members MembersRoles and Responsibilities Assumed1. Ian D. Morrisacademic journal, peer-reviewed journal/article2. Derrick Thompsonwhite paper, newspaper3. Keisha Shantel Williams book review, and annotated bibliography.4. Leonard Northeempirical study, literature review 32. References Cornell University Library (2011).,Distinguishing Scholarly Journals from Other Periodicals.Retrieved September 04 2011 fromhttp://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill20.htmlWhite, E.G. (1973), Education, 55 W. Oak Ridge Drive Hagerstown, Maryland. Review and HeraldPublishing Association 1861.Honavar, V. (2011). Graduate research Writing and careers in computer science, Retrieved September 162011 from, http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/grad-advice.htmlLibrary Services (2011),Finding Peer-reviewed or Refereed Journals, San Luis Obispo, CA. Schwab, D. P. (1999). Research Methods for Organizational Studies. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Publishers. Retrieved September 03, 2011, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk_19423_AN?sid=ce3cf 93e- ecb0-4be2-97b5-a1266642d8d5@sessionmgr104&vid=2&ppid=pp_10Staffwriter (2011) .Submission, Cambridge, MA. Harvard Law Review. Massachusetts Ave Cambridge, MA. 33. References Stelzner, M. (2006). Writing White Papers: How to capture readers and keep them engaged. Poway, California: WhitePaperSource Publishing. pp. 214. ISBN 9780977716937Sakamuro S. & Stolley K., White Paper: Purpose and Audience,Retrieved September 18, 2011, fromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/546/1/Taylor, D. (n.d.). The Literature Review: A Few Tips onConducting it. Retrieved September 03, 011,fromhttp://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review. 34. References Rispens S. I., Three Types of White Papers An Overview, RetrievedSeptember 03, 2011, from,http://www.knowledgeatwork.eu/library/file/whitepapertypes.pdfWrite a literature review. (n.d.). Retrieved September 03,2011, from http://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-literature-review.Writing a Literature Review. (2011, August). Patrick PowerLibrary. Retrieved September 03, 2011, fromhttp://www.smu.ca/administration/library/litrev.html. 35. References Wallace S. (2009)., A Dictionary Education, Brisbane, Australia. Australia UniversityWhat is an Empirical Study. (n.d.). Retrieved September03, 2011, fromhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081209132529AA4WXZi.YouTube. (2011). White paper on the future of the European transit policy. Retrieved September 16, 2011 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnH84_DTP28