Goals of this Unit
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Transcript of Goals of this Unit
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Goals of this Unit• To understand the conditions that existed in Great
Britain that allowed for the beginning and development of the Industrial Revolution.
• To identify the social, political and economic changes that were necessitated by the Industrial Revolution.
• To be able to explain the development of new political theories in response to the realities of the Industrial Revolution.
• To recognize the science, technology and cultural responses to the Industrial Revolution.
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Introduction• Western Europe and America dominated
globe in 19th century• Individuals improved tools, adopted better
methods• Industrialization brought greater
productivity• Scientists made advances, businesses
discovered new opportunities• Middle classes dominated, controlled
industrialization, economic transformation; benefited from social, legal reforms in France, Britain, U.S.
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The British Phase• Changes in agriculture → less people needed
for farming• Demand for more cloth → output increased• “Putting out system” → subcontracting system
– Example: cotton merchant makes contract with village to produce certain amount of cotton
→ →
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The Revolution in Making Cloth
• Solving of practical problems in cloth making set pattern for all industrial revolutions
• Practical people solved these practical problems– Through invention (and enhancements
and redesigns)
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Key Inventions
• John Kay (1733): the flying shuttle• James Hargreaves (1764): spinning jenny• Richard Arkwright (1769): water frame• Samuel Crompton (1779): water mule• Edmund Cartwright (1785): power loom• Eli Whitney (1793): the cotton gin• James Watt (1775): Perfects steam engine
– Used to make cloth, drive ships, locomotives
• Effects of New Inventions…– More efficient inventions– Increased industrialization– Transition from rural life to urban life
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Britain’s Advantages• Sufficient population, hardworking,
inventive• Risk-taking private sector, government
support• Good communications, transportation,
ports, merchant fleet• Flexible, merit-based social structure,
stable society• Bank of England provided money,
financial stability
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Britain’s Advantages• Profited from need for industry during
Napoleonic Wars– Continental system… remember?
• Expanded efficiency to iron, steel• “Bessemer process” produced hard,
malleable steel in 1850s– Steel prices drop production soars
• By 1850, Britain produced:– 67% of world’s coal– 50% of world’s iron and cloth
• By 1850, half of British population lived in cities
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The Continental Phase• Industrialization and banking changes
across Europe– Eastern, southern Europe more limited– Nobilities, political boundaries, tariff barriers
block growth of industry
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Belgium• By 1850, only one to compete with British
– Why?• Belgium had favorable:
– Government policies– Stability– Good transportation
• Other countries and businesses used spies to copy Britain’s secrets
• By 1850, whole continent caught up– New banking systems allow modern investment
banks– Many small investors in new banks rather than a
few great families
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The “Zollverein”
• Customs union of German states (1819)– Managed trade and economies
between all German Confederation– Eliminated tolls, tariffs– Stimulated trade, commerce– Germany begins to thrive
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The Continental Phase• Euro population grows during era
– 175 million 435 million• Problems with this?
– Thomas Malthus (British economist)• Predicts food supply won’t keep up with pace of population growth
– Malthus didn’t account for…• Improved technology increases production of food
• Why does population grow?– Decline in death rates– Better sanitation– More food– Earlier marriages
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Communication and transportation systems vastly improve
• Better roads• New canals
– Bridgewater, Suez, Panama• Railroads linked markets, brought nations
together, carried people efficiently– U.S. transcontinental (1869)– Russian Trans-Siberian (1903)
• Urban rail lines, trolleys, subways• Clipper ships, steamships• Better postal systems, telegraph, telephone,
typewriter
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The New Type of Labor
• Labor force went from… – Agrarian work:
• Work 2/3 of year, 8 hours a day• Seasonal, less demanding
• Factory labor– 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52
weeks a year– No holidays– Intense, demanding, dangerous
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The Factory System• Dangers of factory work:
– Bad lighting– Poor ventilation– Dangerous machines– No safety standards, no health or disability
insurance until late 1800s– No job security
• Owners vs. Workers– Owners hold power, workers only have
power in numbers
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Child / Women Labor• Children often worked the worst jobs
– Mills, mines, etc– Smaller size benefits factory and mine owners
• Toughest jobs that can’t be done by adults– Harder for kids to organize and protest
• Women laborers work in factories• More organization led to numerous strikes
and workers’ rights movements• Protested against factory owners for:
– Better wages– Better working conditions– Better hours
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Labor Movement• Both men and women protest and strike
– Attack machines as protest– Frustrated skilled craftsman out of work– Peterloo Massacre (1819)
• Combination Acts prohibited worker’s associations– Repealed in 1825– Paved way for unions
• Become stronger throughout 19th century
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Poor Urban Conditions• European cities grew massively during Industrial
Revolution• Rapid increase causes many social problems• Political leaders could not keep up with problems
and demands– Factory system dangerous, spread of diseases– Bad health conditions, alcoholism, prostitution– Had to provide security, sanitation services, schools,
housing– Problems could not be fixed for first generation of workers
• Haussmann implements city planning, urban renewal in Paris
• Not until 1900 did most cities start to fix problems
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Socialism• System in which the factors of production
are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
• Industrialization is leading to selfish individualism and is breaking down community– Optimistic view of human nature, a belief in
progress, concern for social justice– Planned Economy – competition is evil– Rich & poor should be more equal– Private property restricted or abolished– Capitalism increases the misery of the working
classes
Ex. Charles Fouray, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen
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Utopian Socialism• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
– Shocked by misery and poverty of working class
– Factory owner who wanted to improve conditions for his workers
– Created a Cooperative Community:• No children under ten could work• Free schooling• Built houses for his workers
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Karl Marx and Communism• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
– German economist, philosopher• Meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
– Engels had experience in hardships of factory life– Life-long partnership
• “Communist Manifesto” (1848)• “Das Kapital” (1867)• Problems with Capitalism:
– Factory system exploits the worker – “surplus value”
– Capitalist system leads to greater division in society
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Communism (Marxism)• Ideas:
– Economy biggest and recurring force in history– Human societies have always been divided
into warring classes• Based off philosopher Freidrich Hegel’s theory
“haves” (bourgeoisie) vs.
“have nots” (proletariat)
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.
They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”
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Marx’s New World Order• Proletariat is much larger and would use its
numbers to revolt• Workers would create a “dictatorship of the
proletariat”• Period of cooperative living and education, then the
state or government would wither away and a classless society would be developed
• This allows for “Communism”– Elimination of private property, all goods and means of
production owned by the community – everyone equal
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The Labor Movement• Marx and others create “First
International” in 1864– Large meeting in London of labor activists,
anarchists, German theorists– Unsuccessful due to arguments, too many
different factions• Ferdinand Lassalle forms Social
Democratic political party– Successful in Germany
• France too divided, England had Fabian Society or influence of Christianity
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The Labor Movement• The Second International (1889-
1914)– “Golden age of Marxism”– 12 million members, more cohesion
• Goals:– 8 hour workday– Welfare state– Universal suffrage
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The Socialist Labor Movement
• Successes: – Strengthened labor unions– Helped workers gain labor and living
improvements• How?
– Sometimes gained some political power in government legislatures
– Sometimes caused fears of a revolution
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Isms – Response to Industrialization
• Capitalism– Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations; Economic liberty guarantees
progress• In Practice? Little to No government intervention…at first
• Liberalism– Freedom of the individual, equal rights for all, fair competition (heavily
supported by the middle-class)• Utilitarianism
– Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill; The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number
• In Practice? Not a very direct road map for legislation but rooted in socialism
• Socialism– System in which the factors of production are owned by the public and
operate for the welfare of all• In Practice? Government involvement of economy through the existing
political structure• Communism
– “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”
• In Practice? Overthrow existing structure; Dictatorship leads to no government
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Utilitarianism
• Utilitarianism - People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility– Jeremy Bentham– The greatest good for the greatest
number– John Stuart Mill led the movement
• Cooperative system of agriculture, women’s rights, reforms in legal and prison systems, education, do away with great wealth differences
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Cultural Responses:Romanticism1800-1850Realism 1850-1880
Impressionism 1880-1905
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Romanticism - Movement of Revolt
• Heart vs. reason; emotion vs. intellect; mysterious vs. rational; individual vs. set formula; senses and imagination vs. everything else
“the heart has its reasons which reason does not know.”
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Romanticism• Varied from country to country; reacts to movements
– Britain: industrial society– France: glory of man and liberty– Germany: promotion of national unification– Spain: reaction against Napoleonic rule
– Artists: Goya, J.M.W. Turner, Constable, Delacroix– Authors: Emily Bronte, Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, Victor Hugo, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats, Shelley
– Composers: Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt
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Realism• Went against Neo-Classicism and Romanticism• Life as it was – stripped of idealism• Impact of industrialization• Focus on working class
• Reaction to the fluffy, bizarre, and unrealistic Romantic era
• Demonstrated life the way it was• Fit with Marx, Bismarck, and critics of bourgeois society
– Artists: Millet, Courbet, Ford Madox Brown– Writers: Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, Charles Dickens
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Impressionism• Color and light become the subject of
the painting• Free brush strokes• Impacted by development of
photography - daguerrotypes
• Artists: Degas, Manet, Monet, Renoir, Pissaro