Goal 9

THE 1920’S

1920’S PRESIDENTS-PRO BUSINESS-LAISSEZ-FAIRE!

Warren G. Harding (1920-1923) Republican

Ohio Senator (corruption)

How did he win?

***** “RETURN TO NORMALCY” *****

In order to do that: put down the guns / get back to ISOLATIONISM / NEUTRALITY-business back at

home

(Washington Naval Conference and the

Kellogg-Briand Pact)

1920’S PRESIDENTS –

ANTI-UNION-ANTI-STRIKES

-BOSTON POLICE STRIKE

Started during WWIDenied the right to unionize which was in

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Massachusetts Governor = Calvin Coolidge (later to become president) sends in National Guard

Strike ended – new policemen were hired

Coolidge saves Boston from anarchy??

Coolidge becomes Harding’s Vice President

HARDING HAS A “HARD” TIME (STRUGGLING FOR PEACE AFTER WWI)

*Washington Naval Conference* put together by Harding and…

Charles Evans Hughes: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court suggested:

(1) no more war ships be built for the next 10 years!

(2) 5 major naval powers of the world – U.S., Britain, France, Japan, and Italy should

“DISARM”

Result: it worked – first time in history

KELLOGG – BRIAND PACT (1928)

Result of the Washington Naval Conference

Purpose of Kellogg – Briand Pact: 15 countries sign this pact or “promise” to

denounce war as national policy / international support!

MAIN PROBLEM: If you use war as national policy….

NO MEANS OF ENFORCEMENT

HIGH TARIFFS AND REPARATIONS

After WWI – Britain and France had a debt to AmericaTwo ways to repay it:(1) Sell goods to the U.S.(2) Collect reparations from Germany

So, American passed the

Fordney - McCumber Tariff (1922) raised taxes on imports by 60%.

• This made it almost impossible for Fr and Br to repay by selling goods – so they HAD to collect reparation from Germany

Hawley-Smoot Tariff- 1930-Raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels ….Led to Great Depression

*** Dawes Plan ***U.S. will loan Germany $2.5 billion

to pay France and Britain…so France and Britain can pay us

*We are getting paid with our own money!*

OVERALL GOAL OF U.S. – AVOID WAR!

Note: DO NOT get Dawes Plan and Dawes Severalty Act mixed

up!

*France and Britain are upset with the U.S.

U.S. escaped paying for war debts / Europeans lost their lives

Germany failed to repay the money (suffered from terrible

inflation)

French reaction: troops marched in!

American reaction: American banker

Charles G. Dawes was sent to negotiate!

GERMANY’S REACTION

SCANDAL HITS HARDING’S ADMINISTRATION

Harding’s Cabinet: Known as the “Ohio Gang”, the President’s poker-playing “buddies”

Harding’s Cabinet = CORRUPTION!!!!!

GRAFT: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain

**** TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL ****

President: Warren G. HardingStory: The federal government set aside

oil-rich land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming for “NAVAL PURPOSES”

Problem: Albert B. Fall became greedy! (secretly leased the land to oil executives-GOT PAID! And then got caught, tried and

was found guilty)

*First Cabinet member to be convicted of a felony while holding office

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

WARREN G. HARDING’S DEATH

“I have no trouble with my enemies…but my friends, they are the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!”

Harding in 1923..died of a heart attack or stroke

Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over…(Boston Police Strike)

Main agenda: hopefully to get the Republican party past the scandal!

The Harlem

Renaissance

GOAL 9 CULTURE!

1920S AFRICAN AMERICAN / NAACP

Great Migration (between 1910-1930) CAUSES the growth in African American

population in the North

NAACP: National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (1909)

• Magazine: The Crisis

• Founded by W.E.B. Dubois

• James Weldon Johnson:

• Exec. Sect. of NAACP-

• co writer of Negro National anthem

17. MARCUS GARVEY AND THE UNIA

Founded the UNIA – (Universal Negro Improvement Association)=

Take black pride into yourself and your heritage

18. HARLEM – “CAPITAL” OF BLACK AMERICA

Harlem – upper West side of Manhattan Island

Became the largest African American urban

community in the world

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

A literary and artistic movement celebrating the AFRICAN AMERICAN culture / the great “flowering” of African American artistic activity in the 1920s

Most Famous writer during the Harlem Renaissance = Langston Hughes

Poems show the difficult life of

“Working-class African Americans”

LANGSTON HUGHESUS poet, novelist and playwright

Of the Harlem Renaissance

“What happens to a dream deferred?

Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun?

Or fester like a soreAnd then run?

Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over

Like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sages like a heavy load.

Or does it explode?”

ZORA NEAL HURSTON

Author during Harlem Renaissance

“Their Eyes were Watching God”

Origins of black culture

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND JAZZ

Jazz: born in the early 20th century in New Orleans• Louis Armstrong: Famous Trumpet player and

vocalist• Billie Holiday: • Duke Ellington: a Jazz pianist and composer &

played at the famous

“Cotton Club”

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAUSED THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE TO FLOWER IN THE

1920S?

A. Immigration and overcrowding in HarlemB. Great Migration and African American prideC. The NAACPD. Marcus Garvey’s UNIA organization